<s>
CLIMAT	B-Application
is	O
a	O
code	O
for	O
reporting	O
monthly	O
climatological	O
data	O
assembled	O
at	O
land-based	O
meteorological	O
surface	O
observation	O
sites	O
to	O
data	O
centres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIMAT-coded	O
messages	O
contain	O
information	O
on	O
several	O
meteorological	O
variables	O
that	O
are	O
important	O
to	O
monitor	O
characteristics	O
,	O
changes	O
,	O
and	O
variability	O
of	O
climate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modifications	O
of	O
the	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
code	O
are	O
the	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
SHIP	O
and	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
TEMP	O
/	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
TEMP	O
SHIP	O
codes	O
which	O
serve	O
to	O
report	O
monthly	O
climatological	O
data	O
assembled	O
at	O
ocean-based	O
meteorological	O
surface	O
observation	O
sites	O
and	O
at	O
land-/ocean	O
-based	O
meteorological	O
upper-air	O
observation	O
sites	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIMAT-messages	O
contain	O
comprehensive	O
information	O
on	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
climate-relevant	O
meteorological	O
parameters	O
such	O
as	O
monthly	O
mean	O
temperature	O
,	O
mean	O
daily	O
maximum	O
and	O
minimum	O
temperatures	O
of	O
the	O
month	O
,	O
monthly	O
mean	O
pressure	O
,	O
monthly	O
mean	O
vapour	O
pressure	O
,	O
total	O
precipitation	O
for	O
the	O
month	O
and	O
total	O
sunshine	O
for	O
the	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
on	O
so-called	O
normal	O
values	O
of	O
these	O
parameters	O
,	O
usually	O
averaged	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
30	O
years	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
month	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
transmitted	O
with	O
CLIMAT-messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIMAT	B-Application
SHIP	O
messages	O
contain	O
information	O
on	O
fewer	O
variables	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
total	O
sunshine	O
for	O
the	O
month	O
and	O
extreme	O
values	O
are	O
not	O
included	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIMAT	B-Application
TEMP	O
(	O
SHIP	O
)	O
-messages	O
contain	O
information	O
on	O
monthly	O
mean	O
temperature	O
,	O
monthly	O
mean	O
geopotential	O
,	O
monthly	O
mean	O
dew-point	O
depression	O
and	O
wind	O
characteristics	O
at	O
specific	O
pressure	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
code	O
has	O
a	O
fixed	O
but	O
logic	O
syntax	O
that	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
followed	O
strictly	O
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
computing	O
device	O
that	O
processes	O
the	O
code	O
to	O
assign	O
the	O
contained	O
information	O
correctly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CLIMAT-coded	O
message	O
can	O
contain	O
information	O
from	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
synoptic	O
stations	O
and	O
the	O
CLIMAT-coded	O
material	O
for	O
each	O
station	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
“	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
report	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
report	O
is	O
basically	O
structured	O
into	O
five	O
so-called	O
sections	O
(	O
sections	O
0	O
to	O
4	O
)	O
which	O
contain	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
message	O
is	O
transmitted	O
via	O
the	O
Global	O
Telecommunication	O
System	O
,	O
the	O
message	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
“	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
bulletin	O
”	O
,	O
as	O
some	O
extra	O
coding	O
may	O
be	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
WMO-led	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
digital	O
BUFR	B-Application
and	O
CREX	O
coding	O
formats	O
and	O
their	O
implementation	O
to	O
meteorological	O
reporting	O
,	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
coding	O
will	O
continually	O
be	O
transformed	O
in	O
these	O
new	O
formats	O
or	O
even	O
be	O
replaced	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notwithstanding	O
,	O
CLIMAT-based	O
reporting	O
will	O
still	O
play	O
an	O
essential	O
role	O
in	O
obtaining	O
climate	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
upcoming	O
decades	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
national	O
meteorological	O
services	O
will	O
not	O
change	O
to	O
the	O
BUFR	B-Application
format	O
rapidly	O
and	O
climate	O
relevant	O
variables	O
should	O
be	O
monitored	O
uninterruptedly	O
to	O
obtain	O
useful	O
records	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
SHIP	O
code	O
is	O
only	O
very	O
seldom	O
used	O
since	O
different	O
,	O
more	O
specific	O
codes	O
for	O
reporting	O
data	O
from	O
fixed	O
ocean	O
locations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
buoys	O
,	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
monthly	O
climatological	O
upper-air	O
data	O
included	O
in	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
TEMP	O
(	O
SHIP	O
)	O
can	O
basically	O
also	O
be	O
derived	O
from	O
daily	O
reports	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
improvements	O
in	O
collection	O
and	O
exchange	O
of	O
the	O
daily	O
TEMP	O
messages	O
and	O
improved	O
real-time	O
quality	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
discontinuing	O
these	O
messages	O
is	O
currently	O
discussed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
of	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
reports	O
are	O
broadly	O
used	O
in	O
meteorological	O
and	O
climatological	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
time-series	O
,	O
climate	O
monitoring	O
and	O
climate	O
modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasing	O
quality	O
and	O
quantity	O
of	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
reports	O
sent	O
from	O
meteorological	O
observation	O
sites	O
ameliorates	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
these	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Climate	O
monitoring	O
products	O
generated	O
from	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
messages	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
WMO	O
and	O
the	O
Global	O
Climate	O
Observing	O
System	O
(	O
GCOS	O
)	O
disseminate	O
information	O
on	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
reporting	O
via	O
handbooks/guides	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Manual	O
on	O
Codes	O
(	O
WMO	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
simplifying	O
the	O
forming	O
of	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
reports	O
,	O
the	O
WMO	O
World	O
Climate	O
Programme	O
and	O
GCOS	O
have	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
software	O
called	O
“	O
CLIREP	O
”	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
user	O
interface	O
where	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
inserted	O
and	O
are	O
processed	O
automatically	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
correct	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
compilation	O
of	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
coded	O
messages	O
a	O
simple	O
text-editor	O
is	O
sufficient	O
as	O
messages	O
can	O
be	O
sent	O
as	O
“	O
.txt	O
”	O
-files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
send	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
messages	O
via	O
email	O
to	O
the	O
GCOS	O
Surface	O
Network	O
(	O
GSN	O
)	O
monitoring	O
centres	O
that	O
monitor	O
and	O
supervise	O
the	O
worldwide	O
CLIMAT	B-Application
reporting	O
.	O
</s>
