<s>
A	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
call	O
multigraph	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
control-flow	O
graph	O
,	O
which	O
represents	O
calling	O
relationships	O
between	O
subroutines	O
in	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
can	O
be	O
dynamic	O
or	O
static	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
dynamic	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
a	O
record	O
of	O
an	O
execution	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
as	O
output	O
by	O
a	O
profiler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
dynamic	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
can	O
be	O
exact	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
describes	O
one	O
run	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
intended	O
to	O
represent	O
every	O
possible	O
run	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exact	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
an	O
undecidable	O
problem	O
,	O
so	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
algorithms	O
are	O
generally	O
overapproximations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
can	O
be	O
defined	O
to	O
represent	O
varying	O
degrees	O
of	O
precision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
precise	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
more	O
precisely	O
approximates	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
program	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
taking	O
longer	O
to	O
compute	O
and	O
more	O
memory	O
to	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
precise	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
fully	O
context-sensitive	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
for	O
each	O
procedure	O
,	O
the	O
graph	O
contains	O
a	O
separate	O
node	O
for	O
each	O
call	B-General_Concept
stack	I-General_Concept
that	O
procedure	O
can	O
be	O
activated	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fully	O
context-sensitive	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
called	O
a	O
calling	O
context	O
tree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
least	O
precise	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
is	O
context-insensitive	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
only	O
one	O
node	O
for	O
each	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
or	O
C++	B-Language
)	O
,	O
first-class	B-Application
functions	I-Application
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
or	O
Racket	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
or	O
function	B-Language
pointers	I-Language
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
)	O
,	O
computing	O
a	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
precisely	O
requires	O
alias	O
analysis	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
computing	O
precise	O
aliasing	O
requires	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
simple	O
application	O
of	O
call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
is	O
finding	O
procedures	O
that	O
are	O
never	O
called	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
can	O
act	O
as	O
documentation	O
for	O
humans	O
to	O
understand	B-General_Concept
programs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
anomalies	O
of	O
program	O
execution	O
or	O
code	O
injection	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Activity	O
Monitor	O
:	O
Apple	O
GUI	O
process	O
monitor	O
Activity	O
Monitor	O
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
that	O
can	O
sample	O
processes	O
and	O
return	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenPAT	O
:	O
includes	O
the	O
control_flow	O
tool	O
which	O
automatically	O
creates	O
a	O
Graphviz	B-Language
call-graph	O
picture	O
from	O
runtime	O
measurements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sourcetrail	B-Application
creates	O
a	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
dynamically	O
explored	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
a	O
small	O
Perl	B-Language
script	O
that	O
uses	O
gcc	B-Application
and	O
Graphviz	B-Language
to	O
generate	O
the	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
of	O
a	O
C	B-Language
program	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Native	O
Vim	B-Application
plugin	O
that	O
can	O
display	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
by	O
reading	O
a	O
cscope	B-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Works	O
for	O
C	B-Language
programs	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
a	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
(	O
the	O
program	O
is	O
not	O
run	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implemented	O
as	O
a	O
patch	O
to	O
gcc	B-Application
;	O
works	O
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
programs	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Bash	O
shell	O
functions	O
that	O
glue	O
together	O
cscope	B-Application
,	O
graphviz	B-Language
,	O
and	O
a	O
sampling	O
of	O
dot-rendering	O
tools	O
to	O
display	O
"	O
caller	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
callee	O
"	O
relationships	O
above	O
,	O
below	O
,	O
and/or	O
between	O
the	O
C	B-Language
functions	O
you	O
specify	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
like	O
calltree.sh,	O
it	O
connects	O
Cscope	B-Application
and	O
Graphviz	B-Language
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
executable	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
bash	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
open-source	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
for	O
awk	O
,	O
bash	O
,	O
basic	O
,	O
dart	O
,	O
fortran	O
,	O
go	O
,	O
lua	O
,	O
javascript	O
,	O
julia	O
,	O
kotlin	O
,	O
matlab	O
,	O
perl	B-Language
,	O
pascal	O
,	O
php	O
,	O
python	B-Language
,	O
R	O
,	O
raku	O
,	O
ruby	O
,	O
rust	O
,	O
scala	O
,	O
swift	O
,	O
tcl	O
,	O
and	O
typescript	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
for	O
PHP	O
programs	O
that	O
uses	O
Graphviz	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
for	O
Python	B-Language
programs	I-Language
that	O
uses	O
Graphviz	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
a	O
static	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
for	O
Python	B-Language
programs	I-Language
that	O
uses	O
Graphviz	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
A	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generator	O
written	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
that	O
converts	O
profiling	O
data	O
for	O
many	O
languages/runtimes	O
to	O
a	O
Graphviz	B-Language
callgraph	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Python	B-Language
module	O
for	O
rendering	O
runtime-generated	O
call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
with	O
Graphviz	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
LDRA	O
Testbed	O
Static	O
and	O
dynamic	O
analysis	O
engines	O
for	O
both	O
host	O
and	O
embedded	O
software	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
myriad	O
of	O
reports	O
including	O
call	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphviz	B-Language
Turns	O
a	O
text	O
representation	O
of	O
any	O
graph	O
(	O
including	O
a	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
)	O
into	O
a	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
tsort	B-Device
Command-line	O
utility	O
that	O
performs	O
a	O
topological	O
sort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sample	O
call	B-Application
graph	I-Application
generated	O
from	O
gprof	O
analyzing	O
itself	O
:	O
</s>
