<s>
A	O
button	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
watch	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
coin	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
small	O
single-cell	O
battery	O
shaped	O
as	O
a	O
squat	O
cylinder	O
typically	O
in	O
diameter	O
and	O
high	O
—	O
resembling	O
a	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
to	O
power	O
small	O
portable	O
electronics	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
wrist	O
watches	O
and	O
pocket	O
calculators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wider	O
variants	O
are	O
usually	O
called	O
coin	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
using	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
usually	O
designed	O
around	O
a	O
cell	O
giving	O
a	O
long	O
service	O
life	O
,	O
typically	O
well	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
in	O
continuous	O
use	O
in	O
a	O
wristwatch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
have	O
low	O
self-discharge	O
,	O
holding	O
their	O
charge	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
if	O
not	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Relatively	O
high-power	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
hearing	O
aids	O
may	O
use	O
a	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
air	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
much	O
higher	O
capacity	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
size	O
,	O
but	O
dries	O
out	O
after	O
a	O
few	O
weeks	O
even	O
if	O
not	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
single	O
cells	O
,	O
usually	O
disposable	O
primary	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
anode	O
materials	O
are	O
zinc	B-Application
or	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
cathode	O
materials	O
are	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
,	O
silver	B-Device
oxide	O
,	O
carbon	O
monofluoride	O
,	O
cupric	O
oxide	O
or	O
oxygen	O
from	O
the	O
air	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mercuric	B-Algorithm
oxide	I-Algorithm
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
were	O
formerly	O
common	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
available	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
toxicity	O
and	O
environmental	O
effects	O
of	O
mercury	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
dangerous	O
for	O
small	O
children	O
,	O
as	O
when	O
swallowed	O
they	O
can	O
cause	O
severe	O
internal	O
burns	O
and	O
significant	O
injury	O
or	O
death	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
wrong	O
cell	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
short	O
life	O
or	O
improper	O
operation	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
light	O
metering	O
on	O
a	O
camera	O
requires	O
a	O
stable	O
voltage	O
,	O
thus	O
silver	B-Device
cells	I-Device
are	O
usually	O
specified	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alkaline	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
button	O
sizes	O
as	O
the	O
other	O
types	O
,	O
but	O
typically	O
provide	O
less	O
capacity	O
and	O
less	O
stable	O
voltage	O
than	O
more	O
costly	O
silver	B-Device
oxide	O
or	O
lithium	B-Language
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silver	B-Device
cells	I-Device
may	O
have	O
an	O
output	O
voltage	O
that	O
is	O
stable	O
until	O
it	O
suddenly	O
drops	O
at	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
varies	O
for	O
individual	O
types	O
;	O
one	O
manufacturer	O
(	O
Energizer	O
)	O
offers	O
three	O
silver	B-Device
oxide	O
cells	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
,	O
357	O
–	O
303	O
,	O
357-303H	O
and	O
EPX76	O
,	O
with	O
capacities	O
ranging	O
from	O
150	O
to	O
200mAh	O
,	O
voltage	O
characteristics	O
ranging	O
from	O
gradually	O
reducing	O
to	O
fairly	O
constant	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
stated	O
to	O
be	O
for	O
continuous	O
low	O
drain	O
with	O
high	O
pulse	O
on	O
demand	O
,	O
others	O
for	O
photo	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mercury	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
also	O
supply	O
a	O
stable	O
voltage	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
now	O
banned	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
toxicity	O
and	O
environmental	O
impact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc-air	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
use	O
air	O
as	O
the	O
depolarizer	B-Algorithm
and	O
have	O
much	O
higher	O
capacity	O
than	O
other	O
types	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
take	O
that	O
air	O
from	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examining	O
datasheets	O
for	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
range	O
may	O
show	O
a	O
high-capacity	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
lower-capacity	O
silver	B-Device
types	O
;	O
or	O
a	O
particular	O
silver	B-Device
cell	O
with	O
twice	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
powered	O
equipment	O
requires	O
a	O
relatively	O
high	O
voltage	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
1.3V	O
)	O
to	O
operate	O
correctly	O
,	O
a	O
silver	B-Device
cell	O
with	O
a	O
flat	O
discharge	O
characteristic	O
will	O
give	O
much	O
longer	O
service	O
than	O
an	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
—	O
even	O
if	O
it	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
specified	O
capacity	O
in	O
mAh	O
to	O
an	O
end-point	O
of	O
0.9V	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
,	O
silver	B-Device
oxide	O
,	O
and	O
mercury	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
may	O
be	O
mechanically	O
interchangeable	O
in	O
any	O
given	O
device	O
,	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
cell	O
of	O
the	O
right	O
voltage	O
but	O
unsuitable	O
characteristics	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
short	O
battery	O
life	O
or	O
failure	O
to	O
operate	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
lithium	B-Language
primary	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
a	O
terminal	O
voltage	O
around	O
3	O
volts	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
made	O
in	O
sizes	O
interchangeable	O
with	O
1.5	O
volt	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
standard	O
IEC	B-Algorithm
60086-3	I-Algorithm
defines	O
an	O
alphanumeric	O
coding	O
system	O
for	O
"	O
Watch	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
often	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
naming	O
system	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
cell	O
called	O
LR1154	O
by	O
the	O
IEC	O
standard	O
is	O
named	O
AG13	B-Algorithm
,	O
LR44	B-Algorithm
,	O
357	O
,	O
A76	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
names	O
by	O
different	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
batteries	O
conforming	O
to	O
the	O
IEC	O
standard	O
are	O
CR2032	B-Algorithm
,	O
SR516	O
,	O
and	O
LR1154	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
letters	O
and	O
numbers	O
indicate	O
the	O
following	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Letter	O
code	O
Common	O
name	O
Positive	O
electrode	O
Electrolyte	O
Negative	O
electrode	O
Nominal	O
voltage	O
(	O
V	O
)	O
End-point	O
voltage	O
(	O
V	O
)	O
L	O
Alkaline	B-Algorithm
Manganese	O
dioxide	O
Alkali	O
Zinc	B-Application
1.5	O
1.0	O
S	O
Silver	B-Device
Silver	B-Device
oxide	O
Alkali	O
Zinc	B-Application
1.55	O
1.2	O
P	O
Zinc-air	B-Algorithm
Oxygen	O
Alkali	O
Zinc	B-Application
1.4	O
1.2	O
C	O
Lithium	B-Language
Manganese	O
dioxide	O
Organic	O
Lithium	B-Language
3	O
2.0	O
B	O
Carbon	O
monofluoride	O
Organic	O
Lithium	B-Language
3	O
2.0	O
G	O
Copper	O
oxide	O
Organic	O
Lithium	B-Language
1.5	O
1.2	O
Z	O
Nickel	B-Algorithm
oxyhydroxide	I-Algorithm
Manganese	O
dioxide	O
,	O
nickel	B-Algorithm
oxyhydroxide	I-Algorithm
Alkali	O
Zinc	B-Application
1.5	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
names	O
are	O
conventional	O
rather	O
than	O
uniquely	O
descriptive	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
silver	B-Device
(	O
oxide	O
)	O
cell	O
has	O
an	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
L	O
,	O
S	O
,	O
and	O
C	O
type	O
cells	O
are	O
today	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
types	O
in	O
quartz	O
watches	O
,	O
calculators	B-Application
,	O
small	O
PDA	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
computer	O
clocks	O
,	O
and	O
blinky	O
lights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miniature	O
zinc-air	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
–	O
P	O
type	O
–	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
hearing	O
aids	O
and	O
medical	O
instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
IEC	O
system	O
,	O
larger	O
cells	O
may	O
have	O
no	O
prefix	O
for	O
the	O
chemical	O
system	O
,	O
indicating	O
they	O
are	O
zinc-carbon	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
;	O
such	O
types	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
in	O
button	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
only	O
describes	O
primary	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
types	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
case	O
size	O
will	O
carry	O
a	O
different	O
prefix	O
not	O
given	O
in	O
the	O
IEC	O
standard	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
some	O
ML	O
and	O
LiR	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
use	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
lithium	B-Language
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	O
size	O
of	O
button	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
using	O
standard	O
names	O
is	O
indicated	O
by	O
a	O
2-digit	O
code	O
representing	O
a	O
standard	O
case	O
size	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
3	O
-	O
or	O
4-digit	O
code	O
representing	O
the	O
cell	O
diameter	O
and	O
height	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LR1154/SR1154	O
:	O
alkaline/silver	O
,	O
11.6mm	O
diameter	O
,	O
5.4mm	O
height	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
coin	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
,	O
particularly	O
lithium	B-Language
,	O
are	O
made	O
with	O
solder	O
tabs	O
for	O
permanent	O
installation	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
to	O
power	O
memory	O
for	O
configuration	O
information	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
plug-in	O
and	O
a	O
solder-in	O
CR2032	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
plug-in	O
and	O
three	O
solder-in	O
BR2330s	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
CR2330s	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
rechargeables	B-Architecture
in	O
2032	O
,	O
2330	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W	O
:	O
high	O
drain	O
type	O
for	O
all	O
quartz	O
watches	O
,	O
calculators	B-Application
and	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
complies	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
international	O
IEC	B-Algorithm
60086-3	I-Algorithm
standard	O
for	O
watch	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
those	O
familiar	O
with	O
the	O
chemical	O
symbol	O
for	O
silver	B-Device
,	O
Ag	O
,	O
this	O
may	O
suggest	O
incorrectly	O
that	O
AG	O
cells	O
are	O
silver	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
disposable	O
(	O
single	O
use	O
)	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
,	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
in	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
sizes	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
with	O
lower	O
capacity	O
than	O
disposable	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disposable	O
and	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
are	O
manufactured	O
to	O
fit	O
into	O
a	O
holder	O
or	O
with	O
solder	O
tags	O
for	O
permanent	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
equipment	O
with	O
a	O
battery	O
holder	O
,	O
disposable	O
or	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
may	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
voltage	O
is	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
use	O
for	O
a	O
small	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
(	O
in	O
coin	O
or	O
other	O
format	O
)	O
is	O
to	O
back	O
up	O
the	O
settings	O
of	O
equipment	O
which	O
is	O
normally	O
permanently	O
mains-powered	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
power	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
central	O
heating	O
controllers	O
store	O
operation	O
times	O
and	O
similar	O
information	O
in	O
volatile	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
lost	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
power	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usual	O
for	O
such	O
systems	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
backup	O
battery	O
,	O
either	O
a	O
disposable	O
in	O
a	O
holder	O
(	O
current	O
drain	O
is	O
extremely	O
low	O
and	O
life	O
is	O
long	O
)	O
or	O
a	O
soldered-in	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
NiCd	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
were	O
often	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
backup	O
battery	O
of	O
older	O
computers	O
;	O
non-rechargeable	O
lithium	B-Language
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
lifetime	O
of	O
several	O
years	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
later	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
typically	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
dimension-based	O
numeric	O
code	O
with	O
different	O
letters	O
;	O
thus	O
CR2032	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
disposable	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
while	O
ML2032	O
,	O
VL2032	O
and	O
LIR2032	O
are	O
rechargeables	B-Architecture
that	O
fit	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
holder	O
if	O
not	O
fitted	O
with	O
solder	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
mechanically	O
possible	O
,	O
though	O
hazardous	O
,	O
to	O
fit	O
a	O
disposable	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
holder	O
intended	O
for	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
;	O
holders	O
are	O
fitted	O
in	O
parts	O
of	O
equipment	O
only	O
accessible	O
by	O
service	O
personnel	O
in	O
such	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
attractive	O
to	O
small	O
children	O
;	O
they	O
may	O
put	O
them	O
in	O
their	O
mouth	O
and	O
swallow	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swallowed	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
can	O
damage	O
the	O
vocal	O
cords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
44	O
child	O
deaths	O
were	O
reported	O
from	O
button	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
ingestion	O
in	O
2002	O
–	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
on	O
average	O
over	O
3,000	O
pediatric	O
button	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
ingestions	O
are	O
reported	O
each	O
year	O
with	O
a	O
trend	O
toward	O
major	O
and	O
fatal	O
outcomes	O
increasing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coin	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
of	O
diameter	O
20mm	O
or	O
greater	O
cause	O
the	O
most	O
serious	O
injuries	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
expended	O
and	O
intact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Duracell	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
coating	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
lithium	B-Language
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
bitterant	O
compound	O
to	O
discourage	O
children	O
from	O
ingesting	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
solution	O
is	O
to	O
design	O
(	O
or	O
litigate	O
)	O
the	O
offending	O
cells	O
,	O
mostly	O
20mm	O
lithium	B-Language
cells	O
,	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Children	O
most	O
at	O
risk	O
of	O
button	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
ingestion	O
are	O
those	O
aged	O
5	O
years	O
and	O
under	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
child	O
deaths	O
in	O
Australia	O
reveal	O
that	O
in	O
each	O
case	O
:	O
i	O
)	O
the	O
ingestion	O
was	O
not	O
witnessed	O
,	O
ii	O
)	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
remains	O
unknown	O
,	O
iii	O
)	O
initial	O
misdiagnosis	O
delayed	O
appropriate	O
intervention	O
,	O
iv	O
)	O
diagnosis	O
was	O
confirmed	O
by	O
X-ray	O
,	O
v	O
)	O
in	O
each	O
case	O
the	O
battery	O
lodged	O
in	O
the	O
child	O
's	O
oesophagus	O
,	O
vi	O
)	O
the	O
offending	O
batteries	O
were	O
20mm	O
lithium	B-Language
cells	O
,	O
vii	O
)	O
death	O
occurred	O
19	O
days	O
to	O
3	O
weeks	O
after	O
ingestion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
presenting	O
symptoms	O
of	O
button	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
ingestion	O
may	O
be	O
misdiagnosed	O
and	O
attributed	O
to	O
common	O
non	O
life-threatening	O
childhood	O
maladies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
contain	O
mercury	B-Algorithm
or	O
cadmium	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
toxic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2013	O
the	O
European	O
Parliament	O
Environment	O
Committee	O
voted	O
for	O
a	O
ban	O
on	O
the	O
export	O
and	O
import	O
of	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
mercury-containing	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
and	O
other	O
batteries	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
imposed	O
from	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
