<s>
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
Czech	O
interest	O
association	O
of	O
legal	O
persons	O
established	O
by	O
leading	O
Internet	O
service	O
providers	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
activity	O
of	O
the	O
association	O
is	O
administration	O
of	O
domain	O
names	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
and	O
0.2.4.e164.arpa	O
(	O
ENUM	B-Language
)	O
,	O
administration	O
of	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
top-level	O
domains	O
and	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
domain	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
the	O
employees	O
of	O
the	O
association	O
are	O
intensively	O
working	O
on	O
expanding	O
the	O
DNSSEC	B-Protocol
technology	O
,	O
developing	O
the	O
domain	O
administration	O
system	O
and	O
mojeID	O
service	O
and	O
promoting	O
new	O
technologies	O
and	O
projects	O
beneficial	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
the	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authorized	O
by	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
the	O
Interior	O
,	O
the	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
association	O
coordinates	O
the	O
national	O
security	O
team	O
CSIRT.CZ	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
participating	O
in	O
resolving	O
incidents	O
related	O
to	O
cyber	O
security	O
in	O
networks	O
operated	O
in	O
the	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
since	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
association	O
operates	O
a	O
specialized	O
learning	O
center	O
called	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
Academy	O
and	O
founded	O
its	O
own	O
research	O
organization	O
,	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
,	O
to	O
solve	O
problems	O
related	O
to	O
Internet	O
security	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
original	O
tools	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
EURid	O
,	O
the	O
organization	O
administering	O
the	O
European	O
.eu	O
domain	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
of	O
other	O
international	O
companies	O
with	O
similar	O
specialization	O
(	O
CENTR	O
,	O
ccNSO	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2008	O
,	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
started	O
trial	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
DNSSEC	B-Protocol
security	O
technology	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
definitely	O
launched	O
in	O
the	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
domain	O
area	O
in	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
present	O
,	O
the	O
Czech	O
national	O
domain	O
with	O
35%	O
of	O
its	O
domains	O
being	O
secured	O
is	O
among	O
the	O
gTLDs	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
use	O
of	O
DNSSEC	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
association	O
pays	O
attention	O
to	O
IDN	B-Language
,	O
the	O
system	O
of	O
domain	O
names	O
with	O
diacritics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
connection	O
with	O
this	O
,	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
operates	O
the	O
project	O
“”	O
(	O
“	O
Acutescarons	O
”	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
Internet	O
users	O
can	O
test	O
whether	O
their	O
browsers	O
and	O
systems	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
internationalized	B-Language
domains	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
FRED	O
(	O
Free	O
Registry	O
for	O
ENUM	B-Language
and	O
Domain	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
registration	O
system	O
for	O
domain	O
administration	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
employees	O
of	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
as	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
implemented	O
in	O
2006	O
for	O
the	O
Czech	O
ENUM	B-Language
domain	O
administration	O
;	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
FRED	O
started	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	O
source	O
routing	O
daemon	O
BIRD	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Faculty	O
of	O
Mathematics	O
and	O
Physics	O
,	O
Charles	O
University	O
,	O
Prague	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
school	O
project	O
of	O
three	O
students	O
(	O
including	O
Ondřej	O
Filip	O
,	O
the	O
current	O
CEO	O
of	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Important	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
came	O
about	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
when	O
BIRD	B-Protocol
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
object	O
of	O
activities	O
of	O
the	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
Laboratories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
representatives	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
routing	O
node	O
honored	O
BIRD	B-Protocol
with	O
LINX	O
Award	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
highest	O
degree	O
of	O
verification	O
is	O
called	O
validation	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
authentication	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
visit	O
to	O
a	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
office	O
,	O
a	O
valid	O
electronic	O
signature	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
officially	O
certified	O
written	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
domain	O
zone	O
,	O
mojeID	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
e-shops	O
,	O
news	O
sites	O
and	O
even	O
some	O
municipalities	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
authentication	O
system	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
during	O
quick	O
surveys	O
or	O
polls	O
among	O
residents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knot	B-Protocol
DNS	I-Protocol
is	O
a	O
powerful	O
authoritative	O
DNS	O
server	O
supporting	O
all	O
major	O
DNS	O
protocol	O
functions	O
including	O
zone	O
transfers	O
,	O
dynamic	O
updates	O
and	O
DNSSEC	B-Protocol
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knot	B-Protocol
DNS	I-Protocol
was	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
Czech	O
and	O
international	O
public	O
in	O
November	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
released	O
its	O
first	O
final	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
agreement	O
between	O
the	O
Czech	O
Ministry	O
of	O
the	O
Interior	O
and	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
,	O
from	O
January	O
2011	O
the	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
domain	O
administrator	O
coordinates	O
the	O
national	O
security	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
Academy	O
operates	O
two	O
training	O
centers	O
-	O
in	O
Prague	O
and	O
Brno	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
Laboratories	O
is	O
a	O
development	O
and	O
research	O
institute	O
of	O
the	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
association	O
that	O
is	O
engaged	O
in	O
research	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
Internet	O
protocols	O
,	O
network	O
operation	O
analysis	O
,	O
passive	O
and	O
active	O
monitoring	O
and	O
design	O
of	O
prototypes	O
for	O
further	O
development	O
within	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
's	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
Czech	O
domain	O
appeared	O
with	O
the	O
disintegration	O
of	O
Czechoslovakia	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
major	O
ISPs	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
NIX.CZ	O
association	O
founded	O
an	O
association	O
of	O
legal	O
persons	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1999	O
,	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
officially	O
took	O
over	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
the	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
period	O
from	O
September	O
1999	O
to	O
2003	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
further	O
modifications	O
and	O
relaxation	O
of	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
domain	B-Protocol
registration	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
,	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
had	O
fulfilled	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
both	O
registry	O
administrator	O
and	O
the	O
registrar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thanks	O
to	O
this	O
transition	O
,	O
other	O
entities	O
could	O
enter	O
the	O
domain	B-Protocol
registration	I-Protocol
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
association	O
decided	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
operate	O
system	O
of	O
registration	O
and	O
domain	O
administration	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
brought	O
an	O
abrupt	O
drop	O
in	O
wholesale	O
prices	O
,	O
simplification	O
of	O
rules	O
for	O
.CZ	B-General_Concept
domain	B-Protocol
registration	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
significant	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
registered	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSDng	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
employees	O
of	O
CZ.NIC	B-Protocol
as	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
