<s>
Character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
assigning	O
numbers	O
to	O
graphical	O
characters	O
,	O
especially	O
the	O
written	O
characters	O
of	O
human	O
language	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
stored	B-General_Concept
,	O
transmitted	O
,	O
and	O
transformed	O
using	O
digital	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
numerical	O
values	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
a	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
are	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
code	O
points	O
"	O
and	O
collectively	O
comprise	O
a	O
"	O
code	O
space	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
code	O
page	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
"	O
character	O
map	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
character	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
associated	O
with	O
the	O
optical	O
or	O
electrical	O
telegraph	O
could	O
only	O
represent	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
characters	O
used	O
in	O
written	O
languages	O
,	O
sometimes	O
restricted	O
to	O
upper	O
case	O
letters	O
,	O
numerals	O
and	O
some	O
punctuation	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
low	O
cost	O
of	O
digital	O
representation	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
modern	O
computer	O
systems	O
allows	O
more	O
elaborate	O
character	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
(	O
such	O
as	O
Unicode	O
)	O
which	O
represent	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
characters	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
written	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
using	O
internationally	O
accepted	O
standards	O
permits	O
worldwide	O
interchange	O
of	O
text	O
in	O
electronic	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
character	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
illustrates	O
the	O
evolving	O
need	O
for	O
machine-mediated	O
character-based	O
symbolic	O
information	O
over	O
a	O
distance	O
,	O
using	O
once-novel	O
electrical	O
means	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
well-known	O
electrically	O
transmitted	O
character	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
,	O
Morse	O
code	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
1840s	O
,	O
used	O
a	O
system	O
of	O
four	O
"	O
symbols	O
"	O
(	O
short	O
signal	O
,	O
long	O
signal	O
,	O
short	O
space	O
,	O
long	O
space	O
)	O
to	O
generate	O
codes	O
of	O
variable	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
examples	O
of	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
include	O
Morse	O
code	O
,	O
the	O
Baudot	O
code	O
,	O
the	O
American	B-Protocol
Standard	I-Protocol
Code	I-Protocol
for	I-Protocol
Information	I-Protocol
Interchange	I-Protocol
(	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
Unicode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unicode	O
,	O
a	O
well	O
defined	O
and	O
extensible	O
encoding	O
system	O
,	O
has	O
supplanted	O
most	O
earlier	O
character	B-General_Concept
encodings	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
the	O
path	O
of	O
code	O
development	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
is	O
fairly	O
well	O
known	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1959	O
the	O
U.S.	O
military	O
defined	O
its	O
Fieldata	B-Device
code	O
,	O
a	O
six-or	O
seven-bit	O
code	O
,	O
introduced	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Army	O
Signal	O
Corps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Fieldata	B-Device
addressed	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
then-modern	O
issues	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
letter	O
and	O
digit	O
codes	O
arranged	O
for	O
machine	O
collation	O
)	O
,	O
Fieldata	B-Device
fell	O
short	O
of	O
its	O
goals	O
and	O
was	O
short-lived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1963	O
the	O
first	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
(	O
American	B-Protocol
Standard	I-Protocol
Code	I-Protocol
for	I-Protocol
Information	I-Protocol
Interchange	I-Protocol
)	O
code	O
was	O
released	O
(	O
X3.4-1963	O
)	O
by	O
the	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
committee	O
(	O
which	O
contained	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Fieldata	B-Device
committee	O
,	O
W	O
.	O
F	O
.	O
Leubbert	O
)	O
which	O
addressed	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
shortcomings	O
of	O
Fieldata	B-Device
,	O
using	O
a	O
simpler	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
changes	O
were	O
subtle	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
collatable	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
within	O
certain	O
numeric	O
ranges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCII63	O
was	O
a	O
success	O
,	O
widely	O
adopted	O
by	O
industry	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
follow-up	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
1967	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
(	O
which	O
added	O
lower-case	O
letters	O
and	O
fixed	O
some	O
"	O
control	O
code	O
"	O
issues	O
)	O
ASCII67	O
was	O
adopted	O
fairly	O
widely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
IBM	O
went	O
to	O
electronic	O
processing	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
603	I-Device
Electronic	O
Multiplier	O
,	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
binary	O
encoding	O
schemes	O
that	O
were	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
punch	O
card	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Binary	O
Coded	O
Decimal	O
(	O
BCD	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
six-bit	O
encoding	O
scheme	O
used	O
by	O
IBM	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1953	O
in	O
its	O
702	B-Device
and	O
704	B-Device
computers	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
its	O
later	O
7000	B-Device
Series	I-Device
and	O
1400	B-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
associated	O
peripherals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBMs	O
codes	O
were	O
used	O
primarily	O
with	O
IBM	O
equipment	O
;	O
other	O
computer	O
vendors	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
had	O
their	O
own	O
character	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
,	O
often	O
six-bit	O
,	O
but	O
usually	O
had	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
read	O
tapes	O
produced	O
on	O
IBM	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BCD	O
was	O
the	O
precursor	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
Extended	B-Language
Binary	I-Language
Coded	I-Language
Decimal	I-Language
Interchange	I-Language
Code	I-Language
(	O
usually	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
)	O
,	O
an	O
eight-bit	O
encoding	O
scheme	O
developed	O
in	O
1963	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
System/360	I-Application
that	O
featured	O
a	O
larger	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
lower	O
case	O
letters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
to	O
support	O
more	O
writing	O
systems	O
for	O
different	O
languages	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
CJK	O
family	O
of	O
East	O
Asian	O
scripts	O
,	O
required	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
far	O
larger	O
number	O
of	O
characters	O
and	O
demanded	O
a	O
systematic	O
approach	O
to	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
the	O
previous	O
ad	O
hoc	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
trying	O
to	O
develop	O
universally	O
interchangeable	O
character	B-General_Concept
encodings	I-General_Concept
,	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
faced	O
the	O
dilemma	O
that	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
one	O
hand	O
,	O
it	O
seemed	O
necessary	O
to	O
add	O
more	O
bits	O
to	O
accommodate	O
additional	O
characters	O
,	O
but	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
relatively	O
small	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
Latin	O
alphabet	O
(	O
who	O
still	O
constituted	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
computer	O
users	O
)	O
,	O
those	O
additional	O
bits	O
were	O
a	O
colossal	O
waste	O
of	O
then-scarce	O
and	O
expensive	O
computing	O
resources	O
(	O
as	O
they	O
would	O
always	O
be	O
zeroed	O
out	O
for	O
such	O
users	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
personal	O
computer	O
user	O
's	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
could	O
store	O
only	O
about	O
10	O
megabytes	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
cost	O
approximately	O
US$250	O
on	O
the	O
wholesale	O
market	O
(	O
and	O
much	O
higher	O
if	O
purchased	O
separately	O
at	O
retail	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
was	O
very	O
important	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
to	O
make	O
every	O
bit	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
characters	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
multiple	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
:	O
The	O
Latin	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
by	O
English	O
and	O
most	O
European	O
languages	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
Greek	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
Greek	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
in	O
which	O
each	O
character	O
corresponds	O
to	O
a	O
unique	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
code	O
point	O
of	O
a	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
is	O
any	O
allowed	O
value	O
in	O
the	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
or	O
code	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
code	O
unit	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
word	O
size	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
scheme	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
7-bit	O
,	O
8-bit	O
,	O
16-bit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
code	O
unit	O
in	O
US-ASCII	B-Protocol
consists	O
of	O
7	O
bits	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
code	O
unit	O
in	O
UTF-8	O
,	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
and	O
GB	O
18030	O
consists	O
of	O
8	O
bits	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
each	O
of	O
those	O
forms	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
bits	O
(	O
32	O
)	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
glyph	B-Application
,	O
the	O
actual	O
numeric	O
byte	B-Application
values	O
and	O
their	O
arrangement	O
appear	O
entirely	O
unrelated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unicode	O
and	O
its	O
parallel	O
standard	O
,	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
10646	O
Universal	O
Character	B-General_Concept
Set	I-General_Concept
,	O
together	O
constitute	O
a	O
modern	O
,	O
unified	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
mapping	O
characters	O
directly	O
to	O
octets	O
(	O
bytes	B-Application
)	O
,	O
they	O
separately	O
define	O
what	O
characters	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
corresponding	O
natural	O
numbers	O
(	O
code	O
points	O
)	O
,	O
how	O
those	O
numbers	O
are	O
encoded	O
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
fixed-size	O
natural	O
numbers	O
(	O
code	O
units	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
how	O
those	O
units	O
are	O
encoded	O
as	O
a	O
stream	O
of	O
octets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
describe	O
this	O
model	O
correctly	O
requires	O
more	O
precise	O
terms	O
than	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
"	O
character	O
encoding.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
no	O
additions	O
are	O
allowed	O
without	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
(	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
ISO-8859	O
series	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
open	O
,	O
allowing	O
additions	O
(	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
Unicode	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
limited	O
extent	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
code	O
pages	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
writing	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Arabic	O
and	O
Hebrew	O
,	O
are	O
represented	O
with	O
more	O
complex	O
character	O
repertoires	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
accommodate	O
things	O
like	O
bidirectional	O
text	O
and	O
glyphs	B-Application
that	O
are	O
joined	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
for	O
different	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
(	O
CCS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
function	O
that	O
maps	O
characters	O
to	O
code	O
points	O
(	O
each	O
code	O
point	O
represents	O
one	O
character	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
may	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
repertoire	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
ISO/IEC	O
8859-1	O
and	O
IBM	O
code	O
pages	O
037	O
and	O
500	O
all	O
cover	O
the	O
same	O
repertoire	O
but	O
map	O
them	O
to	O
different	O
code	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
form	I-General_Concept
(	O
CEF	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
mapping	O
of	O
code	O
points	O
to	O
code	O
units	O
to	O
facilitate	O
storage	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
represents	O
numbers	O
as	O
bit	O
sequences	O
of	O
fixed	O
length	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
a	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
scheme	I-General_Concept
(	O
CES	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
mapping	O
of	O
code	O
units	O
to	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
octets	O
to	O
facilitate	O
storage	O
on	O
an	O
octet-based	O
file	B-Application
system	O
or	O
transmission	O
over	O
an	O
octet-based	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
schemes	I-General_Concept
include	O
UTF-8	O
,	O
UTF-16BE	O
,	O
UTF-32BE	O
,	O
UTF-16LE	O
or	O
UTF-32LE	O
;	O
compound	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
schemes	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
UTF-16	O
,	O
UTF-32	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
2022	O
,	O
switch	O
between	O
several	O
simple	O
schemes	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
byte	B-Application
order	O
mark	O
or	O
escape	O
sequences	O
;	O
compressing	O
schemes	O
try	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
bytes	B-Application
used	O
per	O
code	O
unit	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
SCSU	O
,	O
BOCU	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
UTF-32BE	O
is	O
a	O
simpler	O
CES	O
,	O
most	O
systems	O
working	O
with	O
Unicode	O
use	O
either	O
UTF-8	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
fixed-length	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
and	O
maps	O
Unicode	O
code	O
points	O
to	O
variable-length	O
sequences	O
of	O
octets	O
,	O
or	O
UTF-16BE	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
fixed-length	O
UCS-2BE	O
and	O
maps	O
Unicode	O
code	O
points	O
to	O
variable-length	O
sequences	O
of	O
16-bit	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
attribute	O
xml:lang	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unicode	O
model	O
uses	O
the	O
term	O
character	O
map	O
for	O
historical	O
systems	O
which	O
directly	O
assign	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
characters	O
to	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
bytes	B-Application
,	O
covering	O
all	O
of	O
CCS	O
,	O
CEF	O
and	O
CES	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
"	O
character	O
map	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
"	O
code	O
page	O
"	O
were	O
synonymous	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
the	O
same	O
standard	O
would	O
specify	O
a	O
repertoire	O
of	O
characters	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
were	O
to	O
be	O
encoded	O
into	O
a	O
stream	O
of	O
code	O
units	O
–	O
usually	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
character	O
per	O
code	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
,	O
the	O
terms	O
are	O
still	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
,	O
with	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
being	O
nearly	O
ubiquitous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
code	O
page	O
"	O
usually	O
means	O
a	O
byte-oriented	O
encoding	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
some	O
suite	O
of	O
encodings	O
(	O
covering	O
different	O
scripts	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
many	O
characters	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
codes	O
in	O
most	O
or	O
all	O
those	O
code	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Well-known	O
code	O
page	O
suites	O
are	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
"	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
Windows-1252	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
IBM	O
"	O
/	O
"	O
DOS	O
"	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
code	O
page	O
437	O
)	O
,	O
see	O
Windows	B-Application
code	O
page	O
for	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
encodings	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
code	O
pages	O
are	O
single-byte	O
encodings	O
(	O
but	O
see	O
octet	O
on	O
byte	B-Application
size	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Character	B-General_Concept
Data	I-General_Concept
Representation	I-General_Concept
Architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
CDRA	B-General_Concept
)	O
designates	O
entities	O
with	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
identifiers	O
(	O
CCSIDs	O
)	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
variously	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
charset	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
"	O
code	O
page	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
CHARMAP	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
a	O
"	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
a	O
map	O
from	O
abstract	O
characters	O
to	O
code	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
(	O
and	O
MIME	B-Protocol
)	O
parlance	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
a	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
(	O
but	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
CCS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Legacy	B-Device
encoding	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
characterize	O
old	O
character	B-General_Concept
encodings	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
with	O
an	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
sense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
sources	O
refer	O
to	O
an	O
encoding	O
as	O
legacy	B-Device
only	O
because	O
it	O
preceded	O
Unicode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Windows	B-Application
code	O
pages	O
are	O
usually	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
legacy	B-Device
,	O
both	O
because	O
they	O
antedate	O
Unicode	O
and	O
because	O
they	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
represent	O
all	O
221	O
possible	O
Unicode	O
code	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
having	O
many	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
methods	O
in	O
use	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
archived	O
data	O
)	O
,	O
many	O
computer	O
programs	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
translate	O
data	O
between	O
encoding	O
schemes	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
data	O
transcoding	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cross-platform	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
Web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
–	O
most	O
modern	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
feature	O
automatic	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	B-Application
Components	I-Application
for	I-Application
Unicode	I-Application
–	O
A	O
set	O
of	O
C	O
and	O
Java	O
libraries	O
to	O
perform	O
charset	B-General_Concept
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
uconv	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
from	O
ICU4C	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
This	O
is	O
a	O
translation	O
of	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
automatic-encoding-detection	O
code	O
into	O
the	O
Python	O
computer	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newer	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	O
file	B-Application
command	I-Application
attempt	O
to	O
do	O
a	O
basic	O
detection	O
of	O
character	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
available	O
on	O
Cygwin	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
C++	B-Language
template	O
library	O
with	O
simple	O
interface	O
to	O
convert	O
between	O
C++	B-Language
/user	O
-defined	O
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
charset	B-General_Concept
defined	O
many	O
character-sets	O
and	O
allows	O
you	O
to	O
use	O
Unicode	O
formats	O
with	O
support	O
of	O
endianness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
cmv	O
–	O
a	O
simple	O
tool	O
for	O
transcoding	B-Algorithm
filenames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
cstocs	O
–	O
converts	O
file	B-Application
contents	O
from	O
one	O
encoding	O
to	O
another	O
for	O
the	O
Czech	O
and	O
Slovak	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
recode	O
–	O
converts	O
file	B-Application
contents	O
from	O
one	O
encoding	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
utrac	O
–	O
converts	O
file	B-Application
contents	O
from	O
one	O
encoding	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
:	O
</s>
