<s>
In	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
cable	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
access	I-Device
,	O
shortened	O
to	O
cable	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
broadband	O
Internet	O
access	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
infrastructure	O
as	O
a	O
cable	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
digital	O
subscriber	O
line	O
and	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
premises	I-Architecture
services	O
,	O
cable	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
access	I-Device
provides	O
network	O
edge	O
connectivity	O
(	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
access	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
service	O
provider	O
to	O
an	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
both	O
have	O
seen	O
increased	O
competition	O
from	O
fiber	B-Application
deployments	I-Application
,	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadband	B-Device
cable	I-Device
Internet	O
access	O
requires	O
a	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
at	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
premises	O
and	O
a	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
termination	I-Device
system	I-Device
(	O
CMTS	O
)	O
at	O
a	O
cable	O
operator	O
facility	O
,	O
typically	O
a	O
cable	O
television	O
headend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
are	O
connected	O
via	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
to	O
a	O
hybrid	B-Architecture
fibre-coaxial	I-Architecture
(	O
HFC	O
)	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
access	O
networks	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
last-mile	B-Protocol
technologies	O
,	O
cable	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
systems	O
can	O
typically	O
operate	O
where	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
the	O
modem	O
and	O
the	O
termination	O
system	O
is	O
up	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
HFC	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
is	O
large	O
,	O
the	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
termination	I-Device
system	I-Device
can	O
be	O
grouped	O
into	O
hubs	O
for	O
efficient	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
standards	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
cable	B-Device
internet	I-Device
,	O
but	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
is	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
at	O
the	O
customer	O
,	O
is	O
connected	O
via	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
to	O
an	O
optical	O
node	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
into	O
an	O
HFC	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
optical	O
node	O
converts	O
the	O
Radiofrequency	O
(	O
RF	O
)	O
signal	O
in	O
the	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
trunk	O
into	O
light	O
pulses	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
through	O
optical	O
fibers	O
in	O
the	O
HFC	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
an	O
optics	O
platform	O
or	O
headend	O
platform	O
converts	O
the	O
light	O
pulses	O
into	O
RF	O
signals	O
in	O
coaxial	O
cables	O
again	O
using	O
transmitter	O
and	O
receiver	O
modules	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
termination	I-Device
system	I-Device
(	O
CMTS	O
)	O
connects	O
to	O
these	O
coaxial	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
downstream	O
channel	O
can	O
handle	O
hundreds	O
of	O
cable	B-Device
modems	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Data	B-Protocol
Over	I-Protocol
Cable	I-Protocol
Service	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
Specification	I-Protocol
(	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
)	O
cable	B-Device
modems	I-Device
restrict	O
upload	O
and	O
download	O
rates	O
,	O
with	O
customizable	O
limits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
limits	O
are	O
set	O
in	O
configuration	O
files	O
which	O
are	O
downloaded	O
to	O
the	O
modem	O
using	O
the	O
Trivial	B-Device
File	I-Device
Transfer	I-Device
Protocol	I-Device
,	O
when	O
the	O
modem	O
first	O
establishes	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
provider	O
's	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
users	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
override	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
cap	O
and	O
gain	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
full	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
by	O
uploading	O
their	O
own	O
configuration	O
file	O
to	O
the	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
-	O
a	O
process	O
called	O
uncapping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
residential	O
broadband	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cable	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
DSL	O
,	O
satellite	O
internet	O
,	O
or	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
users	O
share	O
the	O
available	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
technologies	O
share	O
only	O
their	O
core	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
some	O
including	O
cable	B-Device
internet	I-Device
and	O
passive	B-Architecture
optical	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
(	O
PON	O
)	O
also	O
share	O
the	O
access	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
arrangement	O
allows	O
the	O
network	O
operator	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
multiplexing	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
sharing	O
technique	O
which	O
is	O
employed	O
to	O
distribute	O
bandwidth	O
fairly	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
adequate	O
level	O
of	O
service	O
at	O
an	O
acceptable	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
