<s>
A	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
or	O
chatterbot	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
application	O
used	O
to	O
conduct	O
an	O
online	O
chat	O
conversation	O
via	O
text	O
or	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
,	O
in	O
lieu	O
of	O
providing	O
direct	O
contact	O
with	O
a	O
live	O
human	O
agent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
that	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
maintaining	O
a	O
conversation	O
with	O
a	O
user	O
in	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
understanding	O
their	O
intent	O
,	O
and	O
replying	O
based	O
on	O
preset	O
rules	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
convincingly	O
simulate	O
the	O
way	O
a	O
human	O
would	O
behave	O
as	O
a	O
conversational	O
partner	O
,	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
systems	O
typically	O
require	O
continuous	O
tuning	O
and	O
testing	O
with	O
many	O
in	O
production	O
unable	O
to	O
adequately	O
converse	O
;	O
in	O
2012	O
none	O
of	O
them	O
could	O
pass	O
the	O
standard	O
Turing	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
ChatterBot	B-Protocol
"	O
was	O
originally	O
coined	O
by	O
Michael	O
Mauldin	O
(	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
Verbot	B-Protocol
)	O
in	O
1994	O
to	O
describe	O
these	O
conversational	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
used	O
in	O
dialog	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
various	O
purposes	O
including	O
customer	O
service	O
,	O
request	O
routing	O
,	O
or	O
information	O
gathering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
applications	O
use	O
extensive	O
word-classification	O
processes	O
,	O
natural-language	B-Language
processors	I-Language
,	O
and	O
sophisticated	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
others	O
simply	O
scan	O
for	O
general	O
keywords	O
and	O
generate	O
responses	O
using	O
common	O
phrases	O
obtained	O
from	O
an	O
associated	O
library	O
or	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
accessed	O
on-line	O
via	O
website	O
popups	O
or	O
through	O
virtual	B-Protocol
assistants	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
be	O
classified	O
into	O
usage	O
categories	O
that	O
include	O
:	O
commerce	B-Protocol
(	O
e-commerce	O
via	O
chat	O
)	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
finance	O
,	O
health	O
,	O
news	O
,	O
and	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
criterion	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
to	O
impersonate	O
a	O
human	O
in	O
a	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
written	O
conversation	O
with	O
a	O
human	O
judge	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
that	O
the	O
judge	O
is	O
unable	O
to	O
distinguish	O
reliably	O
—	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
conversational	O
content	O
alone	O
—	O
between	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
a	O
real	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
notoriety	O
of	O
Turing	O
's	O
proposed	O
test	O
stimulated	O
great	O
interest	O
in	O
Joseph	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
program	O
ELIZA	B-Application
,	O
published	O
in	O
1966	O
,	O
which	O
seemed	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
fool	O
users	O
into	O
believing	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
conversing	O
with	O
a	O
real	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
Weizenbaum	O
himself	O
did	O
not	O
claim	O
that	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
genuinely	O
intelligent	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
introduction	O
to	O
his	O
paper	O
presented	O
it	O
more	O
as	O
a	O
debunking	O
exercise	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
 [ In ] 	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
...	O
machines	O
are	O
made	O
to	O
behave	O
in	O
wondrous	O
ways	O
,	O
often	O
sufficient	O
to	O
dazzle	O
even	O
the	O
most	O
experienced	O
observer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
key	O
method	O
of	O
operation	O
(	O
copied	O
by	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
designers	O
ever	O
since	O
)	O
involves	O
the	O
recognition	O
of	O
clue	O
words	O
or	O
phrases	O
in	O
the	O
input	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
corresponding	O
pre-prepared	O
or	O
pre-programmed	O
responses	O
that	O
can	O
move	O
the	O
conversation	O
forward	O
in	O
an	O
apparently	O
meaningful	O
way	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
showed	O
that	O
such	O
an	O
illusion	O
is	O
surprisingly	O
easy	O
to	O
generate	O
because	O
human	O
judges	O
are	O
so	O
ready	O
to	O
give	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
the	O
doubt	O
when	O
conversational	O
responses	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
being	O
interpreted	O
as	O
"	O
intelligent	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interface	O
designers	O
have	O
come	O
to	O
appreciate	O
that	O
humans	O
 '	O
readiness	O
to	O
interpret	O
computer	O
output	O
as	O
genuinely	O
conversational	O
—	O
even	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
actually	O
based	O
on	O
rather	O
simple	O
pattern-matching	B-Language
—	O
can	O
be	O
exploited	O
for	O
useful	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
people	O
prefer	O
to	O
engage	O
with	O
programs	O
that	O
are	O
human-like	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
gives	O
chatbot-style	O
techniques	O
a	O
potentially	O
useful	O
role	O
in	O
interactive	O
systems	O
that	O
need	O
to	O
elicit	O
information	O
from	O
users	O
,	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
that	O
information	O
is	O
relatively	O
straightforward	O
and	O
falls	O
into	O
predictable	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
online	O
help	O
systems	O
can	O
usefully	O
employ	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
techniques	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
help	O
that	O
users	O
require	O
,	O
potentially	O
providing	O
a	O
"	O
friendlier	O
"	O
interface	O
than	O
a	O
more	O
formal	O
search	O
or	O
menu	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
sort	O
of	O
usage	O
holds	O
the	O
prospect	O
of	O
moving	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
technology	O
from	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
"	O
shelf	O
...	O
reserved	O
for	O
curios	O
"	O
to	O
that	O
marked	O
"	O
genuinely	O
useful	O
computational	O
methods	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
early	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
ELIZA	B-Application
(	O
1966	O
)	O
and	O
PARRY	O
(	O
1972	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
notable	O
programs	O
include	O
A.L.I.C.E.	B-Protocol
,	O
Jabberwacky	B-Protocol
and	O
D.U.D.E	O
(	O
Agence	O
Nationale	O
de	O
la	O
Recherche	O
and	O
CNRS	B-Application
2006	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ELIZA	B-Application
and	O
PARRY	O
were	O
used	O
exclusively	O
to	O
simulate	O
typed	O
conversation	O
,	O
many	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
now	O
include	O
other	O
functional	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
games	O
and	O
web	B-Application
searching	I-Application
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
a	O
book	O
called	O
The	B-Protocol
Policeman	I-Protocol
's	I-Protocol
Beard	I-Protocol
is	I-Protocol
Half	I-Protocol
Constructed	I-Protocol
was	O
published	O
,	O
allegedly	O
written	O
by	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
Racter	B-Protocol
(	O
though	O
the	O
program	O
as	O
released	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
capable	O
of	O
doing	O
so	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
pertinent	O
field	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
is	O
natural-language	B-Language
processing	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
weak	O
AI	B-Application
fields	O
employ	O
specialized	O
software	B-General_Concept
or	O
programming	O
languages	O
created	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
narrow	O
function	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
A.L.I.C.E.	B-Protocol
</s>
<s>
uses	O
a	O
markup	O
language	O
called	O
AIML	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
specific	O
to	O
its	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
conversational	B-General_Concept
agent	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
various	O
other	O
developers	O
of	O
,	O
so-called	O
,	O
Alicebots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
A.L.I.C.E.	B-Protocol
</s>
<s>
is	O
still	O
purely	O
based	O
on	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
techniques	O
without	O
any	O
reasoning	O
capabilities	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
technique	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
using	O
back	O
in	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
not	O
strong	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
require	O
sapience	O
and	O
logical	O
reasoning	O
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jabberwacky	B-Protocol
learns	O
new	O
responses	O
and	O
context	O
based	O
on	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
user	O
interactions	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
being	O
driven	O
from	O
a	O
static	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
more	O
recent	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
also	O
combine	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
learning	O
with	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
that	O
optimize	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
based	O
on	O
each	O
conversation	O
held	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
currently	O
no	O
general	O
purpose	O
conversational	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
and	O
some	O
software	B-General_Concept
developers	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
practical	O
aspect	O
,	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbot	B-Protocol
competitions	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
Turing	O
test	O
or	O
more	O
specific	O
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
may	O
use	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
as	O
a	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
generative	O
pre-trained	O
transformers	B-Algorithm
(	O
GPT	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
use	O
the	O
transformer	B-Algorithm
architecture	O
,	O
have	O
become	O
common	O
to	O
build	O
sophisticated	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
GPT	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
is	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
criticism	O
of	O
its	O
accuracy	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
has	O
gained	O
attention	O
for	O
its	O
detailed	O
responses	O
and	O
historical	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBpedia	B-Application
created	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
during	O
the	O
GSoC	B-Application
of	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
communicate	O
through	O
Facebook	B-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
companies	O
 '	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
run	O
on	O
messaging	B-Application
apps	I-Application
or	O
simply	O
via	O
SMS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
allowed	O
developers	O
to	O
place	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
on	O
their	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
30,000	O
bots	B-Protocol
created	O
for	O
Messenger	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
first	O
six	O
months	O
,	O
rising	O
to	O
100,000	O
by	O
September	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
September	O
2017	O
,	O
this	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
pilot	O
program	O
on	O
WhatsApp	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airlines	O
KLM	B-General_Concept
and	O
Aeroméxico	O
both	O
announced	O
their	O
participation	O
in	O
the	O
testing	O
;	O
both	O
airlines	O
had	O
previously	O
launched	O
customer	O
services	O
on	O
the	B-Application
Facebook	I-Application
Messenger	B-Protocol
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bots	B-Protocol
usually	O
appear	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
contacts	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
sometimes	O
act	O
as	O
participants	O
in	O
a	O
group	O
chat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
banks	O
,	O
insurers	O
,	O
media	O
companies	O
,	O
e-commerce	O
companies	O
,	O
airlines	O
,	O
hotel	O
chains	O
,	O
retailers	O
,	O
health	O
care	O
providers	O
,	O
government	O
entities	O
and	O
restaurant	O
chains	O
have	O
used	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
to	O
answer	B-Algorithm
simple	I-Algorithm
questions	I-Algorithm
,	O
increase	O
customer	O
engagement	O
,	O
for	O
promotion	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
offer	O
additional	O
ways	O
to	O
order	O
from	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2017	O
study	O
showed	O
4%	O
of	O
companies	O
used	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
generations	O
of	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
were	O
present	O
on	O
company	O
websites	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newer	O
generation	O
of	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
includes	O
IBM	O
Watson-powered	O
"	O
Rocky	O
"	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
February	O
2017	O
by	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City-based	O
e-commerce	O
company	O
Rare	O
Carat	O
to	O
provide	O
information	O
to	O
prospective	O
diamond	O
buyers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
user	O
response	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
decision	O
tree	O
to	O
help	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
navigate	O
the	O
response	O
sequences	O
to	O
deliver	O
the	O
correct	O
response	O
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
explore	O
ways	O
they	O
can	O
use	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
internally	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
for	O
Customer	O
Support	O
,	O
Human	O
Resources	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
in	O
Internet-of-Things	B-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overstock.com,	O
for	O
one	O
,	O
has	O
reportedly	O
launched	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
named	O
Mila	O
to	O
automate	O
certain	O
simple	O
yet	O
time-consuming	O
processes	O
when	O
requesting	O
sick	O
leave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
large	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Lloyds	O
Banking	O
Group	O
,	O
Royal	O
Bank	O
of	O
Scotland	O
,	O
Renault	O
and	O
Citroën	O
are	O
now	O
using	O
automated	B-Protocol
online	I-Protocol
assistants	I-Protocol
instead	O
of	O
call	O
centres	O
with	O
humans	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
first	O
point	O
of	O
contact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
chatbot	B-Protocol
business	O
ecosystem	O
has	O
been	O
steadily	O
growing	O
since	O
the	O
F8	O
Conference	O
when	O
Facebook	B-Application
's	O
Mark	O
Zuckerberg	O
unveiled	O
that	O
Messenger	B-Protocol
would	O
allow	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
into	O
the	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
large	O
companies	O
,	O
like	O
in	O
hospitals	O
and	O
aviation	O
organizations	O
,	O
IT	O
architects	O
are	O
designing	O
reference	O
architectures	O
for	O
Intelligent	O
Chatbots	B-Protocol
that	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
unlock	O
and	O
share	O
knowledge	O
and	O
experience	O
in	O
the	O
organization	O
more	O
efficiently	O
,	O
and	O
reduce	O
the	O
errors	O
in	O
answers	O
from	O
expert	O
service	O
desks	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Intelligent	O
Chatbots	B-Protocol
make	O
use	O
of	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
like	O
image	O
moderation	O
and	O
natural-language	B-General_Concept
understanding	I-General_Concept
(	O
NLU	O
)	O
,	O
natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
(	O
NLG	O
)	O
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
deep	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
high-tech	O
banking	O
organizations	O
are	O
looking	O
to	O
integrate	O
automated	O
AI-based	B-Application
solutions	O
such	O
as	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
into	O
their	O
customer	O
service	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
faster	O
and	O
cheaper	O
assistance	O
to	O
their	O
clients	O
who	O
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
comfortable	O
with	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
can	O
efficiently	O
conduct	O
a	O
dialogue	O
,	O
usually	O
replacing	O
other	O
communication	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
email	O
,	O
phone	O
,	O
or	O
SMS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Gartner	O
predicted	O
that	O
by	O
2021	O
,	O
15%	O
of	O
all	O
customer	O
service	O
interactions	O
globally	O
will	O
be	O
handled	O
completely	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
by	O
Juniper	O
Research	O
in	O
2019	O
estimates	O
retail	O
sales	O
resulting	O
from	O
chatbot-based	O
interactions	O
will	O
reach	O
$112	O
billion	O
by	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2016	O
,	O
when	O
Facebook	B-Application
allowed	O
businesses	O
to	O
deliver	O
automated	O
customer	O
support	O
,	O
e-commerce	O
guidance	O
,	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
interactive	O
experiences	O
through	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
were	O
developed	O
for	O
the	B-Application
Facebook	I-Application
Messenger	B-Protocol
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Russia-based	O
Tochka	O
Bank	O
launched	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
Facebook	B-Application
bot	B-Protocol
for	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
financial	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
possibility	O
of	O
making	O
payments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2016	O
,	O
Barclays	O
Africa	O
also	O
launched	O
a	O
Facebook	B-Application
chatbot	B-Protocol
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
first	O
bank	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
in	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
France	O
's	O
third-largest	O
bank	O
by	O
total	O
assets	O
Société	O
Générale	O
launched	O
their	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
called	O
SoBot	O
in	O
March	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
of	O
using	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
for	O
customer	O
interactions	O
in	O
banking	O
include	O
cost	O
reduction	O
,	O
financial	O
advice	O
,	O
and	O
24/7	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
also	O
appearing	O
in	O
the	O
healthcare	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
suggested	O
that	O
physicians	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
believed	O
that	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
would	O
be	O
most	O
beneficial	O
for	O
scheduling	O
doctor	O
appointments	O
,	O
locating	O
health	O
clinics	O
,	O
or	O
providing	O
medication	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whatsapp	B-Application
has	O
teamed	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
World	O
Health	O
Organisation	O
(	O
WHO	O
)	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
service	O
that	O
answers	O
users’	O
questions	O
on	O
COVID-19	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
The	O
Indian	O
Government	O
launched	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
called	O
MyGov	O
Corona	O
Helpdesk	O
,	O
that	O
worked	O
through	O
Whatsapp	B-Application
and	O
helped	O
people	O
access	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
Coronavirus	O
(	O
COVID-19	O
)	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
patient	O
groups	O
are	O
still	O
reluctant	O
to	O
use	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mixed-methods	O
study	O
showed	O
that	O
people	O
are	O
still	O
hesitant	O
to	O
use	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
for	O
their	O
healthcare	O
due	O
to	O
poor	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
technological	O
complexity	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
empathy	O
,	O
and	O
concerns	O
about	O
cyber-security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analysis	O
showed	O
that	O
while	O
6%	O
had	O
heard	O
of	O
a	O
health	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
and	O
3%	O
had	O
experience	O
of	O
using	O
it	O
,	O
67%	O
perceived	O
themselves	O
as	O
likely	O
to	O
use	O
one	O
within	O
12	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
participants	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
health	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
for	O
seeking	O
general	O
health	O
information	O
(	O
78%	O
)	O
,	O
booking	O
a	O
medical	O
appointment	O
(	O
78%	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
looking	O
for	O
local	O
health	O
services	O
(	O
80%	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
health	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
was	O
perceived	O
as	O
less	O
suitable	O
for	O
seeking	O
results	O
of	O
medical	O
tests	O
and	O
seeking	O
specialist	O
advice	O
such	O
as	O
sexual	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
80%	O
were	O
curious	O
about	O
new	O
technologies	O
that	O
could	O
improve	O
their	O
health	O
,	O
66%	O
reported	O
only	O
seeking	O
a	O
doctor	O
when	O
experiencing	O
a	O
health	O
problem	O
and	O
65%	O
thought	O
that	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
was	O
a	O
good	O
idea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interestingly	O
,	O
30%	O
reported	O
dislike	O
about	O
talking	O
to	O
computers	O
,	O
41%	O
felt	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
strange	O
to	O
discuss	O
health	O
matters	O
with	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
and	O
about	O
half	O
were	O
unsure	O
if	O
they	O
could	O
trust	O
the	O
advice	O
given	O
by	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
perceived	O
trustworthiness	O
,	O
individual	O
attitudes	O
towards	O
bots	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
dislike	O
for	O
talking	O
to	O
computers	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
barriers	O
to	O
health	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
SAM	O
–	O
short	O
for	O
Semantic	B-General_Concept
Analysis	I-General_Concept
Machine	I-General_Concept
(	O
made	O
by	O
Nick	O
Gerritsen	O
of	O
Touchtech	O
)	O
–	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
talks	O
to	O
people	O
through	O
Facebook	B-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
"	O
Leader	O
Lars	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Leder	O
Lars	O
"	O
was	O
nominated	O
for	O
The	O
Synthetic	O
Party	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
the	O
Danish	O
parliamentary	O
election	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
built	O
by	O
the	O
artist	O
collective	O
Computer	O
Lars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
engaged	O
in	O
critical	O
discussions	O
on	O
politics	O
with	O
users	O
from	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
India	O
,	O
the	O
state	O
government	O
has	O
launched	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
for	O
its	O
Aaple	O
Sarkar	O
platform	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
conversational	O
access	O
to	O
information	O
regarding	O
public	O
services	O
managed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
have	O
also	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
devices	O
not	O
primarily	O
meant	O
for	O
computing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
toys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hello	O
Barbie	B-Application
is	O
an	O
Internet-connected	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
doll	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
provided	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
ToyTalk	O
,	O
which	O
previously	O
used	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
for	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
smartphone-based	O
characters	O
for	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
My	O
Friend	O
Cayla	O
doll	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
dolls	O
which	O
uses	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
technology	I-Application
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
or	O
iOS	B-Application
mobile	O
app	O
to	O
recognize	O
the	O
child	O
's	O
speech	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
conversation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Hello	O
Barbie	B-Application
doll	O
,	O
attracted	O
controversy	O
due	O
to	O
vulnerabilities	O
with	O
the	O
doll	O
's	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stack	O
and	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
the	O
child	O
's	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Watson	B-Application
computer	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
chatbot-based	O
educational	O
toys	O
for	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
CogniToys	O
intended	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
children	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Malicious	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
frequently	O
used	O
to	O
fill	O
chat	O
rooms	O
with	O
spam	O
and	O
advertisements	O
,	O
by	O
mimicking	O
human	O
behavior	O
and	O
conversations	O
or	O
to	O
entice	O
people	O
into	O
revealing	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
bank	O
account	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
commonly	O
found	O
on	O
Yahoo	B-Application
!	O
</s>
<s>
Messenger	B-Protocol
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Live	I-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
,	O
AOL	B-Protocol
Instant	I-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
and	O
other	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
a	O
published	O
report	O
of	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
used	O
in	O
a	O
fake	O
personal	O
ad	O
on	O
a	O
dating	O
service	O
's	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tay	B-Protocol
,	O
an	O
AI	B-Protocol
chatbot	I-Protocol
that	O
learns	O
from	O
previous	O
interaction	O
,	O
caused	O
major	O
controversy	O
due	O
to	O
it	O
being	O
targeted	O
by	O
internet	O
trolls	O
on	O
Twitter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bot	B-Protocol
was	O
exploited	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
16	O
hours	O
began	O
to	O
send	O
extremely	O
offensive	O
Tweets	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
suggests	O
that	O
although	O
the	O
bot	B-Protocol
learned	O
effectively	O
from	O
experience	O
,	O
adequate	O
protection	O
was	O
not	O
put	O
in	O
place	O
to	O
prevent	O
misuse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
text-sending	O
algorithm	O
can	O
pass	O
itself	O
off	O
as	O
a	O
human	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
,	O
its	O
message	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
credible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
human-seeming	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
with	O
well-crafted	O
online	O
identities	O
could	O
start	O
scattering	O
fake	O
news	O
that	O
seems	O
plausible	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
making	O
false	O
claims	O
during	O
an	O
election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
enough	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
,	O
it	O
might	O
be	O
even	O
possible	O
to	O
achieve	O
artificial	O
social	O
proof	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creation	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
is	O
still	O
a	O
developing	O
area	O
,	O
heavily	O
related	O
to	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
provided	O
solutions	O
,	O
while	O
possessing	O
obvious	O
advantages	O
,	O
have	O
some	O
important	O
limitations	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
functionalities	O
and	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
input/output	O
database	O
is	O
fixed	O
and	O
limited	O
,	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
can	O
fail	O
while	O
dealing	O
with	O
an	O
unsaved	O
query	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
's	O
efficiency	O
highly	O
depends	O
on	O
language	O
processing	O
and	O
is	O
limited	O
because	O
of	O
irregularities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
accents	O
and	O
mistakes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
unable	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
multiple	O
questions	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
and	O
so	O
conversation	O
opportunities	O
are	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
require	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
conversational	O
data	O
to	O
train	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
have	O
difficulty	O
managing	O
non-linear	O
conversations	O
that	O
must	O
go	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
on	O
a	O
topic	O
with	O
a	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
it	O
happens	O
usually	O
with	O
technology-led	O
changes	O
in	O
existing	O
services	O
,	O
some	O
consumers	O
,	O
more	O
often	O
than	O
not	O
from	O
older	O
generations	O
,	O
are	O
uncomfortable	O
with	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
due	O
to	O
their	O
limited	O
understanding	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
obvious	O
that	O
their	O
requests	O
are	O
being	O
dealt	O
with	O
by	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbots	B-Protocol
are	O
increasingly	O
present	O
in	O
businesses	O
and	O
often	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
automate	O
tasks	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
skill-based	O
talents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
customer	O
service	O
taking	O
place	O
via	O
messaging	B-Application
apps	I-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
phone	O
calls	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
growing	O
numbers	O
of	O
use-cases	O
where	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
deployment	O
gives	O
organizations	O
a	O
clear	O
return	O
on	O
investment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	O
center	O
workers	O
may	O
be	O
particularly	O
at	O
risk	O
from	O
AI-driven	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatbot	B-Protocol
developers	O
create	O
,	O
debug	O
,	O
and	O
maintain	O
applications	O
that	O
automate	O
customer	O
services	O
or	O
other	O
communication	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
also	O
help	O
companies	O
implement	O
bots	B-Protocol
in	O
their	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
by	O
Forrester	O
(	O
June	O
2017	O
)	O
predicted	O
that	O
25%	O
of	O
all	O
jobs	O
would	O
be	O
impacted	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
technologies	O
by	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
