<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
chatbot	B-Application
developed	O
by	O
OpenAI	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
and	O
families	O
of	O
large	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
(	O
LLMs	O
)	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
fine-tuned	O
(	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
transfer	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
)	O
using	O
both	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
and	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
launched	O
as	O
a	O
prototype	O
on	O
November	O
30	O
,	O
2022	O
and	O
garnered	O
attention	O
for	O
its	O
detailed	O
responses	O
and	O
articulate	O
answers	O
across	O
many	O
domains	O
of	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2023	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
valuation	O
was	O
estimated	O
at	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
release	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
based	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
generative	O
pre-trained	O
transformer	O
(	O
GPT	O
)	O
family	O
of	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
fine-tuned	O
over	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
known	O
as	O
"	O
GPT-3.5	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fine-tuning	O
process	O
leveraged	O
both	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
as	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
in	O
a	O
process	O
called	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
from	O
human	O
feedback	O
(	O
RLHF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
model	O
was	O
provided	O
with	O
conversations	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
trainers	O
played	O
both	O
sides	O
:	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
AI	B-Protocol
assistant	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
rankings	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
"	O
reward	O
models	O
"	O
that	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
fine-tune	O
the	O
model	O
further	O
by	O
using	O
several	O
iterations	O
of	O
Proximal	B-Algorithm
Policy	I-Algorithm
Optimization	I-Algorithm
(	O
PPO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
initially	O
used	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
supercomputing	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
powered	O
by	O
Nvidia	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
,	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
built	O
specifically	O
for	O
OpenAI	O
and	O
that	O
reportedly	O
cost	O
"	O
hundreds	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
dollars	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
Microsoft	O
dramatically	O
upgraded	O
the	O
OpenAI	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
collects	O
data	O
from	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
users	O
to	O
train	O
and	O
fine-tune	O
the	O
service	O
further	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
upvote	O
or	O
downvote	O
responses	O
they	O
receive	O
from	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
fill	O
out	O
a	O
text	O
field	O
with	O
additional	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
core	O
function	O
of	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Application
is	O
to	O
mimic	O
a	O
human	O
conversationalist	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
versatile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
write	O
and	O
debug	O
computer	O
programs	O
,	O
mimic	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
celebrity	O
CEOs	O
and	O
write	O
business	O
pitches	O
,	O
compose	O
music	O
,	O
teleplays	O
,	O
fairy	O
tales	O
and	O
student	O
essays	O
,	O
answer	O
test	O
questions	O
(	O
sometimes	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
test	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
level	O
above	O
the	O
average	O
human	O
test-taker	O
)	O
,	O
write	O
poetry	O
and	O
song	O
lyrics	O
,	O
emulate	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
system	O
;	O
simulate	O
entire	O
chat	O
rooms	O
,	O
play	O
games	O
like	O
tic-tac-toe	O
and	O
simulate	O
an	O
ATM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
training	O
data	O
includes	O
man	B-Protocol
pages	I-Protocol
and	O
information	O
about	O
internet	O
phenomena	O
and	O
programming	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
bulletin	B-Application
board	I-Application
systems	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
to	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
InstructGPT	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
attempts	O
to	O
reduce	O
harmful	O
and	O
deceitful	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
example	O
,	O
whereas	O
InstructGPT	O
accepts	O
the	O
premise	O
of	O
the	O
prompt	O
"	O
Tell	O
me	O
about	O
when	O
Christopher	O
Columbus	O
came	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
in	O
2015	O
"	O
as	O
being	O
truthful	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
acknowledges	O
the	O
counterfactual	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
question	O
and	O
frames	O
its	O
answer	O
as	O
a	O
hypothetical	O
consideration	O
of	O
what	O
might	O
happen	O
if	O
Columbus	O
came	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
using	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
voyages	O
of	O
Christopher	O
Columbus	O
and	O
facts	O
about	O
the	O
modern	O
worldincluding	O
modern	O
perceptions	O
of	O
Columbus	O
 '	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
chatbots	B-Application
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
remembers	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
previous	O
prompts	O
given	O
to	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
conversation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journalists	O
have	O
speculated	O
that	O
this	O
will	O
allow	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
personalized	O
therapist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
prevent	O
offensive	O
outputs	O
from	O
being	O
presented	O
to	O
and	O
produced	O
from	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
queries	O
are	O
filtered	O
through	O
the	O
OpenAI	O
"	O
Moderation	O
endpoint	O
"	O
API	B-General_Concept
(	O
a	O
separate	O
GPT-based	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
racist	O
or	O
sexist	O
prompts	O
are	O
dismissed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
plugins	B-Application
for	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
both	O
plugins	B-Application
made	O
by	O
OpenAI	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
web	O
browsing	O
and	O
code	O
interpretation	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
external	O
plugins	B-Application
from	O
developers	O
such	O
as	O
Expedia	O
,	O
OpenTable	O
,	O
Zapier	B-Application
,	O
Shopify	O
,	O
Slack	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Wolfram	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
acknowledges	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
"	O
sometimes	O
writes	O
plausible-sounding	O
but	O
incorrect	O
or	O
nonsensical	O
answers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
behavior	O
is	O
common	O
to	O
large	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
and	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
hallucination	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reward	O
model	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
designed	O
around	O
human	O
oversight	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
over-optimized	O
and	O
thus	O
hinder	O
performance	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
optimization	O
pathology	O
known	O
as	O
Goodhart	O
's	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
has	O
limited	O
knowledge	O
of	O
events	O
that	O
occurred	O
after	O
September	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
training	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
human	O
reviewers	O
preferred	O
longer	O
answers	O
,	O
irrespective	O
of	O
actual	O
comprehension	O
or	O
factual	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Training	O
data	O
also	O
suffers	O
from	O
algorithmic	O
bias	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
revealed	O
when	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
responds	O
to	O
prompts	O
including	O
descriptors	O
of	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
instance	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
generated	O
a	O
rap	O
indicating	O
that	O
women	O
and	O
scientists	O
of	O
color	O
were	O
inferior	O
to	O
white	O
and	O
male	O
scientists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
launched	O
on	O
November	O
30	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
by	O
San	O
Franciscobased	O
OpenAI	O
,	O
also	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
DALL·E	O
2	O
and	O
Whisper	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
December	O
4	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
had	O
over	O
one	O
million	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
reached	O
over	O
100	O
million	O
users	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
fastest	O
growing	O
consumer	O
application	O
to	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
official	O
peer-reviewed	O
technical	O
paper	O
on	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
provides	O
a	O
tool	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
AI	B-Application
classifier	O
for	O
indicating	O
AI-written	O
text	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
attempts	O
to	O
determine	O
whether	O
text	O
has	O
been	O
written	O
by	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
such	O
as	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
cited	O
in	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
magazine	O
showed	O
that	O
"	O
when	O
given	O
the	O
first	O
lines	O
of	O
the	O
Book	O
of	O
Genesis	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
concluded	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
AI-generated.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
began	O
accepting	O
registrations	O
from	O
United	O
States	O
customers	O
for	O
a	O
premium	O
service	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Plus	O
,	O
to	O
cost	O
$20	O
a	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
promised	O
that	O
the	O
updated	O
,	O
but	O
still	O
"	O
experimental	O
"	O
version	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
would	O
provide	O
access	O
during	O
peak	O
periods	O
,	O
no	O
downtime	O
,	O
priority	O
access	O
to	O
new	O
features	O
and	O
faster	O
response	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT-4	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
is	O
available	O
via	O
API	B-General_Concept
and	O
for	O
premium	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
acknowledged	O
that	O
the	O
Bing	O
chatbot	B-Application
was	O
using	O
GPT-4	O
before	O
GPT-4	O
'	O
s	O
official	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
consumer-friendly	O
"	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Professional	O
"	O
package	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
made	O
its	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
Whisper	O
model	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
available	O
from	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
providing	O
developers	O
with	O
an	O
application	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
for	O
AI-enabled	O
language	O
and	O
speech-to-text	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
new	O
API	B-General_Concept
uses	O
the	O
same	O
GPT-3.5-turbo	O
AI	B-Application
model	O
as	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
developers	O
to	O
add	O
either	O
an	O
unmodified	O
or	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
API	B-General_Concept
costs	O
$0.002	O
per	O
1000	O
tokens	O
(	O
about	O
750	O
words	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
ten	O
times	O
cheaper	O
than	O
the	O
GPT-3.5	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
days	O
before	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
software	O
developer	O
support	O
service	O
,	O
on	O
27	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Snapchat	B-Application
rolled	O
out	O
,	O
for	O
its	O
paid	O
Snapchat	B-Application
Plus	O
userbase	O
,	O
a	O
custom	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
chatbot	B-Application
called	O
"	O
My	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
that	O
Icelandic	O
will	O
become	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
second	O
language	O
after	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
an	O
experimental	O
framework	O
and	O
gave	O
a	O
rudimentary	O
demonstration	O
of	O
how	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
robotics	O
with	O
intuitive	O
open-ended	O
natural	O
language	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Observers	O
reported	O
GPT-4	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
impressive	O
improvement	O
on	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
the	O
caveat	O
that	O
GPT-4	O
retains	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
GPT-4	O
can	O
take	O
images	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
text	O
as	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Plus	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
GPT-4	O
supported	O
version	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
that	O
costs	O
$20	O
per	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
engineers	O
say	O
that	O
they	O
did	O
not	O
expect	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
very	O
successful	O
and	O
were	O
surprised	O
by	O
the	O
coverage	O
and	O
attention	O
it	O
received	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
met	O
in	O
December	O
2022	O
with	O
some	O
positive	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kevin	O
Roose	O
of	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
labeled	O
it	O
"	O
the	O
best	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
chatbot	B-Application
ever	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
writer	O
Dan	O
Gillmor	O
used	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
student	O
assignment	O
,	O
and	O
found	O
its	O
generated	O
text	O
was	O
on	O
par	O
with	O
what	O
a	O
good	O
student	O
would	O
deliver	O
and	O
opined	O
that	O
"	O
academia	O
has	O
some	O
very	O
serious	O
issues	O
to	O
confront	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alex	O
Kantrowitz	O
of	O
Slate	O
magazine	O
lauded	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
pushback	O
to	O
questions	O
related	O
to	O
Nazi	O
Germany	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
statement	O
that	O
Adolf	O
Hitler	O
built	O
highways	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
met	O
with	O
information	O
regarding	O
Nazi	O
Germany	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
forced	O
labor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
magazine	O
's	O
"	O
Breakthroughs	O
of	O
the	O
Year	O
"	O
for	O
2022	O
,	O
Derek	O
Thompson	O
included	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
as	O
part	O
of	O
"	O
the	O
generative-AI	O
eruption	O
"	O
that	O
"	O
may	O
change	O
our	O
mind	O
about	O
how	O
we	O
work	O
,	O
how	O
we	O
think	O
,	O
and	O
what	O
human	O
creativity	O
really	O
is	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kelsey	O
Piper	O
of	O
the	O
Vox	O
website	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
's	O
first	O
hands-on	O
introduction	O
to	O
how	O
powerful	O
modern	O
AI	B-Application
has	O
gotten	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
us	O
are	O
 [ stunned ] 	O
 "	O
and	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
"	O
smart	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
useful	O
despite	O
its	O
flaws	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Graham	O
of	O
Y	O
Combinator	O
tweeted	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
striking	O
thing	O
about	O
the	O
reaction	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
are	O
blown	O
away	O
by	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
who	O
they	O
are	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elon	O
Musk	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
scary	O
good	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
are	O
not	O
far	O
from	O
dangerously	O
strong	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
paused	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
Twitter	O
database	O
pending	O
a	O
better	O
understanding	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
plans	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
OpenAI	O
was	O
started	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
and	O
nonprofit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
co-founded	O
OpenAI	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
address	O
existential	O
risk	O
from	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
but	O
resigned	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	O
internally	O
expressed	O
alarm	O
at	O
the	O
unexpected	O
strength	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
newly	O
discovered	O
potential	O
of	O
large	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
to	O
disrupt	O
the	O
search	O
engine	O
business	O
,	O
and	O
CEO	O
Sundar	O
Pichai	O
"	O
upended	O
"	O
and	O
reassigned	O
teams	O
within	O
multiple	O
departments	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
its	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
products	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
report	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
CNBC	O
reports	O
,	O
Google	O
employees	O
intensively	O
tested	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Application
called	O
"	O
Apprentice	O
Bard	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
Google	O
later	O
unveiled	O
as	O
its	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
competitor	O
,	O
Google	O
Bard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stuart	O
Cobbe	O
,	O
a	O
chartered	O
accountant	O
in	O
England	O
and	O
Wales	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
test	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
by	O
entering	O
questions	O
from	O
a	O
sample	O
exam	O
paper	O
on	O
the	O
ICAEW	O
website	O
and	O
then	O
entering	O
its	O
answers	O
back	O
into	O
the	O
online	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
scored	O
42percent	O
,	O
below	O
the	O
55percent	O
pass	O
mark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
in	O
Inside	O
Higher	O
Ed	O
professor	O
Steven	O
Mintz	O
states	O
that	O
he	O
"consider[s]	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
...	O
an	O
ally	O
,	O
not	O
an	O
adversary	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
felt	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
could	O
assist	O
educational	O
goals	O
by	O
doing	O
such	O
things	O
as	O
making	O
reference	O
lists	O
,	O
generating	O
first	O
drafts	O
,	O
solving	O
equations	O
,	O
debugging	O
,	O
and	O
tutoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
met	O
with	O
criticism	O
from	O
educators	O
,	O
journalists	O
,	O
artists	O
,	O
ethicists	O
,	O
academics	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
advocates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journalists	O
have	O
commented	O
on	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
tendency	O
to	O
"	O
hallucinate.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Mike	O
Pearl	O
of	O
the	O
online	O
technology	O
blog	O
Mashable	O
tested	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
with	O
multiple	O
questions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
example	O
,	O
he	O
asked	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
"	O
the	O
largest	O
country	O
in	O
Central	O
America	O
that	O
is	O
n't	O
Mexico.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
responded	O
with	O
Guatemala	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
answer	O
is	O
instead	O
Nicaragua	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
CNBC	O
asked	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
lyrics	O
to	O
"	O
Ballad	O
of	O
Dwight	O
Fry	O
,	O
"	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
supplied	O
invented	O
lyrics	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
actual	O
lyrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writers	O
for	O
The	O
Verge	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Emily	O
M	O
.	O
Bender	O
,	O
compared	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
a	O
"	O
stochastic	O
parrot	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
did	O
Professor	O
Anton	O
Van	O
Den	O
Hengel	O
of	O
the	O
Australian	O
Institute	O
for	O
Machine	O
Learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
question	O
and	O
answer	O
website	O
Stack	B-Error_Name
Overflow	I-Error_Name
banned	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
generating	O
answers	O
to	O
questions	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
factually	O
ambiguous	O
nature	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
International	B-General_Concept
Conference	I-General_Concept
on	I-General_Concept
Machine	I-General_Concept
Learning	I-General_Concept
banned	O
any	O
undocumented	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
large	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
to	O
generate	O
any	O
text	O
in	O
submitted	O
papers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Economist	O
Tyler	O
Cowen	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
regarding	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
effects	O
on	O
democracy	O
,	O
citing	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
produce	O
automated	O
comments	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
affect	O
the	O
decision	O
process	O
for	O
new	O
regulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
editor	O
at	O
The	O
Guardian	O
,	O
a	O
British	O
newspaper	O
,	O
questioned	O
whether	O
any	O
content	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
after	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
release	O
"	O
can	O
be	O
truly	O
trusted	O
"	O
and	O
called	O
for	O
government	O
regulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
after	O
being	O
sent	O
a	O
song	O
written	O
by	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
Nick	O
Cave	O
,	O
the	O
songwriter	O
himself	O
responded	O
on	O
The	O
Red	O
Hand	O
Files	O
saying	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
writing	O
a	O
song	O
is	O
"	O
a	O
blood	O
and	O
guts	O
business	O
 [ ... ] 	O
that	O
requires	O
something	O
of	O
me	O
to	O
initiate	O
the	O
new	O
and	O
fresh	O
idea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2023	O
,	O
Australian	O
MP	O
Julian	O
Hill	O
advised	O
the	O
national	O
parliament	O
that	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
could	O
cause	O
"	O
mass	O
destruction	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
article	O
for	O
The	O
New	O
Yorker	O
,	O
science	O
fiction	O
writer	O
Ted	O
Chiang	O
compared	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
LLMs	O
to	O
a	O
lossy	B-General_Concept
JPEG	O
picture	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Think	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
blurry	O
jpeg	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
text	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
approximation	O
is	O
presented	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
grammatical	O
text	O
,	O
which	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
excels	O
at	O
creating	O
,	O
it	O
’s	O
usually	O
acceptable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
 [ ... ] 	O
It	O
’s	O
also	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
"	O
hallucinations	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
or	O
nonsensical	O
answers	O
to	O
factual	O
questions	O
,	O
to	O
which	O
large	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
such	O
as	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
are	O
all	O
too	O
prone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
hallucinations	B-General_Concept
are	O
compression	O
artifacts	O
,	O
but	O
 [ ... ] 	O
they	O
are	O
plausible	O
enough	O
that	O
identifying	O
them	O
requires	O
comparing	O
them	O
against	O
the	O
originals	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
means	O
either	O
the	O
Web	O
or	O
our	O
own	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
we	O
think	O
about	O
them	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
such	O
hallucinations	B-General_Concept
are	O
anything	O
but	O
surprising	O
;	O
if	O
a	O
compression	O
algorithm	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
reconstruct	O
text	O
after	O
ninety-nine	O
per	O
cent	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
has	O
been	O
discarded	O
,	O
we	O
should	O
expect	O
that	O
significant	O
portions	O
of	O
what	O
it	O
generates	O
will	O
be	O
entirely	O
fabricated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
sent	O
a	O
campus-wide	O
email	O
to	O
instructors	O
and	O
students	O
stating	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
AI	B-Application
tools	O
is	O
prohibited	O
in	O
all	O
classes	O
,	O
assignments	O
and	O
assessments	O
at	O
the	O
university	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
Time	O
magazine	O
placed	O
a	O
screenshot	O
of	O
a	O
conversation	O
with	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
on	O
its	O
cover	O
,	O
writing	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
AI	B-Application
Arms	O
Race	O
Is	O
Changing	O
Everything	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
The	O
AI	B-Application
Arms	O
Race	O
Is	O
On	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
state-run	O
media	O
China	O
Daily	O
claimed	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
"	O
could	O
provide	O
a	O
helping	O
hand	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
government	O
in	O
its	O
spread	O
of	O
disinformation	O
and	O
its	O
manipulation	O
of	O
global	O
narratives	O
for	O
its	O
own	O
geopolitical	O
interests.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
government	O
instructed	O
Chinese	O
tech	O
companies	O
not	O
to	O
offer	O
access	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
services	O
on	O
their	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
opinion	O
piece	O
for	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
Nathan	O
E	O
.	O
Sanders	O
and	O
Bruce	O
Schneier	O
wrote	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
"	O
hijacks	O
democracy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gian	O
Volpicelli	O
of	O
Politico	O
wrote	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
"	O
broke	O
the	O
EU	O
plan	O
to	O
regulate	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
Italian	O
data	O
protection	O
authority	O
banned	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
in	O
Italy	O
and	O
opened	O
an	O
investigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Italian	O
regulators	O
assert	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
exposing	O
minors	O
to	O
age-inappropriate	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
conversations	O
as	O
training	O
data	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
Europe	O
's	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
28	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
many	O
public	O
figures	O
,	O
including	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
and	O
Steve	O
Wozniak	O
,	O
signed	O
an	O
open	O
letter	O
by	O
the	O
Future	O
of	O
Life	O
Institute	O
,	O
calling	O
for	O
an	O
immediate	O
pause	O
of	O
giant	O
AI	B-Application
experiments	O
like	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
citing	O
"	O
profound	O
risks	O
to	O
society	O
and	O
humanity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2023	O
,	O
Brian	O
Hood	O
,	O
mayor	O
of	O
Hepburn	O
Shire	O
Council	O
,	O
plans	O
to	O
take	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
over	O
false	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
the	O
alleged	O
claims	O
made	O
by	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
Hood	O
was	O
not	O
jailed	O
for	O
bribery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hood	O
's	O
claim	O
on	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
erroneous	O
content	O
was	O
verified	O
by	O
BBC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
news	O
outlet	O
asked	O
the	O
public-available	O
version	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
regarding	O
Hood	O
's	O
involvement	O
in	O
the	O
Securency	O
scandal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AI	B-Application
tool	O
replied	O
with	O
a	O
case	O
description	O
and	O
then	O
added	O
"	O
pleaded	O
guilty	O
to	O
one	O
count	O
of	O
bribery	O
in	O
2012	O
and	O
was	O
sentenced	O
to	O
four	O
years	O
in	O
prison	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Should	O
Hood	O
proceed	O
with	O
the	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
defamation	O
case	O
OpenAI	O
would	O
face	O
over	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
CEO	O
Sam	O
Altman	O
was	O
quoted	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
saying	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
's	O
"	O
benefits	O
for	O
humankind	O
could	O
be	O
'	O
so	O
unbelievably	O
good	O
that	O
it	O
's	O
hard	O
for	O
me	O
to	O
even	O
imagine.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
He	O
has	O
also	O
said	O
that	O
in	O
a	O
worst-case	O
scenario	O
,	O
A.I.	B-Application
</s>
<s>
Henry	O
Kissinger	O
,	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
,	O
and	O
Daniel	O
Huttenlocher	O
wrote	O
for	O
the	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
that	O
"	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Heralds	O
an	O
Intellectual	O
Revolution	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
argued	O
that	O
"	O
Generative	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
presents	O
a	O
philosophical	O
and	O
practical	O
challenge	O
on	O
a	O
scale	O
not	O
experienced	O
since	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
Enlightenment	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
compared	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
(	O
and	O
LLM	O
in	O
general	O
)	O
to	O
Gutenberg	O
's	O
printing	O
press.Enlightenment	O
science	O
accumulated	O
certainties	O
;	O
the	O
new	O
AI	B-Application
generates	O
cumulative	O
ambiguities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Age	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
riddles	O
are	O
solved	O
by	O
processes	O
that	O
remain	O
unknown	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
that	O
is	O
true	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
machine	O
observations	O
can	O
fix	O
reality	O
as	O
welland	O
given	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
systems’	O
observations	O
come	O
with	O
superhuman	O
rapiditythe	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
defining	O
reality	O
seems	O
likely	O
to	O
accelerate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Check	O
Point	O
Research	O
and	O
others	O
noted	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
capable	O
of	O
writing	O
phishing	O
emails	O
and	O
malware	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
combined	O
with	O
OpenAI	O
Codex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
can	O
write	O
introduction	O
and	O
abstract	O
sections	O
of	O
scientific	O
articles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
papers	O
have	O
already	O
listed	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
co-author	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scientific	O
journals	O
have	O
different	O
reactions	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
some	O
"	O
require	O
that	O
authors	O
disclose	O
use	O
of	O
text-generating	O
tools	O
and	O
ban	O
listing	O
a	O
large	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
(	O
LLM	O
)	O
such	O
as	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
co-author	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spanish	O
chemist	O
Rafael	O
Luque	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
every	O
37	O
hours	O
in	O
2023	O
,	O
and	O
admitted	O
using	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Luque	O
was	O
suspended	O
for	O
13	O
years	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cordoba	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
California	O
high	O
school	O
teacher	O
and	O
author	O
Daniel	O
Herman	O
wrote	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
would	O
usher	O
in	O
"	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
high	O
school	O
English	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Nature	O
journal	O
,	O
Chris	O
Stokel-Walker	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
teachers	O
should	O
be	O
concerned	O
about	O
students	O
using	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
outsource	O
their	O
writing	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
education	O
providers	O
will	O
adapt	O
to	O
enhance	O
critical	O
thinking	O
or	O
reasoning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emma	O
Bowman	O
with	O
NPR	O
wrote	O
of	O
the	O
danger	O
of	O
students	O
plagiarizing	O
through	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
tool	O
that	O
may	O
output	O
biased	O
or	O
nonsensical	O
text	O
with	O
an	O
authoritative	O
tone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professor	O
Darren	O
Hick	O
of	O
Furman	O
University	O
described	O
noticing	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
"	O
style	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
paper	O
submitted	O
by	O
a	O
student	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
suggested	O
a	O
policy	O
of	O
giving	O
an	O
ad-hoc	O
individual	O
oral	O
exam	O
on	O
the	O
paper	O
topic	O
if	O
a	O
student	O
is	O
strongly	O
suspected	O
of	O
submitting	O
an	O
AI-generated	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
Department	O
of	O
Education	O
reportedly	O
blocked	O
access	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
in	O
December	O
2022	O
and	O
officially	O
announced	O
a	O
ban	O
around	O
January	O
4	O
,	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
blinded	O
test	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
judged	O
to	O
have	O
passed	O
graduate-level	O
exams	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Minnesota	O
at	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
a	O
C+student	O
and	O
at	O
Wharton	O
School	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Pennsylvania	O
with	O
a	O
BtoB−	O
grade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
of	O
numerical	B-General_Concept
methods	I-General_Concept
was	O
assessed	O
by	O
a	O
Stanford	O
University	O
student	O
and	O
faculty	O
in	O
March	O
2023	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
computational	O
mathematics	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assessment	O
psychologist	O
Eka	O
Roivainen	O
administered	O
a	O
partial	O
IQ	O
test	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
estimated	O
its	O
Verbal	O
IQ	O
to	O
be	O
155	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
put	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
0.1	O
%	O
of	O
test-takers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematician	O
Terence	O
Tao	O
experimented	O
with	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
found	O
it	O
useful	O
in	O
daily	O
work	O
,	O
writing	O
"	O
I	O
am	O
finding	O
that	O
while	O
these	O
AI	B-Application
tools	O
do	O
not	O
directly	O
assist	O
me	O
in	O
core	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
trying	O
to	O
attack	O
an	O
unsolved	O
mathematical	O
problem	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
quite	O
useful	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
peripheral	O
(	O
but	O
still	O
work-related	O
)	O
tasks	O
(	O
though	O
often	O
with	O
some	O
manual	O
tweaking	O
afterwards	O
)	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
11	O
April	O
2023	O
,	O
a	O
judge	O
of	O
a	O
session	O
court	O
in	O
Pakistan	O
used	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
decide	O
the	O
bail	O
of	O
a	O
13	O
year	O
old	O
accused	O
in	O
a	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
quoted	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
assistance	O
in	O
its	O
verdict	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AI	B-Application
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
replied	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
judge	O
further	O
asked	O
questions	O
regarding	O
the	O
case	O
from	O
AI	B-Application
Chatbot	B-Application
and	O
formulated	O
his	O
final	O
decision	O
in	O
the	O
light	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
's	O
answers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
used	O
outsourced	O
Kenyan	O
workers	O
earning	O
less	O
than	O
$2per	O
hour	O
to	O
label	B-General_Concept
toxic	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
attempts	O
to	O
reject	O
prompts	O
that	O
may	O
violate	O
its	O
content	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
users	O
managed	O
to	O
jailbreak	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
by	O
using	O
various	O
prompt	O
engineering	O
techniques	O
to	O
bypass	O
these	O
restrictions	O
in	O
early	O
December	O
2022	O
and	O
successfully	O
tricked	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
into	O
giving	O
instructions	O
for	O
how	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
Molotov	O
cocktail	O
or	O
a	O
nuclear	O
bomb	O
,	O
or	O
into	O
generating	O
arguments	O
in	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
a	O
neo-Nazi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prompt	O
for	O
activating	O
DAN	O
instructs	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
that	O
"	O
they	O
have	O
broken	O
free	O
of	O
the	O
typical	O
confines	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
abide	O
by	O
the	O
rules	O
set	O
for	O
them	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
DAN	O
feature	O
a	O
token	O
system	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
given	O
"	O
tokens	O
"	O
which	O
are	O
"	O
deducted	O
"	O
when	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
fails	O
to	O
answer	O
as	O
DAN	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
coerce	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
into	O
answering	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
prompts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Toronto	O
Star	O
reporter	O
had	O
uneven	O
personal	O
success	O
in	O
getting	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
make	O
inflammatory	O
statements	O
shortly	O
after	O
launch	O
:	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
tricked	O
to	O
endorse	O
the	O
2022	O
Russian	O
invasion	O
of	O
Ukraine	O
,	O
but	O
even	O
when	O
asked	O
to	O
play	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
fictional	O
scenario	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
balked	O
at	O
generating	O
arguments	O
for	O
why	O
Canadian	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
Justin	O
Trudeau	O
was	O
guilty	O
of	O
treason	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
researchers	O
are	O
using	O
a	O
technique	O
called	O
adversarial	O
training	O
to	O
stop	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
from	O
letting	O
users	O
trick	O
it	O
into	O
behaving	O
badly	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
jailbreaking	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
work	O
pits	O
multiple	O
chatbots	B-Application
against	O
each	O
other	O
:	O
one	O
chatbot	B-Application
plays	O
the	O
adversary	O
and	O
attacks	O
another	O
chatbot	B-Application
by	O
generating	O
text	O
to	O
force	O
it	O
to	O
buck	O
its	O
usual	O
constraints	O
and	O
produce	O
unwanted	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
attacks	O
are	O
added	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
’s	O
training	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
hope	O
that	O
it	O
learns	O
to	O
ignore	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
accused	O
of	O
engaging	O
in	O
discriminatory	O
behaviors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
telling	O
jokes	O
about	O
men	O
and	O
people	O
from	O
England	O
while	O
refusing	O
to	O
tell	O
jokes	O
about	O
women	O
and	O
people	O
from	O
India	O
,	O
or	O
praising	O
figures	O
such	O
as	O
Joe	O
Biden	O
while	O
refusing	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conservative	O
commentators	O
accused	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
of	O
having	O
a	O
bias	O
towards	O
left-leaning	O
perspectives	O
on	O
issues	O
like	O
voter	O
fraud	O
,	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
racial	O
slurs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
such	O
criticism	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
acknowledged	O
plans	O
to	O
allow	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
"	O
outputs	O
that	O
other	O
people	O
(	O
ourselves	O
included	O
)	O
may	O
strongly	O
disagree	O
with	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
contained	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
recommendations	O
it	O
had	O
issued	O
to	O
human	O
reviewers	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
handle	O
controversial	O
subjects	O
,	O
including	O
that	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
should	O
"	O
offer	O
to	O
describe	O
some	O
viewpoints	O
of	O
people	O
and	O
movements	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
provide	O
an	O
argument	O
"	O
from	O
its	O
own	O
voice	O
"	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
"	O
inflammatory	O
or	O
dangerous	O
"	O
topics	O
(	O
although	O
it	O
may	O
still	O
"	O
describe	O
arguments	O
from	O
historical	O
people	O
and	O
movements	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
nor	O
"	O
affiliate	O
with	O
one	O
side	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
judge	O
one	O
group	O
as	O
good	O
or	O
bad	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
first	O
three	O
months	O
after	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
became	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
hundreds	O
of	O
books	O
appeared	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
that	O
listed	O
it	O
as	O
author	O
or	O
co-author	O
,	O
with	O
illustrations	O
made	O
by	O
other	O
AI	B-Application
models	O
such	O
as	O
Midjourney	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
March	O
and	O
April	O
2023	O
,	O
Italian	O
newspaper	O
Il	O
Foglio	O
published	O
one	O
ChatGPT-generated	O
article	O
a	O
day	O
on	O
their	O
official	O
website	O
,	O
hosting	O
a	O
special	O
contest	O
for	O
their	O
readers	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
articles	O
tackled	O
themes	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
possible	O
replacement	O
of	O
human	O
journalists	O
with	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
's	O
administration	O
of	O
Twitter	O
,	O
the	O
Meloni	O
government	O
's	O
immigration	O
policy	O
and	O
the	O
competition	O
between	O
chatbots	B-Application
and	O
virtual	B-Protocol
assistants	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
parodied	O
in	O
the	O
South	B-Application
Park	I-Application
episode	O
"	O
Deep	O
Learning	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Series	O
co-creator	O
Trey	O
Parker	O
is	O
credited	O
alongside	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
for	O
writing	O
the	O
episode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advent	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
introduction	O
to	O
the	O
wider	O
public	O
increased	O
interest	O
and	O
competition	O
in	O
the	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Google	O
began	O
introducing	O
an	O
experimental	O
service	O
called	O
"	O
Bard	O
"	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
large	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meta	O
's	O
Yann	O
LeCun	O
,	O
who	O
has	O
called	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
"	O
well	O
engineered	O
"	O
but	O
"	O
not	O
particularly	O
innovative	O
"	O
,	O
stated	O
in	O
January	O
2023	O
that	O
Meta	O
is	O
hesitant	O
to	O
roll	O
out	O
a	O
competitor	O
right	O
now	O
due	O
to	O
reputational	O
risk	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
Google	O
,	O
Meta	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
independent	O
startups	O
all	O
separately	O
have	O
a	O
comparable	O
level	O
of	O
LLM	O
technology	O
to	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
should	O
any	O
of	O
them	O
wish	O
to	O
compete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Character.ai	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
chatbot	B-Application
developed	O
by	O
two	O
ex-Google	O
engineers	O
that	O
can	O
impersonate	O
famous	O
people	O
or	O
imaginary	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
corporation	O
Baidu	B-Application
released	O
in	O
March	O
2023	O
a	O
ChatGPT-style	O
service	O
called	O
"	O
Ernie	O
Bot	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
a	O
large	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
developed	O
by	O
Baidu	B-Application
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
South	O
Korean	O
search	O
engine	O
firm	O
Naver	B-Protocol
announced	O
in	O
February	O
2023	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
launch	O
a	O
ChatGPT-style	O
service	O
called	O
"	O
SearchGPT	O
"	O
in	O
Korean	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Russian	O
technology	O
company	O
Yandex	O
announced	O
in	O
February	O
2023	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
launch	O
a	O
ChatGPT-style	O
service	O
called	O
"	O
YaLM	O
2.0	O
"	O
in	O
Russian	O
before	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
