<s>
Business	B-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
(	O
BPD	O
)	O
related	O
to	O
business	O
process	O
management	O
and	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
techniques	O
that	O
manually	O
or	O
automatically	O
construct	O
a	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
organisations	O
 '	O
current	O
business	O
processes	O
and	O
their	O
major	O
process	O
variations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
type	O
of	O
data	O
required	O
for	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
called	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
aims	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
as	O
closely	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
model	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
graphical	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
(	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
,	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
,	O
activity	O
diagrams	O
,	O
state	B-Application
diagrams	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
challenging	O
due	O
to	O
such	O
noisy	O
event	O
logs	O
and	O
because	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
contains	O
only	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
process	O
hidden	O
behind	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
-	O
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
first	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
that	O
could	O
adequately	O
deal	O
with	O
concurrency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
as	O
the	O
input	O
,	O
the	O
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
derives	O
various	O
"	O
relations	O
"	O
between	O
the	O
activities	O
occurring	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
relations	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
net	I-Operating_System
that	O
represents	O
the	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
should	O
not	O
be	O
considered	O
as	O
mining	O
technique	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
practice	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
a	O
good	O
introduction	O
to	O
the	O
topic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
provided	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genetic	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
-	O
The	O
α-algorithm	B-Algorithm
and	O
techniques	O
for	O
heuristic	O
and	O
fuzzy	O
mining	O
provide	O
process	O
models	O
in	O
a	O
direct	O
and	O
deterministic	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Region-Based	O
mining	O
-	O
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
,	O
researchers	O
have	O
been	O
looking	O
at	O
the	O
so-called	O
synthesis	O
problem	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
constructing	O
a	O
system	O
model	O
from	O
a	O
description	O
of	O
its	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
State-based	O
regions	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
net	I-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
transition	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
finds	O
"	O
General	O
Excitation	O
Regions	O
"	O
and	O
builds	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
using	O
such	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Language-based	O
regions	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
net	I-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
prefix-closed	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Algorithm
miner	I-Algorithm
-	O
A	O
range	O
of	O
inductive	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
exists	O
for	O
process	O
trees	O
,	O
which	O
ensure	O
soundness	O
from	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
leading	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
approaches	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
flexibility	O
,	O
formal	O
guarantees	O
,	O
and	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Algorithm
Process	I-Algorithm
Discovery	I-Algorithm
complements	O
and	O
builds	O
upon	O
the	O
work	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
are	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
and	O
model	O
extension/enhancement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
prior	O
process	O
model	O
;	O
the	O
model	O
is	O
discovered	O
based	O
on	O
event	O
logs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
aims	O
at	O
finding	O
differences	O
between	O
a	O
given	O
process	O
model	O
and	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
next	O
level	O
of	O
understanding	O
in	O
the	O
emerging	O
field	O
of	O
business	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
allows	O
organizations	O
to	O
view	O
,	O
analyze	O
and	O
adjust	O
the	O
underlying	O
structure	O
and	O
processes	O
that	O
go	O
into	O
day-to-day	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
creates	O
a	O
process	O
master	O
which	O
complements	O
business	O
process	O
analysis	O
(	O
BPA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
provides	O
organizations	O
with	O
reporting	O
and	O
analytics	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
their	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
triage	I-General_Concept
provides	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
categorizing	O
the	O
processes	O
identified	O
by	O
business	O
process	O
analysis	O
(	O
BPA	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
relative	O
importance	O
to	O
achieving	O
a	O
stated	O
,	O
measurable	O
goal	O
or	O
outcome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
small	O
example	O
may	O
illustrate	O
the	O
Business	B-Algorithm
Process	I-Algorithm
Discovery	I-Algorithm
technology	O
that	O
is	O
required	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automated	B-Algorithm
Business	I-Algorithm
Process	I-Algorithm
Discovery	I-Algorithm
tools	O
capture	O
the	O
required	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
transform	O
it	O
into	O
a	O
structured	O
dataset	O
for	O
the	O
actual	O
diagnosis	O
;	O
A	O
major	O
challenge	O
is	O
the	O
grouping	O
of	O
repetitive	O
actions	O
from	O
the	O
users	O
into	O
meaningful	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
these	O
Business	B-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
tools	O
propose	O
probabilistic	O
process	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
BI	O
)	O
emerged	O
more	O
than	O
20	O
years	O
ago	O
and	O
is	O
critical	O
for	O
reporting	O
what	O
is	O
happening	O
within	O
an	O
organization	O
’s	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
current	O
BI	O
applications	O
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
technologies	O
are	O
not	O
always	O
suited	O
for	O
evaluating	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
detail	O
required	O
to	O
analyze	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
the	O
human	O
dynamics	O
of	O
business	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
According	O
to	O
researchers	O
at	O
Eindhoven	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
,	O
(	O
PM	O
)	O
emerged	O
as	O
a	O
scientific	O
discipline	O
around	O
1990	O
when	O
techniques	O
like	O
the	O
Alpha	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
extract	O
process	O
models	O
(	O
typically	O
represented	O
as	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
)	O
from	O
event	O
logs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Criticisms	O
have	O
emerged	O
pointing	O
out	O
that	O
Process	B-Algorithm
Mining	I-Algorithm
is	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
algorithms	O
which	O
solves	O
a	O
specific	O
and	O
simple	O
business	O
problem	O
:	O
business	B-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
and	O
auxiliary	O
evaluation	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
over	O
100	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
discover	O
process	O
models	O
that	O
also	O
include	O
concurrency	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
genetic	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
,	O
heuristic	O
mining	O
algorithms	O
,	O
region-based	O
mining	O
algorithms	O
,	O
and	O
fuzzy	O
mining	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
event	O
logs	O
provide	O
a	O
graphical	O
representation	O
of	O
a	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
process	B-Algorithm
discovery	I-Algorithm
algorithm	O
is	O
generally	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
and	O
statistics	O
of	O
the	O
cases	O
that	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
:	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
provide	O
a	O
higher-level	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
models	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
a	O
compact	O
representation	O
of	O
concurrent	O
behaviour	O
in	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
net	I-Operating_System
is	O
capable	O
of	O
showing	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
transformations	O
between	O
the	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
are	O
capable	O
of	O
describing	O
sequential	O
,	O
parallel	O
,	O
choice	O
,	O
and	O
loop	O
execution	O
between	O
various	O
activities	O
in	O
the	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
notion	O
of	O
token	O
flows	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
graphical	O
process	O
modeling	O
languages	O
(	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
,	O
UML	O
activity	O
diagrams	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BPMN	B-Architecture
:	O
The	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
2.0	I-Architecture
(	O
Business	B-Architecture
Process	I-Architecture
Model	I-Architecture
and	I-Architecture
Notation	I-Architecture
)	O
standard	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
and	O
allows	O
building	O
compact	O
and	O
understandable	O
process	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
flat	O
control-flow	O
perspective	O
,	O
subprocesses	O
,	O
data	O
flows	O
,	O
resources	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
within	O
one	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
diagram	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
very	O
attractive	O
for	O
both	O
process	O
miners	O
and	O
business	O
users	O
since	O
the	O
control	O
flow	O
perspective	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
with	O
data	O
and	O
resource	O
perspectives	O
discovered	O
from	O
event	O
logs	O
.	O
</s>
