<s>
A	O
chemical	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
reaction-diffusion	O
computer	O
,	O
Belousov	O
–	O
Zhabotinsky	O
(	O
BZ	O
)	O
computer	O
,	O
or	O
gooware	O
computer	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
unconventional	B-Device
computer	I-Device
based	O
on	O
a	O
semi-solid	O
chemical	O
"	O
soup	O
"	O
where	O
data	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
varying	O
concentrations	O
of	O
chemicals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
this	O
was	O
considered	O
impossible	O
because	O
it	O
seemed	O
to	O
go	O
against	O
the	O
second	O
law	O
of	O
thermodynamics	O
,	O
which	O
says	O
that	O
in	O
a	O
closed	O
system	O
the	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
will	O
only	O
increase	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
causing	O
the	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
mixture	O
to	O
distribute	O
themselves	O
until	O
equilibrium	O
is	O
gained	O
and	O
making	O
any	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
concentration	O
impossible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
chemical	B-Device
computer	I-Device
version	O
logic	O
gates	O
are	O
implemented	O
by	O
concentration	O
waves	O
blocking	O
or	O
amplifying	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
it	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
how	O
light-sensitive	O
chemical	O
reactions	O
could	O
perform	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
upsurge	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
chemical	B-Device
computing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adamatzky	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
a	O
theoretical	O
article	O
on	O
computation	B-Application
by	I-Application
using	I-Application
balls	I-Application
on	I-Application
a	I-Application
billiard	I-Application
table	I-Application
to	O
transfer	O
this	O
principle	O
to	O
the	O
BZ-chemicals	O
and	O
replace	O
the	O
billiard	O
balls	O
with	O
waves	O
:	O
if	O
two	O
waves	O
meet	O
in	O
the	O
solution	O
,	O
they	O
create	O
a	O
third	O
wave	O
which	O
is	O
registered	O
as	O
a	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
a	O
chemical	B-Device
computing	I-Device
system	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
international	O
team	O
headed	O
by	O
the	O
Swiss	O
Federal	O
Laboratories	O
for	O
Materials	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
Empa	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chemical	B-Device
computer	I-Device
used	O
surface	O
tension	O
calculations	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
Marangoni	O
effect	O
using	O
an	O
acidic	O
gel	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
most	O
efficient	O
route	O
between	O
points	O
A	O
and	O
B	O
,	O
outpacing	O
a	O
conventional	O
satellite	O
navigation	O
system	O
attempting	O
to	O
calculate	O
the	O
same	O
route	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Stanford	O
University	O
graduate	O
students	O
created	O
a	O
computer	O
using	O
magnetic	O
fields	O
and	O
water	O
droplets	O
infused	O
with	O
magnetic	O
nanoparticles	O
,	O
illustrating	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
principles	O
behind	O
a	O
chemical	B-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Glasgow	O
researchers	O
created	O
a	O
chemical	B-Device
computer	I-Device
using	O
3D-printed	O
parts	O
and	O
magnetic	O
stirrers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
oscillations	O
of	O
BZ	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
