<s>
ContextObjects	B-General_Concept
in	I-General_Concept
Spans	I-General_Concept
(	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
embed	O
bibliographic	O
metadata	O
in	O
the	O
HTML	B-Language
code	I-Language
of	O
web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
bibliographic	B-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
publish	O
machine-readable	O
bibliographic	O
items	O
and	O
client	O
reference	B-Application
management	I-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
retrieve	O
bibliographic	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenURL	O
link	O
server	O
implementation	O
called	O
SFX	B-Application
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Ex	O
Libris	O
Group	O
which	O
marketed	O
it	O
to	O
libraries	O
,	O
shaping	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
link	O
resolver	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2004	O
,	O
Richard	O
Cameron	O
,	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
CiteULike	B-Application
,	O
drew	O
attention	O
to	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
standard	O
way	O
of	O
embedding	O
metadata	O
in	O
HTML	B-Language
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedding	O
OpenURL	O
ContextObjects	O
in	O
HTML	B-Language
had	O
been	O
proposed	O
before	O
by	O
Herbert	O
Van	O
de	O
Sompel	O
and	O
Oren	O
Beit-Arie	O
and	O
a	O
working	O
paper	O
by	O
Chudnov	O
and	O
Jeremy	O
Frumkin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discussion	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
on	O
the	O
GPS-PCS	O
mailing	O
list	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
draft	O
specification	O
for	O
embedding	O
OpenURLs	O
in	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ContextObject	O
is	O
embedded	O
in	O
an	O
HTML	B-Language
span	B-General_Concept
element	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
adoption	O
of	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
was	O
pushed	O
by	O
various	O
publications	O
and	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
was	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
specific	O
guides	O
to	O
implement	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
for	O
journal	O
articles	O
and	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
OpenURL	O
1.0	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
borrows	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
serialization	O
formats	O
(	O
"	O
KEV	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
some	O
ContextObject	O
metadata	O
formats	O
included	O
in	O
OpenURL	O
implementation	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ContextObject	O
implementation	O
guidelines	O
of	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
include	O
four	O
publication	O
types	O
(	O
article	O
with	O
several	O
subtypes	O
,	O
book	O
,	O
patent	O
,	O
and	O
generic	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
couple	O
of	O
simple	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
guidelines	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
part	O
of	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
the	O
standard	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
a	O
strict	O
metadata	O
model	O
like	O
Dublin	O
Core	O
or	O
the	O
Bibliographic	O
Ontology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
websites	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
server-side	B-Application
applications	O
embed	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
refbase	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Client	O
tools	O
which	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
COinS	B-General_Concept
include	O
:	O
</s>
