<s>
A	O
causal	B-Application
map	I-Application
can	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
network	O
consisting	O
of	O
links	O
or	O
arcs	O
between	O
nodes	O
or	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
a	O
link	O
between	O
C	O
and	O
E	O
means	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
sense	O
,	O
that	O
someone	O
believes	O
or	O
claims	O
C	O
has	O
or	O
had	O
some	O
causal	O
influence	O
on	O
E	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
the	O
phrase	O
“	O
causal	B-Application
map	I-Application
”	O
is	O
usually	O
reserved	O
for	O
qualitative	O
or	O
merely	O
semi-quantitative	O
maps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
sense	O
,	O
causal	B-Application
maps	I-Application
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
concept	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Causal	B-Application
maps	I-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
since	O
the	O
1970	O
’s	O
by	O
researchers	O
and	O
practitioners	O
in	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
disciplines	O
from	O
management	O
science	O
to	O
ecology	O
,	O
employing	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
kinds	O
of	O
causal	B-Application
maps	I-Application
can	O
be	O
distinguished	O
particularly	O
by	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
information	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
by	O
the	O
links	O
and	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Causal	O
mapping	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
constructing	O
,	O
summarising	O
and	O
drawing	O
inferences	O
from	O
a	O
causal	B-Application
map	I-Application
,	O
and	O
more	O
broadly	O
can	O
refer	O
to	O
sets	O
of	O
techniques	O
for	O
doing	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Causal	O
mapping	O
in	O
this	O
sense	O
is	O
loosely	O
based	O
on	O
"	O
concept	O
mapping	O
"	O
and	O
“	O
cognitive	O
mapping	O
”	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
the	O
three	O
terms	O
are	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
latter	O
two	O
are	O
usually	O
understood	O
to	O
be	O
broader	O
,	O
including	O
maps	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
links	O
between	O
factors	O
are	O
not	O
necessarily	O
causal	O
and	O
are	O
therefore	O
not	O
causal	B-Application
maps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
conjunctive	B-Application
normal	I-Application
form	I-Application
and	O
disjunctive	B-Application
normal	I-Application
form	I-Application
.	O
</s>
