<s>
Companies	O
whose	O
business	O
centers	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
employ	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
business	O
models	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
make	O
money	O
providing	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
by	O
definition	O
licensed	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
these	O
business	O
strategies	O
rests	O
on	O
the	O
premise	O
that	O
users	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
technologies	O
are	O
willing	O
to	O
purchase	O
additional	O
software	O
features	O
under	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
,	O
or	O
purchase	O
other	O
services	O
or	O
elements	O
of	O
value	O
that	O
complement	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
is	O
core	O
to	O
the	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
additional	O
value	O
can	O
be	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
,	O
enterprise-grade	O
features	O
and	O
up-time	O
guarantees	O
(	O
often	O
via	O
a	O
service-level	O
agreement	O
)	O
to	O
satisfy	O
business	O
or	O
compliance	O
requirements	O
,	O
performance	O
and	O
efficiency	O
gains	O
by	O
features	O
not	O
yet	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
version	O
,	O
legal	O
protection	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
indemnification	O
from	O
copyright	O
or	O
patent	O
infringement	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
professional	O
support/training/consulting	O
that	O
are	O
typical	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
these	O
business	O
models	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
early	O
2000s	O
as	O
"	O
dual-licensing	B-License
"	O
models	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
and	O
have	O
matured	O
over	O
time	O
to	O
include	O
many	O
variations	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
sections	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pure	O
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
models	O
are	O
not	O
uncommon	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
more	O
nuanced	O
business	O
approach	O
to	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
businesses	O
has	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
variations	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
an	O
"	O
open	O
core	O
"	O
model	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
companies	O
develop	O
both	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
elements	O
and	O
other	O
elements	O
of	O
value	O
for	O
a	O
combined	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
compatible	O
business	O
approaches	O
have	O
gained	O
prominence	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
as	O
illustrated	O
and	O
tracked	O
by	O
the	O
Commercial	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Index	O
(	O
COSSI	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
commercial	O
open	O
source	O
companies	O
that	O
have	O
reached	O
at	O
least	O
US$100	O
million	O
in	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
include	O
open	O
core	O
(	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
or	O
multi-licensing	B-License
)	O
,	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
not	O
charging	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
but	O
for	O
the	O
tooling	O
and	O
platform	O
to	O
consume	O
the	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
often	O
via	O
subscription	O
)	O
,	O
freemium	O
,	O
donation-based	O
funding	O
,	O
crowdfunding	O
,	O
and	O
crowdsourcing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
business	O
models	O
for	O
making	O
profit	O
using	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
OSS	O
)	O
or	O
funding	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
ongoing	O
development	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
are	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
current	O
existing	O
and	O
legal	O
commercial	O
business	O
models	O
approaches	O
in	O
context	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
acceptance	O
of	O
these	O
approaches	O
varies	O
;	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
approaches	O
are	O
recommended	O
(	O
like	O
open	O
core	O
and	O
selling	O
services	O
)	O
,	O
others	O
are	O
accepted	O
,	O
while	O
still	O
others	O
are	O
considered	O
controversial	O
or	O
even	O
unethical	O
by	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
underlying	O
objective	O
of	O
these	O
business	O
models	O
is	O
to	O
harness	O
the	O
size	O
and	O
international	O
scope	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
community	O
(	O
typically	O
more	O
than	O
an	O
order	O
of	O
magnitude	O
larger	O
than	O
what	O
would	O
be	O
achieved	O
with	O
closed-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
equivalents	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
sustainable	O
commercial	O
venture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
commercial	O
open-source	B-Application
companies	O
experience	O
a	O
conversion	O
ratio	O
(	O
as	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
percentage	O
of	O
downloaders	O
who	O
buy	O
something	O
)	O
well	O
below	O
1%	O
,	O
so	O
low-cost	O
and	O
highly-scalable	O
marketing	O
and	O
sales	O
functions	O
are	O
key	O
to	O
these	O
firms	O
 '	O
profitability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
commercialized	O
from	O
selling	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
training	O
,	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
consulting	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
software	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
possibility	O
is	O
offering	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
source	O
code	O
form	O
only	O
,	O
while	O
providing	O
executable	B-Application
binaries	I-Application
to	O
paying	O
customers	O
only	O
,	O
offering	O
the	O
commercial	O
service	O
of	O
compiling	B-Language
and	O
packaging	B-Application
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
providing	O
goods	O
like	O
physical	O
installation	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
DVDs	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
commercial	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
companies	O
using	O
this	O
business	O
model	O
successfully	O
are	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
RedHat	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
SUSE	O
,	O
Hortonworks	B-Application
(	O
for	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
)	O
,	O
Chef	O
,	O
and	O
Percona	O
(	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
database	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
open-source	B-Application
organizations	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Operating_System
Mozilla	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
sell	O
branded	O
merchandise	O
articles	O
like	O
t-shirts	O
and	O
coffee	O
mugs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
also	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
service	O
provided	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Architecture
community	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Selling	O
subscriptions	O
for	O
online	O
accounts	O
and	O
server	O
access	O
to	O
customers	O
is	O
one	O
way	O
of	O
adding	O
value	O
to	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
way	O
is	O
combining	O
desktop	O
software	O
with	O
a	O
service	O
,	O
called	O
software	B-Architecture
plus	I-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
open	O
core	O
companies	O
that	O
use	O
this	O
approach	O
also	O
provide	O
the	O
software	O
in	O
a	O
fashion	O
suitable	O
for	O
on-premises	B-General_Concept
,	O
do-it-yourself	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Providing	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
services	O
or	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
)	O
without	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
not	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
called	O
the	O
server-side	B-Application
use-case	O
without	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
source-code	O
the	O
"	O
ASP	O
loophole	O
in	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
"	O
and	O
encourage	O
therefore	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Affero	O
General	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
which	O
plugged	O
this	O
hole	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
experiments	O
by	O
Independent	O
developers	O
to	O
fund	O
development	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
donation-driven	O
directly	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
with	O
the	O
Illumination	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Creator	I-Application
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2011	O
,	O
SourceForge	B-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
donate	O
to	O
hosted	O
projects	O
that	O
opted	O
to	O
accept	O
donations	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
enabled	O
via	O
PayPal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
the	B-Operating_System
Mozilla	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
carried	O
out	O
a	O
fundraising	O
campaign	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
1.0	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
a	O
Git-based	O
software	O
repository	O
hosting	O
,	O
management	O
and	O
collaboration	O
platform	O
owned	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
launched	O
a	O
Sponsors	O
program	O
that	O
allows	O
people	O
who	O
support	O
certain	O
open	O
source	O
projects	O
hosted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
donate	O
money	O
to	O
developers	O
who	O
contribute	O
and	O
maintain	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
for	O
Crowdsourcing	O
are	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Android	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Pirate	B-Application
Party	I-Application
movement	O
,	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Governments	O
,	O
universities	O
,	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
non-governmental	O
organizations	O
may	O
develop	O
internally	O
or	O
hire	O
a	O
contractor	O
for	O
custom	O
in-house	O
modifications	O
,	O
then	O
release	O
that	O
code	O
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
organizations	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
by	O
grants	O
or	O
stipends	O
,	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Summer	B-Application
of	I-Application
Code	I-Application
initiative	O
founded	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
commercialize	O
FOSS	B-License
(	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
)	O
,	O
many	O
companies	O
(	O
including	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Canonical	O
)	O
have	O
moved	O
towards	O
an	O
economic	O
model	O
of	O
advertising-supported	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
application	I-Application
AdBlock	B-Application
Plus	I-Application
gets	O
paid	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
letting	O
whitelisted	O
Acceptable	B-Application
Ads	I-Application
bypassing	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
ad	O
remover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
another	O
example	O
is	O
SourceForge	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
service	O
provider	O
,	O
has	O
the	O
revenue	O
model	O
of	O
advertising	O
banner	O
sales	O
on	O
their	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
SourceForge	B-Application
reported	O
quarterly	O
takings	O
of	O
$6.5	O
million	O
and	O
$23	O
million	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
software	O
artifact	O
may	O
come	O
together	O
and	O
pool	O
money	O
into	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
bounty	I-Application
for	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
desired	O
feature	O
or	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Bountysource	B-Application
is	O
a	O
web	O
platform	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
offering	O
this	O
funding	O
model	O
for	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
since	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
bounty	B-Application
source	I-Application
is	O
companies	O
or	O
foundations	O
that	O
set	O
up	O
bounty	O
programs	O
for	O
implemented	O
features	O
or	O
bugfixes	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
relevant	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
paying	O
and	O
funding	O
freelance	O
open-source	B-Application
programmers	O
for	O
security	O
bug	O
hunting	O
and	O
fixing	O
since	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
newer	O
funding	O
opportunity	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
is	O
crowdfunding	O
,	O
which	O
shares	O
similarities	O
with	O
the	O
pre-order	O
or	O
Praenumeration	O
business	O
model	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
reverse	O
bounty	O
model	O
,	O
typically	O
organized	O
over	O
web	O
platforms	O
like	O
Kickstarter	O
,	O
Indiegogo	O
,	O
or	O
Bountysource	B-Application
(	O
see	O
also	O
comparison	O
of	O
crowd	O
funding	O
services	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
successfully	O
funded	O
Indiegogo	O
campaign	O
in	O
2013	O
by	O
Australian	O
programmer	O
Timothy	O
Arceri	O
,	O
who	O
offered	O
to	O
implement	O
an	O
OpenGL	B-Application
4.3	O
extension	O
for	O
the	O
Mesa	B-Application
library	I-Application
in	O
two	O
weeks	O
for	O
$	O
2,500	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arceri	O
delivered	O
the	O
OpenGL	B-Application
extension	O
code	O
which	O
was	O
promptly	O
merged	O
upstream	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
he	O
later	O
continued	O
his	O
efforts	O
on	O
Mesa	B-Application
with	O
successive	O
crowdfunding	O
campaigns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
June	O
2013	O
crowdfunding	O
on	O
Kickstarter	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
Cataclysm	B-Application
:	I-Application
Dark	I-Application
Days	I-Application
Ahead	I-Application
which	O
raised	O
the	O
payment	O
of	O
a	O
full-time	O
developer	O
for	O
3.5	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patreon	O
funding	O
has	O
also	O
become	O
an	O
effective	O
option	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
service	O
gives	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
pay	O
out	O
each	O
month	O
to	O
creators	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
whom	O
intend	O
to	O
develop	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
model	O
,	O
the	O
vendor	O
develops	O
software	O
and	O
offers	O
it	O
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
but	O
also	O
under	O
separate	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proprietary	B-Application
version	O
can	O
be	O
licensed	O
to	O
finance	O
the	O
continued	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
free	O
open-source	B-Application
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
may	O
prefer	O
a	O
no-cost	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
edition	O
for	O
testing	O
,	O
evaluation	O
,	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
small	O
scale	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
customer	O
wishes	O
to	O
deploy	O
the	O
software	O
at	O
scale	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
distributed	O
products	O
,	O
the	O
customer	O
then	O
negotiates	O
for	O
a	O
commercial	O
license	O
to	O
an	O
enterprise	O
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
customers	O
will	O
learn	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
a	O
company	O
's	O
portfolio	O
and	O
offerings	O
but	O
generate	O
business	O
in	O
other	O
proprietary	B-Application
products	O
and	O
solutions	O
,	O
including	O
commercial	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
contracts	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
popular	O
example	O
is	O
Oracle	B-Application
's	O
MySQL	B-Application
database	O
which	O
is	O
dual-licensed	B-License
under	O
a	O
commercial	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
and	O
also	O
under	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Sleepycat	B-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flask	B-Language
developer	O
Armin	O
Ronacher	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
AGPLv3	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
terrible	O
success	O
"	O
as	O
"	O
vehicle	O
for	O
dual	O
commercial	O
licensing	O
"	O
and	O
noted	O
that	O
MongoDB	B-Application
,	O
RethinkDB	B-Operating_System
,	O
OpenERP	B-Application
,	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
as	O
WURFL	B-Application
utilizing	O
the	O
license	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-License
license	I-License
products	O
are	O
generally	O
sold	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
community	O
version	O
"	O
and	O
an	O
"	O
enterprise	O
version.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
pure	O
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
model	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
common	O
before	O
2010	O
,	O
these	O
versions	O
are	O
identical	O
but	O
available	O
under	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
licensing	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
may	O
help	O
customers	O
analyze	O
data	O
,	O
or	O
more	O
efficiently	O
deploy	O
the	O
software	O
on	O
their	O
infrastructure	O
or	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
IBM	O
proprietary	B-Application
Linux	B-Application
software	O
,	O
where	O
IBM	O
contributes	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
open-source	B-Application
ecosystem	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
builds	O
and	O
delivers	O
(	O
to	O
IBM	O
's	O
paying	O
customers	O
)	O
database	O
software	O
,	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
other	O
software	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
products	O
built	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
include	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Cloudera	B-General_Concept
's	O
Apache	O
Hadoop-based	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
financing	O
approach	O
is	O
innovated	O
by	O
Moodle	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
community	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
business	O
model	O
revolves	O
around	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
commercial	O
partners	O
who	O
are	O
certified	O
and	O
therefore	O
authorised	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Moodle	B-Application
name	O
and	O
logo	B-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
turn	O
provide	O
a	O
proportion	O
of	O
revenue	O
to	O
the	O
Moodle	B-Application
Trust	O
,	O
which	O
funds	O
core	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
uses	O
only	O
own	O
software	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
a	O
permissive	B-License
free	I-License
software	I-License
licence	I-License
,	O
a	O
company	O
can	O
re-license	O
the	O
resulting	O
software	O
product	O
under	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
and	O
sell	O
the	O
product	O
without	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
or	O
software	B-Application
freedoms	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
is	O
an	O
avid	O
user	O
of	O
this	O
approach	O
by	O
using	O
source	O
code	O
and	O
software	O
from	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
kernel	O
(	O
under	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Device
PCs	O
that	O
were	O
sold	O
as	O
proprietary	B-Application
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
sell	O
proprietary	B-Application
but	O
optional	O
extensions	O
,	O
modules	O
,	O
plugins	B-Application
or	O
add-ons	B-Protocol
to	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
may	O
be	O
intended	O
to	O
let	O
customers	O
get	O
more	O
value	O
out	O
of	O
their	O
data	O
,	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
or	O
platform	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
operate	O
their	O
infrastructure/platform	O
more	O
effectively	O
and	O
efficiently	O
,	O
manage	O
it	O
better	O
,	O
or	O
secure	O
it	O
better	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
IBM	O
proprietary	B-Application
Linux	B-Application
software	O
,	O
where	O
IBM	O
contributes	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
open-source	B-Application
ecosystem	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
builds	O
and	O
delivers	O
(	O
to	O
IBM	O
's	O
paying	O
customers	O
)	O
database	O
software	O
,	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
other	O
software	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
products	O
built	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
include	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Cloudera	B-General_Concept
's	O
Apache	O
Hadoop-based	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
appear	O
to	O
re-invest	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
their	O
financial	O
profits	O
from	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
back	O
into	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
mixing	O
proprietary	B-Application
code	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
licensed	O
code	O
in	O
statically	B-Library
linked	I-Library
libraries	I-Library
or	O
compiling	B-Language
all	O
source	O
code	O
together	O
in	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
might	O
violate	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
,	O
while	O
keeping	O
them	O
separated	O
by	O
interfaces	O
and	O
dynamic-link	O
libraries	O
would	O
adhere	O
to	O
license	O
conform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
approach	O
above	O
is	O
the	O
keeping	O
of	O
required	O
data	O
content	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
's	O
audio	O
,	O
graphic	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
art	O
assets	O
)	O
of	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
proprietary	B-Application
while	O
making	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
source	O
code	O
open-source	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
approach	O
is	O
completely	O
legitimate	O
and	O
compatible	O
with	O
most	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
,	O
customers	O
have	O
to	O
buy	O
the	O
content	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
complete	O
and	O
working	O
software	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
developed	O
software	O
are	O
Kot-in-Action	O
Creative	O
Artel	O
video	O
game	O
Steel	O
Storm	O
,	O
engine	O
GPLv2	O
licensed	O
while	O
the	O
artwork	O
is	O
CC-BY-NC-SA	O
3.0	O
licensed	O
,	O
and	O
Frogatto	B-Application
&	I-Application
Friends	I-Application
with	O
an	O
own	O
developed	O
open-source	B-Application
engine	O
and	O
commercialization	O
via	O
the	O
copyrighted	O
game	O
assets	O
for	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
and	O
MacOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
are	O
Arx	B-Application
Fatalis	I-Application
(	O
by	O
Arkane	O
Studios	O
)	O
and	O
Catacomb	B-Application
3-D	I-Application
(	O
by	O
Flat	O
Rock	O
Software	O
)	O
with	O
source	O
code	O
opened	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
delayed	O
after	O
release	O
,	O
while	O
copyrighted	O
assets	O
and	O
binaries	O
are	O
still	O
sold	O
on	O
gog.com	O
as	O
digital	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
similar	O
product	O
bundling	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
product	O
with	O
hardware	O
which	O
prevents	O
users	O
from	O
running	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
is	O
called	O
tivoization	O
and	O
is	O
legal	O
with	O
most	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
except	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
which	O
explicitly	O
prohibits	O
this	O
use-case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
approach	O
above	O
,	O
mainly	O
use	O
for	O
data-intensive	O
,	O
data-centric	O
software	O
programs	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
keeping	O
of	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
under	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
license	O
,	O
but	O
refraining	O
from	O
providing	O
update	O
scripts	O
from	O
a	O
n	O
to	O
an	O
n+1	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
still	O
deploy	O
and	O
run	O
the	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
any	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
version	O
requires	O
either	O
exporting	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
reinstalling	O
the	O
new	O
version	O
,	O
then	O
reimporting	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
version	O
,	O
or	O
subscribing	O
to	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
update	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
studying	O
the	O
two	O
versions	O
and	O
recreating	O
the	O
scripts	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
also	O
practicing	O
selling	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
programs	O
or	O
add-ons	B-Protocol
but	O
without	O
proprietary	B-Application
licensing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
applications	O
like	O
ardour	O
,	O
radium	O
or	O
fritzing	B-Language
it	O
's	O
completely	O
free	O
software	O
on	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
but	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
fee	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
official	O
binary	O
,	O
often	O
bundled	O
with	O
tech	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
or	O
the	O
privileges	O
of	O
attracting	O
developers	O
 '	O
attention	O
to	O
adding	O
new	O
functionalities	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
approach	O
to	O
allow	O
commercialization	O
under	O
some	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
while	O
still	O
protecting	O
crucial	O
business	O
secrets	O
,	O
intellectual	O
property	O
and	O
technical	O
know-how	O
is	O
obfuscation	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
several	O
cases	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
by	O
Nvidia	O
in	O
their	O
open-source	B-Application
graphic	B-Device
card	I-Device
device	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
practice	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
open-source-friendly	O
propaganda	O
without	O
bearing	O
the	O
inconveniences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
debate	O
in	O
the	O
free-software/open	O
-source	O
community	O
on	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
illegal	O
to	O
skirt	O
copyleft	B-License
software	O
licenses	O
by	O
releasing	O
source	O
code	O
in	O
obfuscated	O
form	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
cases	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
author	O
is	O
less	O
willing	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
is	O
against	O
this	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
since	O
version	O
2	O
has	O
defined	O
"	O
source	O
code	O
"	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
preferred	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
for	O
making	O
modifications	O
to	O
it.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
vendor	O
forks	B-Application
a	O
non-copyleft	B-License
software	O
project	O
then	O
adds	O
closed-source	B-Application
additions	O
to	O
it	O
and	O
sells	O
the	O
resulting	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
fixed	O
time	O
period	O
the	O
patches	O
are	O
released	O
back	O
upstream	B-General_Concept
under	O
the	O
same	O
license	O
as	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
codebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
2016	O
the	O
MariaDB	O
Corporation	O
created	O
for	O
business	O
compatible	O
"	O
delayed	O
open-sourcing	O
"	O
the	O
source-available	B-License
Business	O
source	O
license	O
(	O
BSL	O
)	O
which	O
automatically	O
relicenses	O
after	O
three	O
years	O
to	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
for	O
code	O
audits	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
locked	O
into	O
a	O
closed	B-Application
platform	I-Application
,	O
or	O
suffer	O
from	O
planned	O
obsolescence	O
,	O
while	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
developer	O
a	O
time-limited	O
exclusive	O
commercialization	O
is	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
approach	O
works	O
only	O
with	O
own	O
software	O
or	O
permissive	B-License
licensed	I-License
code	O
parts	O
,	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
copyleft	B-License
FOSS	B-License
license	O
available	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
time	O
delayed	O
opening	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
after	O
distributing	O
or	O
selling	O
of	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extreme	O
variant	O
of	O
"	O
delayed	O
open-sourcing	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
business	O
practice	O
popularized	O
by	O
id	O
Software	O
and	O
3D	O
Realms	O
,	O
which	O
released	O
several	O
software	O
products	O
under	O
a	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
after	O
a	O
long	O
proprietary	B-Application
commercialization	O
time	O
period	O
and	O
the	O
return	O
of	O
investment	O
was	O
achieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
gives	O
the	O
user	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
the	O
chance	O
to	O
continue	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
product	O
themselves	O
as	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
examples	O
from	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
domain	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
list	B-Application
of	I-Application
commercial	I-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
with	I-Application
later	I-Application
released	I-Application
source	I-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
non-game	O
software	O
examples	O
are	O
the	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Communicator	I-Protocol
which	O
was	O
open-sourced	O
in	O
1998	O
and	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
's	O
office	O
suite	O
,	O
StarOffice	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
2000	O
at	O
its	O
commercial	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
releases	O
made	O
foundational	O
contributions	O
to	O
now	O
prominent	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
namely	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
and	O
OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
proprietary	B-Application
off-the-shelf	O
software	O
that	O
come	O
with	O
restrictive	O
licenses	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
distributed	O
freely	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
web	O
and	O
in	O
physical	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
both	O
parties	O
agree	O
,	O
the	O
resulting	O
software	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
publicly	O
released	O
with	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
allow	O
subsequent	O
adoption	O
by	O
other	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
agreement	O
could	O
reduce	O
the	O
costs	O
paid	O
by	O
the	O
clients	O
while	O
the	O
original	O
developers	O
(	O
or	O
independent	O
consultants	O
)	O
can	O
then	O
charge	O
for	O
training	O
,	O
installation	O
,	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
further	O
customization	O
if	O
and	O
when	O
more	O
interested	O
customers	O
would	O
choose	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
after	O
the	O
initial	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
also	O
exist	O
stipends	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Summer	B-Application
of	I-Application
Code	I-Application
and	O
Outreachy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
approach	O
to	O
funding	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
software	O
freely	O
,	O
but	O
sell	O
licenses	O
to	O
proprietary	B-Application
add-ons	B-Protocol
such	O
as	O
data	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
CAD	B-Application
program	I-Application
may	O
require	O
parts	O
libraries	O
which	O
are	O
sold	O
on	O
a	O
subscription	O
or	O
flat-fee	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
also	O
promote	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
specialized	O
hardware	O
that	O
it	O
interoperates	O
with	O
,	O
some	O
example	O
cases	O
being	O
the	O
Asterisk	B-Language
telephony	O
software	O
developed	O
by	O
PC-telephony	O
hardware	O
manufacturer	O
Digium	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
Robot	B-Application
Operating	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
ROS	B-Application
)	O
robotics	O
platform	O
by	O
Willow	O
Garage	O
and	O
Stanford	O
AI	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
have	O
begun	O
as	O
research	O
projects	O
within	O
universities	O
,	O
as	O
personal	O
projects	O
of	O
students	O
or	O
professors	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
tools	O
to	O
aid	O
scientific	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
influence	O
of	O
universities	O
and	O
research	O
institutions	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
shows	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
projects	O
named	O
after	O
their	O
host	O
institutions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
,	O
CMU	B-Language
Common	I-Language
Lisp	I-Language
,	O
or	O
the	O
NCSA	B-Application
HTTPd	I-Application
which	O
evolved	O
into	O
Apache	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
may	O
employ	O
developers	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
that	O
are	O
useful	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
infrastructure	O
:	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
developed	O
not	O
as	O
a	O
product	O
to	O
be	O
sold	O
but	O
as	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
shared	O
public	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
local	O
bug-fix	O
or	O
solution	O
to	O
a	O
software	O
problem	O
,	O
written	O
by	O
a	O
developer	O
either	O
at	O
a	O
company	O
's	O
request	O
or	O
to	O
make	O
his/her	O
own	O
job	O
easier	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
contribution	O
without	O
costing	O
the	O
company	O
anything	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
larger	O
project	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
may	O
have	O
contributors	O
from	O
dozens	O
of	O
companies	O
which	O
use	O
and	O
depend	O
upon	O
it	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hobbyist	O
and	O
research	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
funding	O
approach	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
is	O
crowdfunding	O
,	O
organized	O
over	O
web	O
platforms	O
like	O
Kickstarter	O
,	O
Indiegogo	O
,	O
or	O
Bountysource	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liberapay	O
is	O
a	O
crowdfunding	O
platform	O
,	O
primarily	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
itself	O
open-source	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
sold	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
general	O
commercially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
commercial	B-License
open-source	I-License
applications	I-License
have	O
been	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
software	B-Application
industry	I-Application
for	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
commercialization	O
or	O
funding	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
is	O
possible	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
challenging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
several	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
stipulate	O
that	O
authors	O
of	O
derivative	O
works	O
must	O
distribute	O
them	O
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
(	O
copyleft	B-License
)	O
license	O
,	O
ISVs	O
and	O
VARs	O
have	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
legal	O
and	O
technical	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
foster	O
their	O
commercial	O
goals	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
traditional	O
mechanisms	O
are	O
not	O
directly	O
applicable	O
anymore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
minimizes	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
this	O
tactic	O
;	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
is	O
usually	O
performed	O
in	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
allowing	O
competing	O
projects	O
or	O
clones	B-General_Concept
to	O
incorporate	O
new	O
features	O
or	O
improvements	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
the	O
public	O
code	O
repository	O
is	O
updated	O
,	O
as	O
permitted	O
by	O
most	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
the	O
computer	O
hardware	O
domain	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	O
producer	O
who	O
provides	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open	I-License
software	I-License
drivers	O
reveals	O
the	O
knowledge	O
about	O
hardware	O
implementation	O
details	O
to	O
competitors	O
,	O
who	O
might	O
use	O
this	O
knowledge	O
to	O
catch	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
considerable	O
debate	O
about	O
whether	O
vendors	O
can	O
make	O
a	O
sustainable	O
business	O
from	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
software	B-Application
companies	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
have	O
sponsored	O
or	O
delivered	O
significant	O
open-source	B-Application
code	O
bases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller	O
vendors	O
doing	O
open-source	B-Application
work	O
may	O
be	O
less	O
concerned	O
with	O
immediate	O
revenue	O
growth	O
than	O
developing	O
a	O
large	O
and	O
loyal	O
community	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
a	O
corporate	O
valuation	O
at	O
merger	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
examples	O
,	O
he	O
cites	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
FOSS	B-License
projects	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
free	O
software	O
and	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
commercialize	O
FOSS	B-License
,	O
many	O
companies	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
being	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
,	O
are	O
moving	O
towards	O
an	O
economic	O
model	O
of	O
advertising-supported	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
has	O
recently	O
come	O
under	O
fire	O
for	O
using	O
novel	O
user	O
tracking	O
methods	O
to	O
accomplish	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
App	I-Application
Stores	I-Application
have	O
proven	O
very	O
popular	O
with	O
both	O
users	O
and	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
considers	O
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
App	I-Application
Stores	I-Application
to	O
be	O
incompatible	O
with	O
its	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
complained	O
that	O
Apple	O
was	O
infringing	O
on	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
with	O
its	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
terms	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
change	O
those	O
terms	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
Apple	O
removed	O
the	O
GPL-licensed	O
products	O
from	O
its	O
App	B-Application
Stores	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
of	O
VLC	B-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
GPL-licensed	O
programs	O
at	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
those	O
complaints	O
,	O
recently	O
began	O
the	O
process	O
to	O
switch	O
from	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
to	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
and	O
MPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
runs	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
tools	O
and	O
utilities	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Apache	B-Application
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
and	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
stack	I-Application
for	O
web	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
doing	O
much	O
business	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
some	O
companies	O
like	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
and	O
IBM	O
participated	O
in	O
developing	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
to	O
deter	O
from	O
monopolies	B-Application
and	O
take	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
market	O
share	O
for	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Commercial	B-License
open-source	I-License
applications	I-License
for	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
current	O
commercial	O
open-source	B-Application
offerings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netscape	B-Protocol
's	O
actions	O
were	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
has	O
become	O
more	O
popular	O
,	O
getting	O
market	O
share	O
from	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Language
Agenda	I-Language
is	O
offered	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
requires	O
all	O
extensions	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
back	O
with	O
the	O
world	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
Systems	O
offers	O
Flex	B-Operating_System
for	O
free	O
,	O
while	O
selling	O
the	O
Flash	B-Application
Builder	I-Application
IDE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
offers	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
for	O
free	O
,	O
while	O
selling	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codeweavers	O
sells	O
CrossOver	B-Operating_System
commercially	O
,	O
deriving	O
it	O
from	O
the	O
free	O
Wine	B-Application
project	I-Application
they	O
also	O
back	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canonical	O
Ltd	O
.	O
offers	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
for	O
free	O
,	O
while	O
they	O
sell	O
commercial	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
contracts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudera	B-General_Concept
's	O
Apache	O
Hadoop-based	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Francisco	O
Burzi	O
offers	O
PHP-Nuke	B-Language
for	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
is	O
offered	O
commercially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
proprietary	B-Application
Linux	B-Application
software	O
,	O
where	O
IBM	O
delivers	O
database	O
software	O
,	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
is	O
offered	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
services	O
and	O
support	O
are	O
offered	O
as	O
a	O
subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ingres	B-Application
Icebreaker	O
Appliance	O
is	O
also	O
offered	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
database	O
appliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
id	O
Software	O
releases	O
their	O
legacy	O
game	O
engines	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
while	O
retaining	O
proprietary	B-Application
ownership	O
on	O
their	O
latest	O
incarnation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
have	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
other	O
companies	O
which	O
provides	O
revenue	O
for	O
inclusion	O
of	O
search	O
engines	O
in	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MySQL	B-Application
is	O
offered	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
enterprise	O
version	O
includes	O
support	O
and	O
additional	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SUSE	O
offers	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
for	O
free	O
through	O
the	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
Project	O
,	O
while	O
selling	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Application
Enterprise	O
(	O
SLE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OWASP	O
Foundation	O
is	O
a	O
professional	O
community	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
developers	O
focused	O
on	O
raising	O
visibility	O
for	O
software	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	O
Hat	O
sells	O
support	O
subscriptions	O
for	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
RHEL	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
enterprise	O
distribution	O
periodically	O
forked	O
from	O
the	O
community-developed	O
Fedora	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sourcefire	O
offers	O
Snort	B-Language
for	O
free	O
,	O
while	O
selling	O
Sourcefire	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zend	O
Technologies	O
offers	O
Zend	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
CE	I-Protocol
and	O
Laminas	B-Language
for	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
sells	O
Zend	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
with	O
support	O
and	O
additional	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
