<s>
Connectionist	B-Architecture
Learning	I-Architecture
with	I-Architecture
Adaptive	I-Architecture
Rule	I-Architecture
Induction	I-Architecture
On-line	I-Architecture
(	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
computational	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
that	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
many	O
domains	O
and	O
tasks	O
in	O
cognitive	O
psychology	O
and	O
social	O
psychology	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
implementing	O
intelligent	O
systems	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
important	O
feature	O
of	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
is	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
processes	O
and	O
focusing	O
on	O
capturing	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
these	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLARION	B-Architecture
is	O
an	O
integrative	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
explain	O
and	O
simulate	O
cognitive-psychological	O
phenomena	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
potentially	O
lead	O
to	O
an	O
unified	O
explanation	O
of	O
psychological	O
phenomena	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
layers	O
to	O
the	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
theory	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
layer	O
is	O
the	O
core	O
theory	O
of	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
theories	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
distinct	O
subsystems	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
essential	O
structures	O
of	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
a	O
dual	O
representational	O
structure	O
in	O
each	O
subsystem	O
(	O
implicit	O
versus	O
explicit	O
representations	O
;	O
Sun	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2005	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distinction	O
between	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
processes	O
is	O
fundamental	O
to	O
the	O
Clarion	B-Architecture
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clarion	B-Architecture
captures	O
the	O
implicit-explicit	O
distinction	O
independently	O
from	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
procedural	O
memory	O
and	O
declarative	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
capture	O
the	O
implicit-explicit	O
distinction	O
,	O
Clarion	B-Architecture
postulates	O
two	O
parallel	O
and	O
interacting	O
representational	O
systems	O
capturing	O
implicit	O
an	O
explicit	O
knowledge	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
top	O
level	O
,	O
information	O
processing	O
involves	O
passing	O
activations	O
among	O
chunk	O
nodes	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
rules	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
bottom	O
level	O
,	O
information	O
processing	O
involves	O
propagating	O
(	O
micro	O
)	O
feature	O
activations	O
through	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
links	O
are	O
established	O
by	O
Clarion	B-Architecture
chunks	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
chunk	O
node	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
(	O
micro	O
)	O
feature	O
nodes	O
,	O
and	O
links	O
between	O
the	O
chunk	O
node	O
and	O
the	O
(	O
micro	O
)	O
feature	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Clarion	B-Architecture
theory	O
can	O
account	O
for	O
various	O
phenomena	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
speed-up	O
effects	O
in	O
learning	O
,	O
verbalization-related	O
performance	O
gains	O
,	O
performance	O
gains	O
in	O
transfer	O
tasks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
perform	O
similarity-based	O
reasoning	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
synergistic	O
interaction	O
between	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
one	O
Clarion-based	O
modeling	O
study	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
that	O
an	O
anxiety-driven	O
imbalance	O
in	O
the	O
relative	O
contributions	O
of	O
implicit	O
versus	O
explicit	O
processes	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
mechanism	O
responsible	O
for	O
performance	O
degradation	O
under	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Clarion	B-Architecture
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
consists	O
of	O
four	O
subsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implicit	O
layer	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
called	O
Action	O
Neural	B-Architecture
Networks	I-Architecture
,	O
while	O
the	O
explicit	O
layer	O
is	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
action	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implicit	O
layer	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
Associative	O
Neural	B-Architecture
Networks	I-Architecture
,	O
while	O
the	O
bottom	O
layer	O
is	O
associative	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motivational	O
system	O
in	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
is	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
drives	O
on	O
the	O
bottom	O
level	O
,	O
and	O
each	O
drive	O
can	O
have	O
varying	O
strengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
framework	O
views	O
that	O
human	O
motivational	O
processes	O
are	O
highly	O
complex	O
and	O
ca	O
n't	O
be	O
represented	O
through	O
just	O
explicit	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bottom-up	O
learning	O
(	O
Sun	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2001	O
)	O
is	O
represented	O
through	O
a	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
propagating	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
explicit	O
layer	O
through	O
the	O
Rule-Extraction-Refinement	O
algorithm	O
(	O
RER	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
top-down	O
learning	O
can	O
be	O
represented	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
compare	O
with	O
a	O
few	O
other	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
(	O
Sun	O
,	O
2016	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ACT-R	B-Language
employs	O
a	O
division	O
between	O
procedural	O
and	O
declarative	O
memory	O
that	O
is	O
somewhat	O
similar	O
to	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
’s	O
distinction	O
between	O
the	O
Action-Centered	O
Subsystem	O
and	O
the	O
Non-Action-Centered	O
Subsystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
ACT-R	B-Language
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
clear-cut	O
(	O
process-based	O
or	O
representation-based	O
)	O
distinction	O
between	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
processes	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
fundamental	O
assumption	O
in	O
the	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soar	B-Architecture
does	O
not	O
include	O
a	O
clear	O
representation-based	O
or	O
process-based	O
difference	O
between	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
cognition	O
,	O
or	O
between	O
procedural	O
and	O
declarative	O
memory	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ideas	O
of	O
problem	O
spaces	O
,	O
states	O
,	O
and	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPIC	O
adopts	O
a	O
production	O
system	O
similar	O
to	O
ACT-R	B-Language
’	O
s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
dichotomy	O
of	O
implicit	O
and	O
explicit	O
processes	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
essential	O
in	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLARION	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
psychological	O
data	O
(	O
Sun	O
,	O
2002	O
,	O
2016	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
serial	O
reaction	O
time	O
task	O
,	O
the	O
artificial	O
grammar	O
learning	O
task	O
,	O
the	O
process	O
control	O
task	O
,	O
a	O
categorical	O
inference	O
task	O
,	O
an	O
alphabetical	O
arithmetic	O
task	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Tower	O
of	O
Hanoi	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
applications	O
of	O
the	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
include	O
simulation	O
of	O
creativity	O
(	O
Helie	O
and	O
Sun	O
,	O
2010	O
)	O
and	O
addressing	O
the	O
computational	O
basis	O
of	O
consciousness	O
(	O
or	O
artificial	O
consciousness	O
)	O
(	O
Coward	O
and	O
Sun	O
,	O
2004	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
