<s>
Calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
or	O
calm	O
design	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
where	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
its	O
user	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
occur	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
periphery	O
rather	O
than	O
constantly	O
at	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Weiser	O
and	O
John	O
Seely	O
Brown	O
describe	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
that	O
which	O
informs	O
but	O
does	O
n't	O
demand	O
our	O
focus	O
or	O
attention.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
paired	O
with	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
perceptible	O
invasiveness	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
everyday	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
technology	O
to	O
be	O
considered	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
,	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
core	O
principles	O
it	O
should	O
adhere	O
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
creates	O
a	O
pleasant	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
by	O
not	O
overburdening	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
"	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
first	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
article	O
"	O
Designing	O
Calm	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
written	O
by	O
Mark	O
Weiser	O
and	O
John	O
Seely	O
Brown	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
had	O
developed	O
amongst	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Xerox	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Research	O
Center	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weiser	O
introduced	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
by	O
using	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
LiveWire	O
or	O
"	O
Dangling	O
String	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motor	O
is	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
nearby	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
bit	O
of	O
information	O
flows	O
through	O
that	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
,	O
it	O
causes	O
a	O
twitch	O
of	O
the	O
motor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Application
conferences	I-Application
are	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
homes	I-Device
are	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
due	O
to	O
their	O
emphasis	O
on	O
awareness	O
and	O
adaptability	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
this	O
initiative	O
was	O
to	O
explore	O
new	O
concepts	O
and	O
techniques	O
that	O
would	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
for	O
people-friendly	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
mobile	O
technology	O
trends	O
towards	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
miniaturization	O
,	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
becoming	O
a	O
more	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
development	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
its	O
transformation	O
into	O
unattended	O
technology	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
technology	O
always	O
exists	O
in	O
the	O
periphery	O
and	O
never	O
requires	O
central	O
attention	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
