<s>
Cardiac	B-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
cardiac	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
,	O
CMR	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
cardiovascular	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
a	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
imaging	O
(	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
technology	B-Application
used	O
for	O
non-invasive	O
assessment	O
of	O
the	O
function	O
and	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
cardiovascular	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conventional	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
sequences	I-Algorithm
are	O
adapted	O
for	O
cardiac	O
imaging	O
by	O
using	O
ECG	B-Application
gating	O
and	O
high	O
temporal	O
resolution	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
cardiac	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
active	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
see	O
a	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
of	O
new	O
and	O
emerging	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cardiovascular	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
is	O
complementary	O
to	O
other	O
imaging	O
techniques	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
echocardiography	B-Application
,	O
cardiac	O
CT	O
,	O
and	O
nuclear	O
medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magnetic	B-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
angiography	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
performed	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
contrast	O
medium	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
assess	O
congenital	O
or	O
acquired	O
abnormalities	O
of	O
the	O
coronary	O
arteries	O
and	O
great	O
vessels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
solutions	O
are	O
often	O
software	O
platforms	O
that	O
provide	O
clinical	B-Application
decision	I-Application
support	I-Application
and	O
improve	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cardiac	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
pose	O
any	O
specific	O
risks	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
indications	O
for	O
imaging	O
and	O
is	O
considered	O
a	O
safe	O
technique	O
that	O
avoids	O
ionizing	O
radiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gadolinium	B-Algorithm
based	I-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
medium	I-Algorithm
is	O
frequently	O
used	O
in	O
CMR	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
nephrogenic	O
systemic	O
fibrosis	O
,	O
predominantly	O
using	O
linear	O
compounds	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
renal	O
disease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genotoxic	O
effects	O
of	O
cardiac	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
reported	O
in	O
vivo	O
and	O
in	O
vitro	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
findings	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
replicated	O
by	O
more	O
recent	O
studies	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
unlikely	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
complex	O
DNA	O
damage	O
associated	O
with	O
ionizing	O
radiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMR	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
principles	O
of	O
image	O
acquisition	O
and	O
reconstruction	O
as	O
other	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	O
of	O
the	O
cardiovascular	O
system	O
is	O
usually	O
performed	O
with	O
cardiac	O
gating	O
using	O
an	O
adaptation	O
of	O
conventional	O
ECG	B-Application
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cine	O
sequences	O
of	O
the	O
heart	O
are	O
acquired	O
using	O
balanced	O
steady	B-Algorithm
state	I-Algorithm
free	I-Algorithm
precession	I-Algorithm
(	O
bSSFP	B-Algorithm
)	O
which	O
has	O
good	O
temporal	O
resolution	O
and	O
intrinsic	O
image	O
contrast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
sequences	O
may	O
include	O
T1	O
and	O
T2-weighted	O
imaging	O
and	O
MR	B-Algorithm
angiography	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	O
and	O
structural	O
information	O
is	O
acquired	O
using	O
bSSFP	B-Algorithm
cine	O
sequences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
4D	O
imaging	O
encodes	O
the	O
velocity	O
of	O
flowing	O
blood	O
at	O
each	O
voxel	O
in	O
the	O
volume	O
enabling	O
fluid	B-Application
dynamics	I-Application
to	O
be	O
visualised	O
using	O
specialist	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
the	O
clinical	O
reasons	O
for	O
a	O
CMR	O
examination	O
fall	O
into	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
categories	O
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
when	O
echocardiography	B-Application
(	O
cardiac	B-Application
ultrasound	I-Application
)	O
cannot	O
provide	O
sufficient	O
diagnostic	O
information	O
,	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
diagnostic	O
cardiac	O
catheterization	O
which	O
involve	O
risks	O
including	O
x-ray	O
radiation	O
exposure	O
,	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
to	O
obtain	O
diagnostic	O
information	O
for	O
which	O
CMR	O
offers	O
unique	O
advantages	O
such	O
as	O
blood	O
flow	O
measurement	O
or	O
identification	O
of	O
cardiac	O
masses	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
4	O
)	O
when	O
clinical	O
assessment	O
and	O
other	O
diagnostic	O
tests	O
are	O
inconsistent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
proper	O
safety	O
screening	O
,	O
parents	O
can	O
be	O
allowed	O
into	O
the	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
scanner	O
room	O
to	O
help	O
their	O
child	O
complete	O
the	O
examination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
centers	O
allow	O
children	O
to	O
listen	O
to	O
music	O
or	O
watch	O
movies	O
through	O
a	O
specialized	O
MRI-compatible	O
audiovisual	O
system	O
to	O
reduce	O
anxiety	O
and	O
improve	O
cooperation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
CMR	O
is	O
performed	O
on	O
conventional	O
superconducting	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
systems	O
at	O
either	O
1.5T	O
or	O
3T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
cardiac-capable	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
scanners	O
include	O
Philips	O
,	O
Siemens	O
,	O
Hitachi	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
GE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
simple	O
NMR	O
image	O
was	O
published	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
medical	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
in	O
1977	O
,	O
entering	O
the	O
clinical	O
arena	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
NMR	O
medical	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
was	O
renamed	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
attempts	O
to	O
image	O
the	O
heart	O
were	O
confounded	O
by	O
respiratory	O
and	O
cardiac	O
motion	O
,	O
solved	O
by	O
using	O
cardiac	O
ECG	B-Application
gating	O
,	O
faster	O
scan	O
techniques	O
and	O
breath	O
hold	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
became	O
more	O
complex	O
and	O
application	O
to	O
cardiovascular	O
imaging	O
became	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
,	O
the	O
SCMR	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
(	O
1996	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
academic	O
journal	O
,	O
(	O
JCMR	O
)	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
move	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
'	O
echocardiography	B-Application
 '	O
from	O
cardiac	B-Application
ultrasound	I-Application
,	O
the	O
term	O
'	O
Cardiovascular	B-Algorithm
Magnetic	I-Algorithm
Resonance	I-Algorithm
 '	O
(	O
CMR	O
)	O
was	O
proposed	O
and	O
has	O
gained	O
acceptance	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
techniques	O
,	O
the	O
reporting	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
cardiac	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
are	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
efficient	O
,	O
facilitated	O
by	O
automatic	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
tools	O
.	O
</s>
