<s>
A	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
data	B-Device
input	I-Device
device	I-Device
that	O
reads	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
card-shaped	O
storage	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
were	O
punched	B-Device
card	I-Device
readers	I-Device
,	O
which	O
read	O
the	O
paper	O
or	O
cardboard	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
that	O
were	O
used	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
several	O
decades	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
industry	O
to	O
store	O
information	O
and	O
programs	O
for	O
computer	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
are	O
electronic	O
devices	O
that	O
can	O
read	O
plastic	O
cards	O
embedded	O
with	O
either	O
a	O
barcode	O
,	O
magnetic	O
strip	O
,	O
computer	O
chip	O
or	O
another	O
storage	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
used	O
for	O
communication	O
with	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
or	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
magnetic	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
used	O
to	O
read	O
magnetic	O
stripe	O
cards	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
credit	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
business	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
used	O
to	O
scan	O
and	O
electronically	O
save	O
printed	O
business	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
that	O
reads	O
smart	O
cards	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
form	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Laptop	O
models	O
containing	O
a	O
built-in	O
smart	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
and/or	O
using	O
flash	B-Device
upgradeable	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
devices	O
that	O
can	O
read	O
a	O
Personal	O
identification	O
number	O
(	O
PIN	O
)	O
or	O
other	O
information	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
(	O
usually	O
called	O
"	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
with	O
PIN	O
pad	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
works	O
by	O
supplying	O
the	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
on	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
with	O
electricity	O
and	O
communicating	O
via	O
protocols	O
,	O
thereby	O
enabling	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
to	O
a	O
fixed	O
address	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Communication	O
protocolsNameDescriptionT	O
=	O
0Asynchronous	O
half-duplex	O
byte-level	O
transmission	O
protocol	O
,	O
defined	O
in	O
ISO/IEC	O
7816-3T	O
=	O
1Asynchronous	O
half-duplex	O
block-level	O
transmission	O
protocol	O
,	O
defined	O
in	O
ISO/IEC	O
7816-3.T	O
=	O
2Reserved	O
for	O
future	O
use.T	O
=	O
3Reserved	O
for	O
future	O
use.ContactlessAPDU	O
transmission	O
via	O
contactless	O
interface	B-Application
ISO/IEC	O
14443	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
card	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
any	O
standard	O
transmission	O
protocol	O
,	O
but	O
uses	O
a	O
custom/proprietary	O
protocol	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
the	O
communication	O
protocol	O
designation	O
T	O
=	O
14	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
PC/SC	O
CCID	O
specifications	O
define	O
a	O
new	O
smart	O
card	O
framework	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
framework	B-Architecture
works	O
with	O
USB	B-Protocol
devices	I-Protocol
with	O
the	O
specific	O
device	O
class	O
0x0B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Readers	O
with	O
this	O
class	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
when	O
used	O
with	O
PC/SC	O
-compliant	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
because	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
supplies	O
the	O
driver	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PKCS	O
#11	O
is	O
an	O
API	B-Application
designed	O
to	O
be	O
platform-independent	O
,	O
defining	O
a	O
generic	O
interface	B-Application
to	O
cryptographic	O
tokens	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
applications	B-Application
to	O
work	O
without	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
reader	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
,	O
typically	O
having	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
interface	B-Application
,	O
for	O
accessing	O
the	O
data	O
on	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
such	O
as	O
a	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
(	O
CF	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Secure	B-Device
Digital	I-Device
(	O
SD	O
)	O
or	O
MultiMediaCard	O
(	O
MMC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
also	O
offer	O
write	O
capability	O
,	O
and	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
card	O
,	O
this	O
can	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
pen	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
control	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
physical	O
security	O
systems	O
to	O
read	O
a	O
credential	O
that	O
allows	O
access	O
through	O
access	O
control	O
points	O
,	O
typically	O
a	O
locked	O
door	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
access	O
control	O
reader	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
magnetic	O
stripe	O
reader	O
,	O
a	O
bar	O
code	O
reader	O
,	O
a	O
proximity	O
reader	O
,	O
a	O
smart	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
,	O
or	O
a	O
biometric	O
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
does	O
not	O
address	B-General_Concept
the	O
ease	O
with	O
which	O
barcode	O
numbers	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
from	O
a	O
computer	O
using	O
almost	O
any	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
high	O
enough	O
degree	O
of	O
probability	O
that	O
the	O
template	O
in	O
the	O
memory	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
live	O
scan	O
(	O
the	O
scan	O
belongs	O
to	O
the	O
authorized	O
person	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
ID	O
number	O
of	O
that	O
person	O
is	O
sent	O
to	O
a	O
control	B-Application
panel	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
control	B-Application
panel	I-Application
then	O
checks	O
the	O
permission	O
level	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
determines	O
whether	O
access	O
should	O
be	O
allowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
communication	O
between	O
the	O
reader	O
and	O
the	O
control	B-Application
panel	I-Application
is	O
usually	O
transmitted	O
using	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
Wiegand	O
interface	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
templates	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
,	O
thereby	O
removing	O
all	O
limits	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
system	O
users	O
(	O
finger-only	O
identification	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
this	O
technology	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
PC	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
the	O
template	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
systems	O
where	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
is	O
employed	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
server-based	O
verification	O
"	O
,	O
readers	O
first	O
read	O
the	O
biometric	O
data	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
then	O
forward	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
for	O
processing	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server-based	O
systems	O
support	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
but	O
are	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
reliability	O
of	O
the	O
central	O
server	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
communication	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
1-to-1	O
biometric	O
readers	O
are	O
"	O
dual-technology	O
"	O
readers	O
:	O
they	O
either	O
have	O
a	O
built-in	O
proximity	O
,	O
smart	O
card	O
or	O
keypad	O
reader	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
have	O
an	O
input	O
for	O
connecting	O
an	O
external	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proximity	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
are	O
still	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
Wiegand	O
output	O
readers	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
longer	O
use	O
the	O
Wiegand	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processor	O
on	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
has	O
an	O
embedded	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
can	O
handle	O
multiple	O
applications	B-Application
such	O
as	O
a	O
cash	O
card	O
,	O
a	O
pre-paid	O
membership	O
card	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
access	O
control	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
contact	O
cards	O
must	O
be	O
inserted	O
into	O
readers	O
carefully	O
in	O
the	O
proper	O
orientation	O
,	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
convenience	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
transaction	O
is	O
not	O
acceptable	O
for	O
most	O
access	O
control	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
contact	O
smart	O
cards	O
as	O
physical	O
access	O
control	O
is	O
limited	O
mostly	O
to	O
parking	O
applications	B-Application
when	O
payment	O
data	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
card	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
transactions	O
is	O
not	O
as	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
banks	O
have	O
issued	O
hand-held	O
smartcard	O
readers	O
to	O
their	O
customers	O
to	O
support	O
different	O
electronic	O
payment	O
applications	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Geldkarte	O
is	O
a	O
German	O
electronic	O
purse	O
scheme	O
where	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
are	O
used	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
card	O
holder	O
to	O
verify	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
money	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
and	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
few	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
