<s>
Citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radio	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
)	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
land	O
mobile	O
radio	O
system	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
allowing	O
short-distance	O
one-to-many	O
bidirectional	O
voice	O
communication	O
among	O
individuals	O
,	O
using	O
two-way	O
radios	O
operating	O
on	O
40channels	O
near	O
27MHz	O
(	O
11m	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
high	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
Citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
other	O
personal	B-Application
radio	I-Application
service	I-Application
allocations	O
such	O
as	O
FRS	O
,	O
GMRS	O
,	O
MURS	O
,	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
Service	O
(	O
"	O
ham	O
"	O
radio	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
have	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
about	O
to	O
depending	O
on	O
terrain	O
,	O
for	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
communication	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
various	O
radio	O
propagation	O
conditions	O
may	O
intermittently	O
allow	O
communication	O
over	O
much	O
greater	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
countries	O
also	O
have	O
personal	B-Application
radio	I-Application
services	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UHF	O
band	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
European	O
PMR446	O
and	O
the	O
Australian	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radio	I-Application
service	O
originated	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
personal	B-Application
radio	I-Application
services	I-Application
regulated	O
by	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1948	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
were	O
designed	O
for	O
operation	O
on	O
the	O
460	O
–	O
470MHz	O
UHF	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
two	O
classes	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
:	O
"	O
A	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
B	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
11	O
,	O
1958	O
CB	O
service	O
classD	O
was	O
created	O
on	O
27MHz	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
band	O
became	O
what	O
is	O
commonly	O
known	O
today	O
as	O
"	O
Citizens	B-Application
Band	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
hobbyists	O
continue	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
designation	O
"	O
11meters	O
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
Citizens	B-Application
Band	I-Application
and	O
adjoining	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Multi-Use	O
Radio	O
Service	O
is	O
another	O
two-way	O
radio	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
high	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
other	O
classes	O
of	O
personal	B-Application
radio	I-Application
services	I-Application
for	O
specialized	O
purposes	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
devices	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CB	O
clubs	O
were	O
formed	O
;	O
a	O
CB	B-Algorithm
slang	I-Algorithm
language	O
evolved	O
alongside	O
ten-code	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
emergency	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drivers	O
(	O
especially	O
commercial	O
truckers	O
)	O
used	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
to	O
locate	O
service	O
stations	O
with	O
better	O
supplies	O
of	O
fuel	O
,	O
to	O
notify	O
other	O
drivers	O
of	O
speed	O
traps	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
organize	O
blockades	O
and	O
convoys	O
in	O
a	O
1974	O
strike	O
protesting	O
the	O
new	O
speed	O
limit	O
and	O
other	O
trucking	O
regulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lax	O
enforcement	O
of	O
the	O
rules	O
on	O
authorized	O
use	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
led	O
to	O
widespread	O
further	O
disregard	O
of	O
the	O
regulations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
antenna	O
height	O
,	O
distance	O
communications	O
,	O
licensing	O
,	O
call	O
signs	O
,	O
and	O
transmitter	O
power	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increased	O
use	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
in	O
1970s	O
had	O
made	O
its	O
way	O
into	O
films	O
,	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
music	O
by	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
1977	O
)	O
,	O
Citizens	B-Application
Band	I-Application
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
.Alex	O
Handle	O
with	O
Care	O
)	O
(	O
1977	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Convoy	O
(	O
1978	O
)	O
,	O
made	O
heavy	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
phenomenon	O
,	O
as	O
did	O
television	O
series	O
such	O
as	O
Movin	O
 '	O
On	O
(	O
debuted	O
in	O
1974	O
)	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Dukes	I-Application
of	I-Application
Hazzard	I-Application
(	O
debuted	O
in	O
1979	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
animated	O
series	O
CB	O
Bears	O
(	O
debuted	O
in	O
1977	O
)	O
helped	O
cement	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
's	O
status	O
as	O
a	O
nationwide	O
craze	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
over	O
the	O
mid	O
-	O
to	O
late-1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
BBC	O
Radio	O
One	O
DJs	O
Dave	O
Lee	O
Travis	O
and	O
Paul	B-Application
Burnett	I-Application
covered	O
the	O
song	O
with	O
an	O
altered	O
UK	O
song	O
text	O
,	O
released	O
as	O
"	O
Convoy	O
GB	O
"	O
under	O
the	O
moniker	O
Laurie	O
Lingo	O
&	O
the	O
Dipsticks	O
,	O
chart-peaking	O
at	O
#4	O
in	O
the	O
spring	O
of	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
White	O
Knight	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
novelty	O
country	O
music	O
song	O
made	O
famous	O
by	O
Jay	O
Huguely	O
,	O
who	O
—	O
recording	O
as	O
Cledus	O
Maggard	O
&	O
The	O
Citizen	B-Application
's	I-Application
Band	I-Application
—	O
enjoyed	O
a	O
brief	O
run	O
of	O
national	O
popularity	O
with	O
the	O
song	O
when	O
it	O
became	O
popular	O
in	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
appeared	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
(	O
with	O
clips	O
having	O
fun	O
talking	O
to	O
children	O
on	O
his	O
home	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
station	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
NBC	O
Knowledge	O
television	O
episode	O
about	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
1978	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
had	O
23CB	O
channels	O
;	O
the	O
40channel	O
band	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
Radio	O
Shack	O
sold	O
a	O
"	O
base	O
station	O
"	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
that	O
contained	O
a	O
crystal	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
23channels	O
,	O
two	O
extra	O
slots	O
existed	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
could	O
order	O
the	O
22A	O
&	O
22B	O
crystals	O
for	O
an	O
easy	O
plug-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
FCC	O
output	O
power	O
limitation	O
for	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
was	O
"	O
5watts	O
DC	O
input	O
to	O
the	O
final	O
amplifier	O
stage	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
earlier	O
radios	O
equipped	O
with	O
tubes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
specification	O
is	O
simply	O
"	O
4watts	O
output	O
(	O
AM	B-Device
)	O
or	O
12watts	O
output	O
(	O
SSB	B-Device
)	O
"	O
as	O
measured	O
at	O
the	O
antenna	O
connector	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
old	O
specification	O
was	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
false	O
advertising	O
by	O
some	O
manufacturers	O
who	O
would	O
claim	O
their	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
had	O
"	O
5watts	O
"	O
long	O
after	O
the	O
specification	O
had	O
changed	O
to	O
4watts	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
the	O
FCC	O
intended	O
for	O
CB	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
"	O
poor	O
man	O
's	O
business-band	O
radio	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
CB	O
regulations	O
were	O
structured	O
similarly	O
to	O
those	O
regulating	O
the	O
business	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
radio	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
early	O
period	O
,	O
many	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
had	O
"	O
inter-station	O
"	O
channels	O
colored	O
on	O
their	O
dials	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
other	O
channels	O
were	O
clear	O
or	O
normally	O
colored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
CB	O
was	O
dropping	O
and	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
Marine	O
Band	O
was	O
still	O
expensive	O
,	O
many	O
boaters	O
installed	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
much	O
controversy	O
over	O
whether	O
the	O
Coast	O
Guard	O
should	O
monitor	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
but	O
for	O
safety	O
they	O
did	O
so	O
,	O
using	O
Motorola	O
base	O
stations	O
at	O
their	O
search	O
and	O
rescue	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Coast	O
Guard	O
stopped	O
this	O
practice	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
recommends	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
Marine	O
Band	O
radios	O
for	O
boaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
users	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
tow-truck	O
operators	O
,	O
plumbers	O
,	O
and	O
electricians	O
)	O
moved	O
to	O
the	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
and	O
UHF	O
business	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
business	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
requires	O
an	O
FCC	O
license	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
results	O
in	O
an	O
assignment	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
of	O
fewer	O
users	O
sharing	O
a	O
frequency	O
,	O
greater	O
authorized	O
output	O
power	O
,	O
clarity	O
of	O
FM	B-Application
transmission	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
interference	O
by	O
distant	O
stations	O
due	O
to	O
skip	O
propagation	O
,	O
and	O
consistent	O
communications	O
made	O
the	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
(	O
Very	B-Algorithm
High	I-Algorithm
Frequency	I-Algorithm
)	O
radio	O
an	O
attractive	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
overcrowded	O
CB	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
these	O
factors	O
in	O
play	O
,	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
has	O
once	O
again	O
gained	O
popularity	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
an	O
uptick	O
not	O
seen	O
since	O
the	O
90	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
report	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
sales	O
,	O
while	O
social	O
media	O
sites	O
like	O
Youtube	O
show	O
a	O
growing	O
popularity	O
in	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
content	O
,	O
mainly	O
as	O
a	O
hobby	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
has	O
also	O
given	O
way	O
to	O
more	O
compact	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
with	O
far	O
more	O
features	O
afforded	O
in	O
older	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
CB	O
was	O
authorized	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
hand-held	O
27-MHz	O
"	O
walkie-talkies	B-Application
"	O
were	O
available	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
several	O
frequencies	O
between	O
the	O
present	O
CB	O
channels	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
27.240MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
,	O
hobbyists	O
were	O
experimenting	O
with	O
handheld	O
radios	O
and	O
unauthorized	O
23channel	O
American	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
licensed	O
ham	O
operators	O
and	O
Emergency	O
Services	O
still	O
used	O
the	O
11	B-Application
meter	I-Application
band	I-Application
which	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
available	O
for	O
CB	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
18channel	O
band	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
used	O
16channels	O
of	O
the	O
23channel	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
plus	O
2extra	O
channels	O
at	O
27.095	O
and	O
27.195MHz	O
,	O
to	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
18channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
channels1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
21	O
and	O
23	O
were	O
deleted	O
from	O
the	O
18channel	O
band	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
roughly	O
corresponded	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
channels5	O
–	O
22	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
two	O
unique	O
frequencies	O
that	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
11A	O
(	O
Channel7	O
on	O
an	O
18channel	O
Australian	O
CB	O
)	O
and	O
19A	O
(	O
Channel16	O
on	O
an	O
18channel	O
Australian	O
CB	O
)	O
or	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
frequencies	O
but	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Australian	O
27MHz	O
CB	O
band	O
since	O
40Channels	O
were	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
1982	O
,	O
the	O
American	O
40channel	O
band	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
was	O
adopted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
outset	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
attempted	O
to	O
regulate	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
with	O
license	O
fees	O
and	O
call	O
signs	O
,	O
but	O
eventually	O
they	O
abandoned	O
this	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
regulations	O
called	O
for	O
one	O
licence	O
per	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Australian	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
uses	O
AM	B-Device
,	O
USB	O
,	O
and	O
LSB	O
modes	O
(	O
no	O
FM	B-Application
)	O
on	O
27MHz	O
,	O
allowed	O
output	O
power	O
being	O
4Watts	O
AM	B-Device
and	O
12Watts	O
SSB	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
legalised	O
the	O
27MHz	O
CB	O
Band	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
closed	O
to	O
Australian	O
CBers	O
in	O
1982	O
and	O
only	O
the	O
477MHz	O
UHF	O
band	O
was	O
to	O
continue	O
,	O
however	O
this	O
did	O
not	O
eventuate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
477MHz	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
1977	O
was	O
designed	O
and	O
made	O
in	O
Australia	O
by	O
Philips	O
TMC	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
40channel	O
CB	O
called	O
the	O
FM320	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
July	O
1	O
,	O
1977	O
,	O
the	O
club	O
changed	O
its	O
name	O
to	O
Citizens	B-Application
Band	I-Application
Two	O
Way	O
Communication	O
Club	O
(	O
CBTCC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Australian	O
cities	O
which	O
became	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
"	O
hotspots	O
"	O
were	O
Seymour	O
,	O
Benalla	O
,	O
Holbrook	O
and	O
Gundagai	O
,	O
all	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
busy	O
Hume	O
Highway	O
between	O
Melbourne	O
and	O
Sydney	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
regional	O
cities	O
such	O
as	O
Bendigo	O
,	O
Mildura	O
,	O
Mount	O
Gambier	O
and	O
Port	O
Augusta	O
,	O
developed	O
lively	O
,	O
colourful	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
radios	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
many	O
operators	O
used	O
both	O
UHF	O
and	O
HF	B-Algorithm
radios	I-Algorithm
and	O
formed	O
groups	O
to	O
own	O
and	O
operate	O
local	O
FM	B-Application
repeaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
CBTCC	O
formed	O
what	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
Australian	O
Citizens	O
Radio	O
Movement	O
(	O
ACRM	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
;	O
this	O
organization	O
became	O
the	O
voice	O
for	O
legalization	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
throughout	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
peaking	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
27MHz	O
CB	O
in	O
Australia	O
has	O
fallen	O
dramatically	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
477MHz	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
(	O
with	O
FM	B-Application
and	O
repeaters	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
cheap	O
,	O
compact	O
handheld	O
UHF	O
transceivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Australian	O
government	O
has	O
changed	O
the	O
allocation	O
of	O
channels	O
available	O
for	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
Radio	O
from	O
40	O
to	O
80	O
,	O
and	O
doubled	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
repeater	O
channels	O
from	O
8	O
to	O
16	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Australia	O
also	O
permits	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
marine	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VHF	B-Algorithm
radios	O
are	O
recommended	O
by	O
state	O
agencies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Marine	O
Safety	O
Victoria	O
and	O
Marine	O
Rescue	O
NSW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
General	O
Radio	O
Service	O
uses	O
the	O
identical	O
frequencies	O
and	O
modes	O
as	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
,	O
and	O
no	O
special	O
provisions	O
are	O
required	O
for	O
either	O
Canadians	O
or	O
Americans	O
using	O
CB	O
gear	O
while	O
traveling	O
across	O
the	O
border	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
CB	O
channels1	O
–	O
3	O
remained	O
allocated	O
to	O
amateur	O
radio	O
and	O
channel23	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
paging	B-Application
services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Indonesia	O
,	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
were	O
first	O
introduced	O
about	O
1977	O
when	O
some	O
transceivers	O
were	O
imported	O
illegally	O
from	O
Australia	O
,	O
Japan	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
many	O
people	O
were	O
already	O
using	O
40channel	O
radios	O
prior	O
to	O
legalization	O
,	O
the	O
American	O
band	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
(	O
with	O
AM	B-Device
and	O
SSB	B-Device
)	O
was	O
adopted	O
;	O
a	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
was	O
added	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
allowing	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Australian	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
channel	O
plan	O
at	O
476-477MHz	O
On	O
10November	O
1980	O
,	O
the	O
Indonesian	O
Directorate	O
General	O
of	O
Posts	O
and	O
Telecommunications	O
issued	O
another	O
decree	O
establishing	O
RAPI	O
(	O
Radio	O
Antar	O
Penduduk	O
Indonesia	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
official	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radio	I-Application
organization	O
in	O
Indonesia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Malaysia	O
,	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radios	I-Application
became	O
legal	O
when	O
the	O
"	O
Notification	O
of	O
Issuance	O
Of	O
Class	O
Assignments	O
"	O
by	O
Communication	O
and	O
Multimedia	O
Malaysia	O
was	O
published	O
on	O
1April	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
this	O
class	O
assignment	O
,	O
a	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Personal	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Service	I-Application
device	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frequency	O
band	O
is	O
HF	B-Algorithm
,	O
26.9650MHz	O
to	O
27.4050MHz	O
(	O
40	O
channels	O
)	O
,	O
power	O
output	O
is	O
4watts	O
for	O
AM	B-Device
and	O
FM	B-Application
and	O
12watts	O
PEP	O
for	O
SSB	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
UHF	O
477MHz	O
,	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
PRS	O
radio	O
devices	O
are	O
allowed	O
5	O
watts	O
power	O
output	O
on	O
FM	B-Application
on	O
39assigned	O
channels	O
spaced	O
at	O
12.5kHz	O
intervals	O
from	O
477.0125	O
to	O
477.4875MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
short-range	O
simplex	O
radio	O
communications	O
service	O
for	O
recreational	O
use	O
is	O
from	O
477.5250	O
to	O
477.9875MHz	O
FM	B-Application
mode	O
with	O
38channels	O
and	O
a	O
power	O
output	O
of	O
500mW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
a	O
new	O
UHF	O
PMR	O
446MHz	O
allocation	O
:	O
an	O
eight-channel	O
analog	O
Personal	O
Mobile	O
Radio	O
446MHz	O
(	O
Analog	O
PMR446	O
)	O
with	O
frequencies	O
from	O
446.00625	O
to	O
446.09375MHz	O
(	O
12.5kHz	O
spacing	O
)	O
FM	B-Application
with	O
0.5watt	O
power	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
16channels	O
for	O
Digital	O
Personal	O
Mobile	O
Radio	O
446MHz	O
(	O
Digital	O
PMR	O
446	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
unofficial	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radio	I-Application
club	O
in	O
Malaysia	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
Malaysia	O
Boleh	O
Citizen	O
Radio	O
Group	O
"	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Mike	O
Bravo	O
"	O
(	O
Malaysia	O
Boleh	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
but	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
were	O
illegally	O
using	O
American	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
during	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prominence	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
grew	O
in	O
Britain	O
partly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
novelty	O
songs	O
like	O
C.W.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1980	O
,	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
was	O
becoming	O
a	O
popular	O
pastime	O
in	O
Britain	O
;	O
as	O
late	O
as	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
1981	O
the	O
British	O
government	O
was	O
still	O
saying	O
that	O
CB	O
would	O
never	O
be	O
legalized	O
on	O
27MHz	O
,	O
proposing	O
a	O
UHF	O
service	O
around	O
860MHz	O
called	O
"	O
Open	O
Channel	O
"	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
1981	O
(	O
after	O
high-profile	O
public	O
demonstrations	O
)	O
40frequencies	O
unique	O
to	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
27/81	B-Algorithm
Bandplan	I-Algorithm
using	O
FM	B-Application
were	O
allocated	O
at	O
27MHz	O
plus	O
20channels	O
on	O
934MHz	O
(	O
934.0125	O
–	O
934.9625MHz	O
with	O
50kHz	O
spacing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
was	O
deregulated	O
in	O
December2006	O
by	O
the	O
regulatory	O
body	O
Ofcom	O
,	O
and	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
is	O
now	O
license-free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
27June	O
2014	O
,	O
changes	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
Ofcom	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
AM	B-Device
&	O
SSB	B-Device
modes	O
on	O
CB	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
legally	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rules	O
regarding	O
non-approved	O
radios	O
and	O
power	O
levels	O
above	O
4Watts	O
on	O
AM/FM	O
and	O
12Watts	O
on	O
SSB	B-Device
still	O
apply	O
,	O
despite	O
deregulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AM	B-Device
and	O
SSB	B-Device
on	O
the	O
freeband	O
and	O
amplifier	O
use	O
are	O
common	O
among	O
enthusiasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packet	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
legal	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
widely	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
gateway	I-Application
stations	O
are	O
also	O
beginning	O
to	O
appear	O
;	O
although	O
illegal	O
on	O
27MHz	O
,	O
these	O
units	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
other	O
CB	O
stations	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
is	O
limited	O
they	O
are	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
especially	O
with	O
the	O
farming	O
community	O
,	O
truckers	O
,	O
off-roaders	O
and	O
mini-cab	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
not	O
a	O
worldwide	O
,	O
standardized	O
radio	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frequencies	O
,	O
power	O
levels	O
and	O
modes	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
frequency	B-Application
modulation	I-Application
(	O
FM	B-Application
)	O
,	O
amplitude	B-Device
modulation	I-Device
(	O
AM	B-Device
)	O
,	O
and	O
single-sideband	B-Device
modulation	I-Device
(	O
SSB	B-Device
)	O
,	O
often	O
vary	O
from	O
country	O
to	O
country	O
;	O
use	O
of	O
foreign	O
equipment	O
may	O
be	O
illegal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
countries	O
have	O
adopted	O
the	O
American	O
channels	O
and	O
their	O
associated	O
frequencies	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
generally	O
in	O
AM	B-Device
mode	O
except	O
some	O
higher	O
channels	O
which	O
are	O
sometimes	O
in	O
SSB	B-Device
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2021	O
the	O
FCC	O
approved	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
FM	B-Application
on	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
CB	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Channels	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
Ch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RCRS	O
service	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
of	O
model	O
aircraft	O
and	O
boats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-sideband	B-Device
(	O
SSB	B-Device
)	O
operation	O
involves	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
either	O
the	O
Lower	O
Side	O
Band	O
(	O
LSB	O
)	O
or	O
the	O
Upper	O
Side	O
Band	O
(	O
USB	O
)	O
mode	O
for	O
transmit	O
and	O
receive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSB	B-Device
radios	I-Device
also	O
have	O
the	O
standard	O
AM	B-Device
mode	O
for	O
communicating	O
with	O
standard	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
original	O
23CB	O
channels	O
SSB	B-Device
stations	O
commonly	O
used	O
channel16	O
,	O
to	O
avoid	O
interference	O
to	O
those	O
using	O
AM	B-Device
(	O
SSB	B-Device
stations	O
are	O
authorized	O
to	O
use	O
12watts	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
4watts	O
for	O
AM	B-Device
stations	O
)	O
and	O
to	O
more	O
easily	O
locate	O
other	O
SSB	B-Device
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
FCC	O
authorization	O
of	O
40channels	O
,	O
SSB	B-Device
operation	O
shifted	O
to	O
channels36	O
–	O
40	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Channel36	O
(	O
or	O
38	O
for	O
LSB	O
)	O
became	O
the	O
unofficial	O
SSB	B-Device
"	O
calling	O
channels	O
"	O
for	O
stations	O
seeking	O
contacts	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
subsequent	O
conversation	O
moving	O
to	O
channels37	O
–	O
40	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CBers	O
with	O
AM-only	O
radios	O
are	O
asked	O
to	O
not	O
use	O
channels36	O
through	O
40	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
return	O
,	O
SSB	B-Device
stations	O
stay	O
off	O
the	O
remaining	O
35channels	O
so	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
AM	B-Device
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
agreement	O
provides	O
interference-free	O
operation	O
for	O
all	O
operators	O
by	O
separating	O
the	O
far	O
more	O
powerful	O
SSB	B-Device
stations	O
from	O
the	O
AM	B-Device
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
solution	O
also	O
resolves	O
the	O
confusion	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
false	O
advertising	O
that	O
SSB	B-Device
radios	I-Device
have	O
120channels	O
compared	O
to	O
only	O
40	O
for	O
AM	B-Device
radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
SSB	B-Device
radio	I-Device
has	O
three	O
possible	O
"	O
modes	O
"	O
(	O
AM	B-Device
,	O
LSB	O
,	O
USB	O
)	O
it	O
can	O
operate	O
in	O
,	O
operation	O
is	O
still	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
40channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reality	O
is	O
far	O
different	O
:	O
Attempting	O
an	O
SSB	B-Device
conversation	O
while	O
an	O
AM	B-Device
conversation	O
is	O
in	O
progress	O
results	O
in	O
jammed	O
communications	O
for	O
everyone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
each	O
channel	O
can	O
only	O
support	O
one	O
AM	B-Device
conversation	O
and	O
no	O
others	O
;	O
if	O
no	O
AM	B-Device
conversation	O
is	O
in	O
progress	O
,	O
two	O
SSB	B-Device
conversations	O
can	O
share	O
one	O
channel	O
without	O
interference	O
if	O
one	O
is	O
in	O
LSB	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
in	O
USB	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
the	O
FCC	O
has	O
approved	O
FM	B-Application
for	O
CB	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Russia	O
uses	O
an	O
alphanumeric	O
designation	O
for	O
their	O
CB	O
channel	O
plans	O
,	O
because	O
several	O
"	O
grids	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
bands	O
"	O
of	O
40channels	O
each	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
both	O
AM	B-Device
and	O
FM	B-Application
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
end	O
–	O
the	O
used	O
modulation	O
( «	O
FM»	O
)	O
or	O
( «	O
F»	O
)	O
,	O
( «	O
AM»	O
)	O
or	O
( «	O
A»	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Zealand	O
authorizes	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
New	O
Zealand	O
specific	O
40channel	O
26.330	O
–	O
26.770MHz	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
standard	O
"	O
40channel	O
26.965	O
–	O
27.405MHz	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
80HF	O
CB	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Zealand	O
has	O
adopted	O
the	O
Australian	O
UHF	B-Algorithm
CB	I-Algorithm
System	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AM	B-Device
mode	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
mode	O
permitted	O
and	O
antennas	O
must	O
be	O
non-removable	O
and	O
less	O
than	O
199cm	O
(	O
78inches	O
)	O
long	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
frequencies	O
such	O
as	O
27.005MHz	O
AM	B-Device
are	O
widely	O
pirated	O
in	O
Japan	O
with	O
very	O
high	O
power	O
transmitters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
causes	O
interference	O
to	O
the	O
authorized	O
low-power	O
1Watt	O
DSB	O
(	O
1Watt	O
AM	B-Device
)	O
fishery	O
radio	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
26	O
–	O
27MHz	O
,	O
Japan	O
has	O
authorized	O
several	O
UHF	O
FM	B-Application
CB-type	O
personal	B-Application
radio	I-Application
services	I-Application
in	O
the	O
348MHz	O
,	O
420	O
–	O
422MHz	O
and	O
903	O
–	O
904MHz	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
like	O
New	O
Zealand	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
permits	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
two	O
HF	B-Algorithm
CB	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
has	O
a	O
23channel	O
AM	B-Device
/	O
SSB	B-Device
29MHz	O
CB	O
allocation	O
(	O
called	O
"	O
29	O
Megs	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
29	O
MHz	O
CB	O
"	O
)	O
from	O
29.710	O
to	O
29.985MHz	O
in	O
12.5kHz	O
steps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
also	O
permits	O
use	O
of	O
standard	O
CB	O
channels19	O
–	O
27	O
(	O
27.185	O
–	O
27.275MHz	O
)	O
with	O
AM	B-Device
/	O
SSB	B-Device
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
license	O
from	O
ICASA	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
purchase	O
or	O
use	O
a	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
in	O
South	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
gateways	I-Application
and	O
radio	O
repeaters	O
are	O
allowed	O
on	O
channels	O
18[27.175MHz]	O
and	O
23[27.255MHz]	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paging	O
is	O
permitted	O
on	O
channel1	O
(	O
26.965MHz	O
)	O
and	O
channel80	O
(	O
26.955MHz	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
recommended	O
call	O
channel	O
for	O
Czech	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
radios	O
outside	O
their	O
intended	O
market	O
can	O
be	O
dangerous	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
illegal	O
,	O
as	O
frequencies	O
used	O
by	O
Citizen	B-Application
's	I-Application
Band	I-Application
radios	I-Application
from	O
other	O
countries	O
may	O
operate	O
on	O
frequencies	O
close	O
to	O
,	O
or	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
,	O
emergency	O
services	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Indonesian	O
service	O
around	O
142MHz	O
operates	O
on	O
frequencies	O
allocated	O
to	O
a	O
public	O
safety	O
network	O
shared	O
with	O
police	O
,	O
fire	O
and	O
EMS	O
services	O
in	O
Ontario	O
,	O
Canada	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
users	O
of	O
handheld	O
radios	O
(	O
families	O
,	O
hunters	O
and	O
hikers	O
)	O
have	O
moved	O
on	O
to	O
49MHz	O
and	O
the	O
UHF	O
Family	O
Radio	O
Service	O
;	O
those	O
needing	O
a	O
simple	O
radio	O
for	O
professional	O
use	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
tradesmen	O
)	O
have	O
moved	O
on	O
to	O
"	O
dot-color	O
"	O
Business	B-Algorithm
Band	I-Algorithm
radios	O
and	O
the	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
Multi-Use	O
Radio	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Russia	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
channel15	O
(	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
traditional	O
emergency	O
channel9	O
and	O
truckers	O
 '	O
channel19	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
Greece	O
it	O
is	O
channel13	O
,	O
in	O
Italy	O
it	O
is	O
channel5	O
,	O
all	O
AM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legal	O
(	O
short‑range	O
)	O
use	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
impeded	O
by	O
users	O
of	O
illegal	O
high‑power	O
transmitters	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
heard	O
hundreds	O
of	O
miles	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
and	O
law	O
enforcement	O
financing	O
by	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
mean	O
that	O
only	O
the	O
worst	O
offenders	O
are	O
sanctioned	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
legitimate	O
operation	O
on	O
the	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
unreliable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
offenders	O
are	O
not	O
caught	O
for	O
interfering	O
with	O
other	O
CB	O
users	O
;	O
often	O
,	O
their	O
self‑modified	O
equipment	O
generates	O
harmonics	O
and	O
spurs	O
which	O
cause	O
interference	O
to	O
services	O
outside	O
the	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
and	O
to	O
consumer	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
legal	O
CB	O
power	O
output	O
level	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
is	O
4watts	O
for	O
AM	B-Device
(	O
un-modulated	O
carrier	O
;	O
modulation	O
can	O
be	O
four	O
times	O
the	O
carrier	O
power	O
,	O
or	O
16watts	O
PEP	O
)	O
and	O
12watts	O
for	O
SSB	B-Device
,	O
as	O
measured	O
at	O
the	O
transmitter	O
antenna	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
rampant	O
,	O
unchecked	O
use	O
of	O
linear	O
amplifiers	O
,	O
American	O
CB	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
operators	O
are	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
Alligators	O
"	O
,	O
by	O
operators	O
in	O
other	O
countries	O
(	O
suggesting	O
American	O
operators	O
are	O
"	O
All	O
Mouth	O
and	O
No	O
Ears	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
service	O
,	O
transmitters	O
and	O
receivers	O
used	O
vacuum	O
tubes	O
;	O
solid-state	O
transmitters	O
were	O
not	O
widely	O
available	O
until	O
1965	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
RF	O
power-transistors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Walkie-talkie	B-Application
hand-held	O
units	O
became	O
affordable	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
transistors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
were	O
AM-only	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
were	O
a	O
few	O
single	B-Device
sideband	I-Device
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
sold	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
have	O
the	O
following	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Microphone	B-Application
choices	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
27MHz	O
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
long	O
wavelength	O
for	O
mobile	O
communications	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
antenna	O
has	O
a	O
considerable	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
a	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
frequencies	O
in	O
the	O
HF	B-Algorithm
spectrum	O
(	O
3	O
–	O
30MHz	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
refracted	O
by	O
charged	O
ions	O
in	O
the	O
ionosphere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operation	O
on	O
frequencies	O
above	O
or	O
below	O
the	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
(	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
uppers	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
lowers	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
freebanding	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
outbanding	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
frequencies	O
just	O
below	O
the	O
CB	O
segment	O
(	O
or	O
between	O
the	O
CB	O
segment	O
and	O
the	O
amateur	O
radio	O
10-meter	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
)	O
seem	O
quiet	O
and	O
under-utilized	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
allocated	O
to	O
other	O
radio	O
services	O
(	O
including	O
government	O
agencies	O
)	O
and	O
unauthorized	O
operation	O
on	O
them	O
is	O
illegal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Freebanding	O
is	O
done	O
with	O
modified	O
CB	O
or	O
amateur	O
equipment	O
,	O
foreign	O
CB	B-Application
radios	I-Application
which	O
may	O
offer	O
different	O
channels	O
,	O
or	O
with	O
radios	O
intended	O
for	O
export	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frequency	O
selection	O
resembles	O
that	O
of	O
modified	O
American	O
CBs	O
more	O
than	O
any	O
foreign	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
plan	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bands	O
are	O
typically	O
lettered	O
A	O
through	O
F	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
normal	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
as	O
D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
types	O
of	O
amateur	O
transceivers	O
may	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
CB	O
and	O
freeband	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
full-coverage	O
HF	B-Algorithm
transceivers	O
to	O
simpler	O
10	O
meter	O
mobile	O
radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
FCC	O
's	O
minimal	O
enforcement	O
of	O
its	O
CB	O
rules	O
,	O
enthusiasts	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
use	O
"	O
export	O
radios	O
"	O
or	O
European	O
frequency	B-Application
modulation	I-Application
(	O
FM	B-Application
)	O
CB	O
gear	O
to	O
escape	O
the	O
crowded	O
AM	B-Device
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
American	O
AM	B-Device
gear	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
exported	O
to	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
peak	O
years	O
of	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
many	O
citizens	O
band-themed	O
magazines	O
appeared	O
on	O
newsstands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
magazines	O
that	O
dominated	O
the	O
time	O
period	O
were	O
S9	O
CB	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
and	O
CB	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
National	O
Communications	O
Magazine	O
added	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
coverage	O
to	O
its	O
coverage	O
of	O
scanner	O
radios	O
and	O
still	O
remains	O
the	O
only	O
magazine	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
covering	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
