<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
sometimes	O
styled	O
as	O
chromeOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
formerly	O
styled	O
as	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
developed	O
and	O
designed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
ChromiumOS	B-Application
and	O
uses	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Chrome	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
as	O
its	O
principal	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
initially	O
describing	O
it	O
as	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
where	O
applications	O
and	O
user	O
data	O
would	O
reside	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
used	O
primarily	O
to	O
run	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
and	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
versions	O
support	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Docs	I-Application
or	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Office	I-Operating_System
365	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
web	O
browser	O
extensions	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
resemble	O
native	O
applications	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
(	O
but	O
not	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
)	O
from	O
2016	O
onwards	O
can	O
also	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
from	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2018	O
,	O
ChromiumOS/ChromeOS	O
version	O
69	O
onwards	O
also	O
support	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
executed	O
in	O
a	O
lightweight	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
with	O
a	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
now	O
usually	O
evaluated	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
hardware	O
that	O
runs	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
ascertain	O
marketing	O
requirements	O
,	O
developers	O
relied	O
on	O
informal	O
metrics	O
,	O
including	O
monitoring	O
the	O
usage	O
patterns	O
of	O
some	O
200	O
machines	O
used	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
initially	O
intended	O
for	O
secondary	O
devices	O
like	O
netbooks	B-Device
,	O
and	O
not	O
as	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
primary	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
requested	O
that	O
its	O
hardware	O
partners	O
use	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
"	O
for	O
performance	O
and	O
reliability	O
reasons	O
"	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
lower	O
capacity	O
requirements	O
inherent	O
in	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
accesses	O
applications	O
and	O
most	O
user	O
data	O
on	O
remote	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2009	O
,	O
Matthew	O
Papakipos	O
,	O
engineering	O
director	O
for	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
announced	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
only	O
support	O
solid-state	B-Device
storage	I-Device
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
not	O
mechanical	O
hard-disks	B-Device
)	O
,	O
and	O
noted	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
only	O
required	O
one-sixtieth	O
as	O
much	O
drive	O
space	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ten	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
recovery	O
images	O
Google	B-Application
provided	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
were	O
still	O
only	O
between	O
1	O
and	O
3	O
GB	O
in	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
19	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
's	O
source	O
code	O
as	O
the	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
November	O
19	O
,	O
2009	O
news	O
conference	O
,	O
Sundar	O
Pichai	O
–	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
vice	O
president	O
overseeing	O
Chrome	B-Application
–	O
demonstrated	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
previewed	O
a	O
desktop	O
which	O
looked	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
desktop	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
regular	O
browser	O
tabs	O
also	O
had	O
application	O
tabs	O
,	O
which	O
take	O
less	O
space	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
pinned	O
for	O
easier	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
conference	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
booted	B-Operating_System
up	O
in	O
seven	O
seconds	O
,	O
a	O
time	O
Google	B-Application
said	O
it	O
would	O
work	O
to	O
reduce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Chris	O
Kenyon	O
,	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
OEM	O
services	O
at	O
Canonical	O
Ltd	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
Canonical	O
was	O
under	O
contract	O
to	O
contribute	O
engineering	O
resources	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
with	O
the	O
intent	O
to	O
build	O
on	O
existing	O
open-source	B-Application
components	O
and	O
tools	O
where	O
feasible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canonical	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
engineering	O
partner	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
initially	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
could	O
only	O
be	O
built	O
on	O
an	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
development	O
team	O
switched	O
to	O
Gentoo	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
because	O
Gentoo	B-Application
's	O
package	O
management	O
system	O
Portage	B-Application
was	O
more	O
flexible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
build	O
environment	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
restricted	O
to	O
any	O
particular	O
distribution	O
,	O
but	O
installation	O
and	O
quick-start	O
guides	O
use	O
Debian	O
's	O
(	O
and	O
thus	O
also	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
's	O
)	O
apt	B-Application
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
the	O
unbranded	O
Cr-48	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
pilot	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
launch	O
date	O
for	O
retail	O
hardware	O
featuring	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
delayed	O
from	O
late	O
2010	O
until	O
the	O
next	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
two	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
from	O
Acer	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
at	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Samsung	B-Application
model	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
June	O
15	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Acer	O
model	O
in	O
mid-July	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2011	O
,	O
Netflix	O
announced	O
official	O
support	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
through	O
its	O
streaming	O
service	O
,	O
allowing	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
to	O
watch	O
streaming	O
movies	O
and	O
TV	O
shows	O
via	O
Netflix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
other	O
devices	O
had	O
to	O
use	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
to	O
play	O
videos	O
from	O
Netflix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
that	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
Citrix	B-Application
released	O
a	O
client	O
application	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
to	O
access	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
desktops	O
remotely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dublin	O
City	O
University	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
educational	O
institution	O
in	O
Europe	O
to	O
provide	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
for	O
its	O
students	O
when	O
it	O
announced	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
September	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2012	O
,	O
demand	O
for	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
had	O
begun	O
to	O
grow	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
new	O
range	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
so	O
doing	O
,	O
they	O
also	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Series	O
3	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
 '	O
entrance	O
into	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
desktop	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
they	O
were	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
previous	O
range	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
still	O
underpowered	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
desktops	O
and	O
laptops	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
fitting	O
in	O
more	O
closely	O
with	O
the	O
Netbook	B-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
a	O
new	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
at	O
a	O
significantly	O
lower	O
price	O
point	O
( $250	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
previous	O
Series	O
5	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
 '	O
$450	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
to	O
use	O
an	O
ARM	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
,	O
one	O
from	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
Exynos	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
reduce	O
the	O
price	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
also	O
reduced	O
the	O
memory	O
and	O
screen	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
advantage	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
,	O
however	O
,	O
was	O
that	O
the	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
did	O
n't	O
require	O
a	O
fan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acer	O
followed	O
quickly	O
after	O
with	O
the	O
C7	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
,	O
priced	O
even	O
lower	O
( $199	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
containing	O
an	O
Intel	B-Device
Celeron	I-Device
processor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
notable	O
way	O
Acer	O
reduced	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
C7	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
laptop	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
rather	O
than	O
a	O
solid-state	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
made	O
the	O
first	O
update	O
to	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
's	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
since	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
had	O
launched	O
,	O
introducing	O
a	O
hardware-accelerated	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
called	O
"	O
Aura	O
"	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
conventional	O
taskbar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
additions	O
marked	O
a	O
departure	O
from	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
original	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
browser	O
with	O
tabs	O
and	O
gave	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
the	O
look	O
and	O
feel	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
conventional	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
In	O
a	O
way	O
,	O
this	O
almost	O
feels	O
as	O
if	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
admitting	O
defeat	O
here	O
"	O
,	O
wrote	O
Frederic	O
Lardinois	O
on	O
TechCrunch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
argued	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
traded	O
its	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
simplicity	O
for	O
greater	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
That	O
's	O
not	O
necessarily	O
a	O
bad	O
thing	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
just	O
help	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
gain	O
more	O
mainstream	O
acceptance	O
as	O
new	O
users	O
will	O
surely	O
find	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
more	O
familiar	O
experience.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Lenovo	O
and	O
HP	O
followed	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
Acer	O
in	O
manufacturing	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
in	O
early	O
2013	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lenovo	O
specifically	O
targeted	O
their	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
at	O
students	O
,	O
headlining	O
their	O
press	O
release	O
with	O
"	O
Lenovo	O
Introduces	O
Rugged	O
ThinkPad	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
for	O
Schools	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	I-Application
,	O
they	O
also	O
included	O
Drive	O
integration	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
version	O
20	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
had	O
supported	O
Flash	O
since	O
2010	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2012	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
fully	O
sandboxed	O
,	O
preventing	O
issues	O
with	O
Flash	O
from	O
affecting	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
affected	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Chrome	B-Application
including	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2013	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
never	O
made	O
their	O
own	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
were	O
much	O
more	O
similar	O
to	O
their	O
Nexus	B-Device
line	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
phones	I-Application
,	O
with	O
each	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
being	O
designed	O
,	O
manufactured	O
,	O
and	O
marketed	O
by	O
third-party	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
controlling	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
February	O
2013	O
this	O
changed	O
when	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
the	O
Chromebook	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chromebook	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
was	O
totally	O
different	O
from	O
previous	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
only	O
was	O
it	O
entirely	O
Google-branded	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
contained	O
an	O
Intel	O
i5	O
processor	O
,	O
a	O
high-resolution	O
(	O
2,560	O
×	O
1,700	O
)	O
touchscreen	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
came	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
more	O
competitive	O
with	O
business	O
laptops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2013	O
,	O
analysts	O
were	O
undecided	O
on	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
had	O
been	O
articles	O
predicting	O
the	O
demise	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
since	O
2009	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
sales	O
continued	O
to	O
increase	O
substantially	O
year-over-year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2014	O
,	O
Time	O
magazine	O
published	O
an	O
article	O
titled	O
"	O
Depending	O
on	O
Who	O
's	O
Counting	O
,	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
are	O
Either	O
an	O
Enormous	O
Hit	O
or	O
Totally	O
Irrelevant	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
detailed	O
the	O
differences	O
in	O
opinion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
uncertainty	O
was	O
further	O
spurred	O
by	O
Intel	O
's	O
announcement	O
of	O
Intel-based	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
,	O
Chromeboxes	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
an	O
all-in-one	O
offering	O
from	O
LG	O
called	O
the	O
Chromebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seizing	O
the	O
opportunity	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
pushed	O
hard	O
to	O
sell	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
to	O
businesses	O
,	O
offering	O
significant	O
discounts	O
in	O
early	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
outsold	O
Apple	O
Macs	O
worldwide	O
for	O
the	O
year	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
's	O
embedded	B-Architecture
controller	I-Architecture
was	O
changed	O
to	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
maintained	O
fork	O
of	O
Zephyr	B-Application
,	O
a	O
real	O
time	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
hosted	O
a	O
hacking	O
contest	O
aimed	O
at	O
computer	O
security	O
experts	O
called	O
"	O
Pwnium	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
the	O
Pwn2Own	O
contest	O
,	O
they	O
invited	O
hackers	O
from	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
to	O
find	O
exploits	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
prizes	O
available	O
for	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
patched	O
the	O
issues	O
within	O
a	O
week	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Native	B-Application
Client	I-Application
has	O
been	O
available	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
since	O
2010	O
,	O
there	O
originally	O
were	O
few	O
Native	B-Application
Client	I-Application
apps	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
apps	O
were	O
still	O
web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
both	O
synchronise	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
phones	I-Application
to	O
share	O
notifications	O
and	O
begin	O
to	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
,	O
installed	O
directly	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
broadening	O
selection	O
of	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
,	O
laid	O
the	O
groundwork	O
for	O
future	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
was	O
also	O
moving	O
towards	O
the	O
then-new	O
Material	B-Application
Design	I-Application
design	O
language	O
for	O
its	O
products	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
would	O
bring	O
to	O
its	O
web	O
products	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
Lollipop	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
Material	B-Application
Design	I-Application
items	O
to	O
come	O
to	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
new	O
default	O
wallpaper	O
,	O
though	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
release	O
some	O
screenshots	O
of	O
a	O
Material	B-Application
Design	I-Application
experiment	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
that	O
never	O
made	O
it	O
into	O
the	O
stable	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chrome	B-Application
Enterprise	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
includes	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Chrome	B-Application
Browser	I-Application
,	O
Chrome	B-Application
devices	O
and	O
their	O
management	O
capabilities	O
intended	O
for	O
business	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Businesses	O
can	O
access	O
the	O
standard	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
features	O
and	O
unlock	O
advanced	O
features	O
for	O
business	O
with	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
features	O
include	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
sync	O
bookmarks	O
and	O
browser	O
extensions	O
across	O
devices	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
or	O
native	O
printing	O
,	O
multi-layered	O
security	O
,	O
remote	O
desktop	O
,	O
and	O
automatic	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
features	O
include	O
Active	O
Directory	O
integration	O
,	O
unified	O
endpoint	O
management	O
,	O
advanced	O
security	O
protection	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
device	O
policies	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
Admin	O
console	O
,	O
guest	O
access	O
,	O
kiosk	O
mode	O
,	O
and	O
whitelisting	O
or	O
blacklisting	O
third-party	O
apps	O
managed	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
education	O
sector	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
adopter	O
of	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
classrooms	O
and	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
systems	O
have	O
been	O
gaining	O
an	O
increased	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
other	O
sectors	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
including	O
financial	O
services	O
,	O
healthcare	O
,	O
and	O
retail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
popularity	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
services	O
highlights	O
the	O
degree	O
to	O
which	O
companies	O
and	O
business	O
processes	O
have	O
become	O
both	O
internet-enabled	O
and	O
dependent.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
IT	O
managers	O
cite	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
advantages	O
of	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
that	O
have	O
motivated	O
the	O
move	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deploying	O
and	O
managing	O
cloud-native	B-General_Concept
devices	O
is	O
easier	O
because	O
no	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
upgrades	O
or	O
virus	O
definition	O
updates	O
are	O
needed	O
and	O
patching	O
of	O
OS	O
and	O
software	O
updates	O
are	O
simpler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Employees	O
can	O
securely	O
access	O
files	O
and	O
work	O
on	O
any	O
machine	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
shareability	O
of	O
Chrome	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Grab	O
and	O
Go	O
program	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
Enterprise	O
allows	O
businesses	O
deploying	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
to	O
provide	O
employees	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
bank	O
of	O
fully	O
charged	O
computers	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
checked	O
out	O
and	O
returned	O
after	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
early	O
attempt	O
to	O
expand	O
its	O
enterprise	O
offerings	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
for	O
Meetings	O
in	O
February	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chromebox	B-Protocol
for	O
Meetings	O
is	O
a	O
kit	O
for	O
conference	O
rooms	O
containing	O
a	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
camera	O
,	O
a	O
unit	O
containing	O
both	O
a	O
noise-cancelling	O
microphone	O
and	O
speakers	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
remote	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
Google	B-Protocol
Hangouts	I-Protocol
meetings	O
,	O
Vidyo	B-Protocol
video	O
conferences	O
,	O
and	O
conference	O
calls	O
from	O
UberConference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
partners	O
announced	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
for	O
Meetings	O
models	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
2016	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
an	O
all-in-one	O
Chromebase	O
for	O
Meetings	O
for	O
smaller	O
meeting	O
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
targeted	O
the	O
consumer	O
hardware	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
in	O
2011	O
and	O
Chromebook	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
in	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
sought	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
enterprise	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
2017	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Pixelbook	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second-generation	O
Pixelbook	B-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
partnered	O
on	O
Chrome	B-Application
devices	O
with	O
several	O
leading	O
OEMs	O
,	O
including	O
Acer	O
,	O
ASUS	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
Lenovo	O
,	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
Dell	O
announced	O
that	O
two	O
of	O
its	O
popular	O
business-focused	O
laptops	O
would	O
run	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
come	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Latitude	O
5300	O
2-in-1	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
and	O
Latitude	O
5400	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
were	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
two-year	O
partnership	O
between	O
Dell	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
machines	O
come	O
with	O
a	O
bundle	O
of	O
Dell	O
's	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
support	O
services	O
that	O
would	O
enable	O
enterprise	O
IT	O
managers	O
to	O
deploy	O
them	O
in	O
environments	O
that	O
also	O
rely	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
laptop	O
line	O
"	O
delivers	O
the	O
search	O
giant	O
's	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
form	O
tailored	O
for	O
security-conscious	O
organizations.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
OEMs	O
that	O
have	O
launched	O
devices	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Upgrade	O
include	O
Acer	O
and	O
HP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
broader	O
range	O
of	O
hardware	O
available	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
became	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
enterprises	O
wishing	O
to	O
avoid	O
a	O
migration	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
10	O
before	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
support	O
was	O
discontinued	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	O
running	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
are	O
known	O
collectively	O
as	O
"	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
was	O
the	O
CR-48	O
,	O
a	O
reference	O
hardware	O
design	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
gave	O
to	O
testers	O
and	O
reviewers	O
beginning	O
in	O
December	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
May	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
desktop	O
design	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
"	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2015	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
AOPEN	O
was	O
announced	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chromebase	O
devices	O
are	O
essentially	O
Chromebox	B-Protocol
hardware	O
inside	O
a	O
monitor	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
camera	O
,	O
microphone	O
and	O
speakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chromebit	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
HDMI	O
dongle	O
running	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
placed	O
in	O
an	O
HDMI	O
slot	O
on	O
a	O
television	O
set	O
or	O
computer	O
monitor	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
turns	O
that	O
display	O
into	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
tablets	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
March	O
2018	O
by	O
Acer	O
with	O
their	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
Tab	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
supports	O
multi-monitor	O
setups	O
,	O
on	O
devices	O
with	O
a	O
video-out	O
port	O
,	O
USB	O
3.0	O
or	O
USB-C	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
being	O
preferable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
16	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
development	O
version	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
Flex	O
—	O
a	O
distribution	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
that	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
conventional	O
PC	O
hardware	O
to	O
replace	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
and	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
CloudReady	O
,	O
a	O
distribution	O
of	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
whose	O
developers	O
were	O
acquired	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
device	O
model	O
manufactured	O
to	O
run	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
has	O
a	O
different	O
end-of-life	O
date	O
,	O
with	O
all	O
new	O
devices	O
released	O
in	O
2020	O
and	O
beyond	O
guaranteed	O
to	O
receive	O
a	O
minimum	O
of	O
eight	O
years	O
from	O
their	O
date	O
of	O
initial	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
Version	O
78	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
end-of-life	O
date	O
for	O
software	O
updates	O
is	O
listed	O
in	O
"	O
About	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
"	O
-	O
"	O
Additional	O
Details	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
pure	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
relied	O
primarily	O
on	O
servers	O
to	O
host	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
related	O
data	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
gradually	O
began	O
encouraging	O
developers	O
to	O
create	O
"	O
packaged	O
applications	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
by	O
employing	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Shockwave	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
to	O
provide	O
a	O
user	O
experience	O
closer	O
to	O
a	O
native	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
App	B-Application
Runtime	I-Application
for	I-Application
Chrome	I-Application
(	O
beta	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
certain	O
ported	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
to	O
run	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runtime	O
was	O
launched	O
with	O
four	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
:	O
Duolingo	B-Application
,	O
Evernote	B-Application
,	O
Sight	O
Words	O
,	O
and	O
Vine	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
made	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
available	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
making	O
most	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
available	O
for	O
supported	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
support	O
for	O
desktop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
capability	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
stable	O
channel	O
(	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
most	O
machines	O
)	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
69	O
in	O
October	O
2018	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
still	O
marked	O
as	O
beta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
was	O
officially	O
released	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
91	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2013	O
until	O
January	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
encouraged	O
developers	O
to	O
build	O
not	O
just	O
conventional	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
Packaged	O
Apps	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Chrome	B-Application
team	O
announced	O
its	O
intent	O
to	O
phase	O
out	O
support	O
for	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
in	O
favor	O
of	O
"	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
"	O
(	O
PWA	B-Application
)	O
and	O
Chrome	B-Application
extensions	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
stopped	O
accepting	O
new	O
public	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
web	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
general	O
support	O
for	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
will	O
remain	O
enabled	O
,	O
without	O
requiring	O
any	O
policy	O
setting	O
,	O
through	O
June	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
perspective	O
,	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Apps	I-Operating_System
resemble	O
conventional	O
native	O
applications	O
:	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
launched	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
are	O
offline	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
can	O
manage	O
multiple	O
windows	B-Application
,	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
other	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
integrated	O
a	O
media	O
player	O
into	O
both	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
enabling	O
users	O
to	O
play	O
back	O
MP3s	O
,	O
view	O
JPEGs	O
,	O
and	O
handle	O
other	O
multimedia	O
files	O
without	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
also	O
includes	O
an	O
integrated	O
file	O
manager	O
,	O
resembling	O
those	O
found	O
on	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
display	O
directories	O
and	O
the	O
files	O
they	O
contain	O
from	O
both	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	I-Application
and	O
local	O
storage	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
preview	O
and	O
manage	O
file	O
contents	O
using	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Google	B-Application
Docs	I-Application
and	O
Box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
integrate	O
additional	O
storage	O
sources	O
into	O
the	O
file	O
manager	O
,	O
relying	O
on	O
installed	O
extensions	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
File	O
System	O
Provider	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
software	O
engineer	O
Gary	O
Kačmarčík	O
wrote	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
access	O
remote	O
applications	O
through	O
a	O
technology	O
unofficially	O
called	O
"	O
Chromoting	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
resemble	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Remote	B-Protocol
Desktop	I-Protocol
Connection	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
changed	O
to	O
"	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Remote	I-Operating_System
Desktop	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
like	O
"	O
running	O
an	O
application	O
via	O
Remote	B-Protocol
Desktop	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
or	O
by	O
first	O
connecting	O
to	O
a	O
host	O
machine	O
by	O
using	O
RDP	O
or	O
VNC	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
roll-outs	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
laptops	O
(	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
)	O
indicate	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
enabling	O
users	O
to	O
access	O
virtual	O
desktops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
2014	O
,	O
a	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
showing	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Flipboard	B-Application
,	O
running	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
presented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
a	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Runtime	I-Application
for	I-Application
Chrome	I-Application
(	O
ARC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
selected	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
using	O
a	O
Native	O
Client-based	O
environment	O
that	O
provides	O
the	O
platforms	O
necessary	O
to	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
do	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
modifications	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
may	O
be	O
modified	O
to	O
better	O
support	O
a	O
mouse	O
and	O
keyboard	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
introduction	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
support	O
was	O
only	O
available	O
for	O
selected	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
on	O
supported	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
in	O
its	O
entirety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
previous	O
Native	O
Client-based	O
solution	O
was	O
dropped	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
container	B-Application
containing	O
Android	B-Application
's	O
frameworks	O
and	O
dependencies	O
(	O
initially	O
based	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
Marshmallow	I-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
to	O
have	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
platform	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
OS	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
contracts	O
such	O
as	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engineering	O
director	O
Zelidrag	O
Hornung	O
explained	O
that	O
ARC	O
had	O
been	O
scrapped	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
limitations	O
,	O
including	O
its	O
incompatibility	O
with	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Native	O
Development	O
Toolkit	O
(	O
NDK	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
pass	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
own	O
compatibility	O
test	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
made	O
since	O
2018	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
earlier	O
models	O
,	O
can	O
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
,	O
these	O
apps	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
launched	O
alongside	O
other	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
maintains	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
devices	O
that	O
were	O
launched	O
before	O
2019	O
,	O
which	O
support	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Crouton	B-Application
,	O
a	O
third-party	O
set	O
of	O
scripts	O
that	O
allows	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
distribution	O
such	O
as	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
2018	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
desktop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
were	O
officially	O
coming	O
to	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
benefit	O
claimed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
of	O
their	O
official	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
application	O
support	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
run	O
without	O
enabling	O
developer	O
mode	O
,	O
keeping	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
security	O
features	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
noticed	O
in	O
the	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
source	O
code	O
in	O
early	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
parts	O
of	O
Crostini	O
were	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Pixelbook	B-Device
via	O
the	O
dev	O
channel	O
in	O
February	O
2018	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
version	O
66	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
enabled	O
by	O
default	O
via	O
the	O
beta	O
channel	O
for	O
testing	O
on	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
in	O
August	O
2018	O
with	O
version	O
69	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
project	O
for	O
supporting	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
called	O
Crostini	O
,	O
named	O
for	O
the	O
Italian	O
bread-based	O
starter	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
pun	O
on	O
Crouton	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crostini	O
runs	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
through	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
monitor	O
called	O
crosvm	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
's	O
built-in	O
KVM	B-Application
virtualization	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
crosvm	O
supports	O
multiple	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
one	O
used	O
for	O
running	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
apps	O
,	O
Termina	O
,	O
contains	O
a	O
basic	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
Gentoo	B-Application
and	O
userland	B-Operating_System
utilities	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
runs	O
containers	B-Application
based	O
on	O
LXD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
based	O
on	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
its	O
base	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
Gentoo	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
in	O
February	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Project	O
Crostini	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
80	O
,	O
Debian	O
10	O
(	O
Buster	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
default	O
container	B-Application
base	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
preliminary	O
design	O
documents	O
for	O
the	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
open-source	B-Application
project	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
described	O
a	O
three-tier	O
architecture	O
:	O
firmware	O
,	O
browser	O
and	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
and	O
system-level	O
software	O
and	O
userland	B-Operating_System
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
firmware	O
contributes	O
to	O
fast	O
boot	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
by	O
not	O
probing	O
for	O
hardware	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
floppy	O
disk	O
drives	O
,	O
that	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
common	O
on	O
computers	O
,	O
especially	O
netbooks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
firmware	O
also	O
contributes	O
to	O
security	O
by	O
verifying	O
each	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
boot	B-Operating_System
process	I-Operating_System
and	O
incorporating	O
system	O
recovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System-level	O
software	O
includes	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
that	O
has	O
been	O
patched	O
to	O
improve	O
boot	B-Operating_System
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Userland	B-Operating_System
software	O
has	O
been	O
trimmed	O
to	O
essentials	O
,	O
with	O
management	O
by	O
Upstart	B-Device
,	O
which	O
can	O
launch	O
services	O
in	O
parallel	O
,	O
re-spawn	O
crashed	O
jobs	O
,	O
and	O
defer	O
services	O
in	O
the	O
interest	O
of	O
faster	O
booting	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
handles	O
user	O
interaction	O
with	O
multiple	O
client	O
windows	B-Application
(	O
much	O
like	O
other	O
X	B-Application
window	I-Application
managers	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
software	O
security	O
engineer	O
Will	O
Drewry	O
discussed	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drewry	O
described	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
"	O
hardened	O
"	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
featuring	O
auto-updating	O
and	O
sandbox	O
features	O
that	O
would	O
reduce	O
malware	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
said	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
netbooks	B-Device
would	O
be	O
shipped	O
with	O
Trusted	O
Platform	O
Module	O
(	O
TPM	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
include	O
both	O
a	O
"	O
trusted	O
boot	B-Operating_System
path	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
physical	O
switch	O
under	O
the	O
battery	O
compartment	O
that	O
activates	O
a	O
"	O
developer	O
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drewry	O
also	O
emphasized	O
that	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
nature	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
would	O
contribute	O
greatly	O
to	O
its	O
security	O
by	O
allowing	O
constant	O
developer	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
December	O
2010	O
press	O
conference	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
declared	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
the	O
most	O
secure	O
consumer	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
a	O
verified	O
boot	B-Operating_System
ability	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
initial	O
boot	B-Operating_System
code	O
,	O
stored	O
in	O
read-only	O
memory	O
,	O
checks	O
for	O
system	O
compromises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
nine	O
years	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
affected	O
by	O
55	O
documented	O
security	O
flaws	O
of	O
any	O
severity	O
,	O
compared	O
with	O
over	O
1,100	O
affecting	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
10	O
in	O
the	O
five	O
years	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2019	O
and	O
over	O
2,200	O
affecting	O
Apple	O
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
in	O
20	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
includes	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
Shell	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
crosh	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
documents	O
minimal	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
ping	O
at	O
crosh	O
start-up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
developer	O
mode	O
,	O
a	O
full-featured	O
bash	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
(	O
which	O
is	O
supposed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
development	O
purposes	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
opened	O
via	O
VT-2	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
accessible	O
using	O
the	O
crosh	O
command	O
shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
sudo	B-Device
)	O
a	O
root	B-Application
password	I-Application
is	O
requested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
time	O
the	O
default	O
was	O
"	O
chronos	O
"	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
"	O
facepunch	O
"	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
Vanilla	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
default	O
was	O
empty	O
,	O
and	O
instructions	O
on	O
updating	O
it	O
were	O
displayed	O
at	O
each	O
login	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
partially	O
developed	O
under	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
ChromiumOS	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
other	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
developers	O
can	O
modify	O
the	O
code	O
from	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
and	O
build	O
their	O
own	O
versions	O
,	O
whereas	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
code	O
is	O
only	O
supported	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
its	O
partners	O
and	O
only	O
runs	O
on	O
hardware	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
automatically	O
updated	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
exceptions	O
allow	O
the	O
default	O
desktop	O
web	O
browser	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
variant	O
that	O
can	O
run	O
inside	O
its	O
full-screen	O
"	O
Metro	O
"	O
shell	O
and	O
access	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Share	O
charm	O
,	O
without	O
necessarily	O
needing	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chrome	B-Application
's	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
mode	O
"	O
was	O
previously	O
a	O
tablet-optimized	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
Chrome	B-Application
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
mode	O
was	O
changed	O
on	O
Developer	O
channel	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
provided	O
publicly	O
many	O
details	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
 '	O
design	O
goals	O
and	O
direction	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
company	O
has	O
not	O
followed	O
up	O
with	O
a	O
technical	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
completed	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Design	O
goals	O
for	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
 '	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
included	O
using	O
minimal	O
screen	O
space	O
by	O
combining	O
applications	O
and	O
standard	O
Web	O
pages	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
tab	O
strip	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
separating	O
the	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designers	O
considered	O
a	O
reduced	O
window	B-Application
management	I-Application
scheme	O
that	O
would	O
operate	O
only	O
in	O
full-screen	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	O
tasks	O
would	O
be	O
handled	O
with	O
"	O
panels	O
"	O
:	O
floating	O
windows	B-Application
that	O
dock	O
to	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
for	O
tasks	O
like	O
chat	O
and	O
music	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
follow	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
's	O
practice	O
of	O
leveraging	O
HTML5	B-Application
's	O
offline	O
modes	O
,	O
background	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
notifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
10	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
build	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
offered	O
a	O
choice	O
between	O
the	O
original	O
full-screen	O
window	O
interface	O
and	O
overlapping	O
,	O
re-sizable	O
windows	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
found	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
was	O
implemented	O
through	O
the	O
Ash	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
which	O
runs	O
atop	O
the	O
Aura	O
hardware-accelerated	O
graphics	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
April	O
2012	O
upgrade	O
also	O
included	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
display	O
smaller	O
,	O
overlapping	O
browser	O
windows	B-Application
,	O
each	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
translucent	O
tabs	O
,	O
browser	O
tabs	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
"	O
torn	O
"	O
and	O
dragged	O
to	O
new	O
positions	O
or	O
merged	O
with	O
another	O
tab	O
strip	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
mouse-enabled	O
shortcut	O
list	O
across	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
in	O
CNET	O
,	O
Stephen	O
Shankland	O
argued	O
that	O
with	O
overlapping	O
windows	B-Application
,	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
anchoring	O
itself	O
into	O
the	O
past	O
"	O
as	O
both	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Metro	O
interface	O
are	O
largely	O
or	O
entirely	O
full-screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
so	O
,	O
"	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
already	O
is	O
different	O
enough	O
that	O
it	O
's	O
best	O
to	O
preserve	O
any	O
familiarity	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
preserved	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Cloud	B-Architecture
Print	O
is	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
service	O
that	O
helps	O
any	O
application	O
on	O
any	O
device	O
to	O
print	O
on	O
supported	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
provides	O
virtually	O
any	O
connected	O
device	O
with	O
information	O
access	O
,	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
"	O
developing	O
and	O
maintaining	O
print	O
subsystems	O
for	O
every	O
combination	O
of	O
hardware	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
—	O
from	O
desktops	O
to	O
netbooks	B-Device
to	O
mobile	O
devices	O
—	O
simply	O
is	O
n't	O
feasible.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cloud	B-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
requires	O
installation	O
of	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
software	O
called	O
proxy	B-Application
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proxy	B-Application
registers	O
the	O
printer	O
with	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
manages	O
the	O
print	O
jobs	O
,	O
provides	O
the	O
printer	O
driver	O
functionality	O
,	O
and	O
gives	O
status	O
alerts	O
for	O
each	O
job	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
included	O
"	O
Native	O
CUPS	O
Support	O
"	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
an	O
experimental	O
feature	O
that	O
may	O
eventually	O
become	O
an	O
official	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
CUPS	O
support	O
turned	O
on	O
,	O
it	O
becomes	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
most	O
USB	O
printers	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
Google	B-Application
Cloud	B-Architecture
Print	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Cloud	B-Architecture
Print	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
be	O
supported	O
after	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
online	O
service	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
available	O
as	O
of	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
designed	O
to	O
store	O
user	O
documents	O
and	O
files	O
on	O
remote	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
may	O
introduce	O
difficulties	O
to	O
end-users	O
when	O
handling	O
specific	O
file	O
types	O
offline	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
opening	O
an	O
image	O
or	O
document	O
residing	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
storage	O
device	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
unclear	O
whether	O
and	O
which	O
specific	O
Web	B-Application
application	I-Application
should	O
be	O
automatically	O
opened	O
for	O
viewing	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
handling	O
should	O
be	O
performed	O
by	O
a	O
traditional	O
application	O
acting	O
as	O
a	O
preview	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matthew	O
Papakipos	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
engineering	O
director	O
,	O
noted	O
in	O
2010	O
that	O
Windows	B-Application
developers	O
have	O
faced	O
the	O
same	O
fundamental	O
problem	O
:	O
"	O
Quicktime	O
is	O
fighting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Media	O
Player	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
fighting	O
with	O
Chrome.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
uses	O
the	O
same	O
release	O
system	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
:	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
distinct	O
channels	O
:	O
Stable	O
,	O
Beta	O
,	O
and	O
Developer	O
preview	O
(	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Dev	O
"	O
channel	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fourth	O
canary	B-Application
channel	O
was	O
confirmed	O
to	O
exist	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
Developer	O
Francois	O
Beaufort	O
and	O
hacker	O
Kenny	O
Strawn	O
,	O
by	O
entering	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
shell	O
in	O
developer	O
mode	O
,	O
typing	O
the	O
command	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
bash	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
finally	O
entering	O
the	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
return	O
to	O
the	O
verified	O
boot	B-Operating_System
mode	O
after	O
entering	O
the	O
canary	B-Application
channel	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
channel	O
updater	O
disappears	O
and	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
return	O
to	O
another	O
channel	O
is	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
powerwash	O
"	O
factory	O
reset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
debut	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
both	O
directly	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
indirectly	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
word	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
applications	O
—	O
the	O
latter	O
through	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
 '	O
reliance	O
on	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
engineering	O
director	O
Matthew	O
Papakipos	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
would	O
not	O
fully	O
overlap	O
in	O
functionality	O
because	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
intended	O
for	O
netbooks	B-Device
,	O
which	O
lack	O
the	O
computational	O
power	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
resource-intensive	O
program	O
like	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
observers	O
claimed	O
that	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
already	O
filled	O
the	O
niche	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
aiming	O
for	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
added	O
advantage	O
of	O
supporting	O
native	O
applications	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
a	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
were	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
computer	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
K	O
–	O
12	O
education	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
had	O
risen	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
number	O
one	O
browser	O
used	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
became	O
the	O
second	O
most-popular	O
end-user	O
oriented	O
OS	O
(	O
growing	O
from	O
6.4	O
%	O
in	O
2019	O
to	O
10.8	O
%	O
in	O
2020	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
growth	O
came	O
at	O
Windows	B-Application
 '	O
expense	O
(	O
which	O
fell	O
from	O
85.4	O
%	O
in	O
2019	O
to	O
80.5	O
%	O
in	O
2021	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
offering	O
of	O
two	O
open-source	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
has	O
drawn	O
some	O
criticism	O
despite	O
the	O
similarity	O
between	O
this	O
situation	O
and	O
that	O
of	O
Apple	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
two	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
CEO	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
accused	O
Google	B-Application
of	O
not	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
make	O
up	O
its	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steven	O
Levy	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
dissonance	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
systems	O
was	O
apparent	O
"	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
event	O
featured	O
a	O
daily	O
press	O
conference	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
team	O
leader	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
's	O
Andy	O
Rubin	O
and	O
Chrome	B-Application
's	O
Sundar	O
Pichai	O
,	O
"	O
unconvincingly	O
tried	O
to	O
explain	O
why	O
the	O
systems	O
were	O
n't	O
competitive	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
co-founder	O
Sergey	O
Brin	O
addressed	O
the	O
question	O
by	O
saying	O
that	O
owning	O
two	O
promising	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
was	O
"	O
a	O
problem	O
that	O
most	O
companies	O
would	O
love	O
to	O
face	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brin	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
"	O
will	O
likely	O
converge	O
over	O
time	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
speculation	O
over	O
convergence	O
increased	O
in	O
March	O
2013	O
when	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
chief	O
Pichai	O
replaced	O
Rubin	O
as	O
the	O
senior	O
vice	O
president	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
thereby	O
putting	O
Pichai	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relationship	O
between	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
became	O
closer	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
2014	O
,	O
where	O
developers	O
demonstrated	O
native	O
Android	B-Application
software	I-Application
running	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
through	O
a	O
Native	O
Client-based	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
a	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Runtime	I-Application
for	I-Application
Chrome	I-Application
(	O
ARC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
selected	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
using	O
a	O
Native	O
Client-based	O
environment	O
that	O
provides	O
the	O
platforms	O
necessary	O
to	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
do	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
modifications	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
may	O
be	O
modified	O
to	O
better	O
support	O
a	O
mouse	O
and	O
keyboard	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
introduction	O
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
support	O
was	O
only	O
available	O
for	O
selected	O
Android	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
reported	O
that	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
folded	O
into	O
Android	B-Application
so	O
that	O
a	O
single	O
OS	O
would	O
result	O
by	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
OS	O
would	O
be	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
expanded	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
laptops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
responded	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
company	O
has	O
"	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
ways	O
to	O
bring	O
together	O
the	O
best	O
of	O
both	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
's	O
no	O
plan	O
to	O
phase	O
out	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
on	O
supported	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
in	O
its	O
entirety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
previous	O
Native	O
Client-based	O
solution	O
was	O
dropped	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
container	B-Application
containing	O
Android	B-Application
's	O
frameworks	O
and	O
dependencies	O
(	O
initially	O
based	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
Marshmallow	I-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
Android	B-Application
apps	O
to	O
have	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
platform	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
OS	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
contracts	O
such	O
as	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engineering	O
director	O
Zelidrag	O
Hornung	O
explained	O
that	O
ARC	O
had	O
been	O
scrapped	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
limitations	O
,	O
including	O
its	O
incompatibility	O
with	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Native	O
Development	O
Toolkit	O
(	O
NDK	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
pass	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
own	O
compatibility	O
test	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
