<s>
The	O
Casio	B-Device
Algebra	I-Device
FX	I-Device
series	I-Device
was	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
manufactured	O
by	O
Casio	O
Computer	O
Co.	O
,	O
Ltd	O
from	O
1999	O
to	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
the	O
successor	O
models	O
to	O
the	O
CFX-9970G	B-Device
,	O
the	O
first	O
Casio	O
calculator	O
with	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
CAS	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
for	O
symbolic	O
manipulation	O
of	O
mathematical	O
expressions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	O
were	O
discontinued	O
and	O
succeeded	O
by	O
the	O
Casio	B-Device
ClassPad	I-Device
300	I-Device
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Casio	O
released	O
a	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
series	O
was	O
the	O
successor	O
of	O
the	O
CFX-9970G	B-Device
,	O
the	O
first	O
Casio	O
calculator	O
with	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
released	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
series	O
had	O
been	O
largely	O
improved	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
model	O
so	O
that	O
more	O
mathematical	O
functions	O
were	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
Plus	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
2003	O
and	O
succeeded	O
by	O
the	O
Casio	O
ClassPad	B-Device
series	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
calculators	O
have	O
stylus-based	O
touch	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	O
are	O
powered	O
by	O
four	O
AAA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
used	O
for	O
primary	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
uses	O
one	O
lithium	O
battery	O
CR2032	B-Algorithm
for	O
a	O
memory	O
backup	O
when	O
the	O
primary	O
power	O
is	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
program	B-Device
memories	I-Device
will	O
be	O
deleted	O
if	O
both	O
primary	O
power	O
and	O
memory	O
backup	O
power	O
are	O
removed	O
or	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	O
consume	O
power	O
at	O
the	O
rate	O
of	O
0.2	O
W	O
.	O
Based	O
on	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
data	O
sheet	O
,	O
zinc-carbon	O
R03	O
AAA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
and	O
alkaline	O
LR03	B-Algorithm
batteries	O
can	O
supply	O
power	O
for	O
140	O
hours	O
and	O
230	O
hours	O
for	O
continuous	O
display	O
of	O
main	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
series	O
incorporates	O
a	O
black-and-white	O
LCD	B-Device
Dot-Matrix	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
graphic	O
resolution	O
of	O
128	O
by	O
64	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inside	O
each	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
bottom	O
line	O
is	O
reserved	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
6	O
function	B-Application
key	I-Application
menu	O
tips	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
selected	O
from	O
buttons	O
F1	O
to	O
F6	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	O
's	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
middle	O
part	O
contains	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
mathematical	O
function	B-Application
keys	I-Application
,	O
SHIFT	O
and	O
ALPHA	O
keys	O
,	O
and	O
directional	O
pads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	O
come	O
with	O
a	O
main	O
program	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
of	O
146	O
kilobytes	O
and	O
a	O
storage	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
of	O
768	O
kilobytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
Casio	O
adopted	O
a	O
flash	B-Device
storage	I-Device
into	O
its	O
calculator	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-Device
memory	I-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
program	O
files	O
,	O
calculator	O
settings	O
,	O
and	O
variables	O
for	O
matrices	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
graphs	O
,	O
tables	O
,	O
equations	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
hardware	O
side	O
,	O
the	O
calculators	O
contain	O
three	O
different	O
memory	O
chips	O
:	O
a	O
mask	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
,	O
a	O
flash	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mask	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
is	O
where	O
the	O
calculators	O
store	O
their	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
mask	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
is	O
non-reprogrammable	O
,	O
the	O
calculator	O
operating	O
system	O
cannot	O
be	O
upgraded	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
newer	O
Casio	O
calculators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flash	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
is	O
a	O
chip	O
LP62S2048AX	O
from	O
AMIC	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
chip	O
29LV800CBTI	O
from	O
Macronix	O
International	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
all	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microprocessor	O
is	O
tuned	O
at	O
a	O
clock	O
frequency	O
of	O
8	O
megahertz	O
and	O
supports	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
8088	I-Device
instruction	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
series	O
cannot	O
plot	O
any	O
implicit	O
function	O
of	O
two	O
variables	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Texas	O
Instrument	O
's	O
TI-89	B-Device
series	I-Device
can	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
simple	O
graphing	B-Application
tool	O
,	O
the	O
calculators	O
also	O
provide	O
a	O
dynamic	O
graph	O
mode	O
,	O
where	O
real-time	O
changes	O
of	O
the	O
graphs	O
,	O
affected	O
by	O
changes	O
in	O
variables	O
and	O
coefficients	O
,	O
are	O
visualized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
equation	B-General_Concept
solver	I-General_Concept
mode	O
,	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
series	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
solve	O
simultaneous	O
linear	O
equations	O
,	O
polynomials	O
,	O
and	O
arbitrary	O
equations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
huge	O
improvement	O
from	O
its	O
predecessor	O
CFX-9970G	B-Device
,	O
where	O
only	O
six	O
variables	O
are	O
accepted	O
for	O
simultaneous	O
linear	O
equations	O
and	O
three	O
is	O
the	O
maximum	O
degree	O
the	O
polynomials	O
can	O
take	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Casio	O
's	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
CFX-9970G	B-Device
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
the	O
functionalities	O
of	O
the	O
CAS	O
in	O
the	O
CFX-9970G	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
,	O
differentiation	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
tangent	O
expression	O
of	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
series	O
,	O
the	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
largely	O
improved	O
from	O
its	O
predecessor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
some	O
reported	O
bugs	O
of	O
the	O
calculator	O
's	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
can	O
link	O
to	O
another	O
device	O
via	O
a	O
SB-62	O
cable	O
,	O
a	O
cable	O
where	O
both	O
ends	O
are	O
2.5mm	O
stereo	B-Device
jacks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
cables	O
have	O
a	O
2.5mm	O
stereo	B-Device
jack	I-Device
at	O
one	O
end	O
and	O
a	O
DB-9	O
connector	O
for	O
the	O
SB-87	O
and	O
a	O
USB	O
port	O
for	O
the	O
SB-88	O
at	O
the	O
another	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chip	O
MAX232	O
or	O
MAX233	O
by	O
Maxim	O
Integrated	O
was	O
a	O
core	O
component	O
used	O
to	O
level-shift	O
the	O
voltages	O
between	O
the	O
RS-232	O
and	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
types	O
of	O
tests	O
,	O
including	O
Z-test	B-General_Concept
,	O
T-test	B-General_Concept
,	O
χ2-test	O
,	O
and	O
F-test	B-General_Concept
,	O
can	O
be	O
calculated	O
based	O
on	O
inputted	O
data	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
ANOVA	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
not	O
as	O
competent	O
as	O
the	O
dedicated	O
financial	B-General_Concept
calculators	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
Plus	O
includes	O
capabilities	O
in	O
calculating	O
simple	O
interest	O
,	O
compound	O
interest	O
,	O
cash	O
flow	O
analysis	O
,	O
amortization	O
,	O
and	O
interest	O
rate	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
additional	O
functionalities	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
Plus	O
,	O
except	O
the	O
tutorial	O
mode	O
,	O
are	O
carried	O
to	O
its	O
successor	O
line	O
,	O
the	O
Casio	O
Classpad	B-Device
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	O
employ	O
a	O
BASIC-based	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
unofficially	O
named	O
as	O
Casio-BASIC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Casio-BASIC	B-Device
also	O
supports	O
program	O
flow	O
control	O
syntaxes	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
conditional	O
jump	O
IF	O
,	O
a	O
loop	O
control	O
FOR	O
,	O
a	O
conditional	O
loop	O
control	O
WHILE	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
control	O
CTRL	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
logical	O
operation	O
LOGIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
can	O
be	O
entered	O
manually	O
on	O
the	O
calculators	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
can	O
select	O
control	O
functions	O
from	O
function	B-Application
key	I-Application
menu	O
tips	O
at	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
functions	O
appeared	O
in	O
BASIC	O
programming	O
,	O
the	O
calculators	O
support	O
usages	O
of	O
many	O
mathematical	O
functions	O
in	O
many	O
areas	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
exponentials	O
,	O
trigonometry	O
,	O
linear	B-Language
algebra	I-Language
,	O
and	O
calculus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
lines	O
and	O
circles	O
can	O
be	O
drawn	O
directly	O
into	O
the	O
screen	O
either	O
by	O
controlling	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
individually	O
or	O
by	O
calling	O
readymade	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Joint	O
Council	O
for	O
Qualifications	O
(	O
JCQ	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
council	O
providing	O
GCSE	O
and	O
GCE	O
(	O
O	O
-	O
and	O
A	O
-	O
Level	O
)	O
and	O
Highers	O
,	O
are	O
prohibiting	O
calculators	O
with	O
symbolic	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
manipulation	O
and	O
symbolic	O
differentiation/integration	O
from	O
the	O
examinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
Algebra	O
FX	O
2.0	O
series	O
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
calculators	O
are	O
banned	O
from	O
the	O
ACT	O
examination	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
capability	O
in	O
the	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
