<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
BI	O
)	O
comprises	O
the	O
strategies	O
and	O
technologies	O
used	O
by	O
enterprises	O
for	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
management	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
functions	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
technologies	I-General_Concept
include	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
,	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
,	O
analytics	O
,	O
dashboard	B-Protocol
development	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
complex	B-Operating_System
event	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
,	O
business	O
performance	O
management	O
,	O
benchmarking	O
,	O
text	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
prescriptive	O
analytics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BI	O
tools	O
can	O
handle	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
structured	O
and	O
sometimes	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
to	O
help	O
identify	O
,	O
develop	O
,	O
and	O
otherwise	O
create	O
new	O
strategic	O
business	O
opportunities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
aim	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
the	O
easy	O
interpretation	O
of	O
these	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
enterprises	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
business	O
decisions	O
ranging	O
from	O
operational	O
to	O
strategic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
myriad	O
uses	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
tools	O
empower	O
organizations	O
to	O
gain	O
insight	O
into	O
new	O
markets	O
,	O
to	O
assess	O
demand	O
and	O
suitability	O
of	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
for	O
different	O
market	O
segments	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
gauge	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
marketing	O
efforts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	O
warehouse	O
contains	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
analytical	O
data	O
that	O
facilitates	O
decision	B-Application
support	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
in	O
Richard	O
Millar	O
Devens	O
 '	O
Cyclopædia	O
of	O
Commercial	O
and	O
Business	O
Anecdotes	O
(	O
1865	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
collect	O
and	O
react	O
accordingly	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
information	O
retrieved	O
,	O
Devens	O
says	O
,	O
is	O
central	O
to	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Hans	O
Peter	O
Luhn	O
,	O
a	O
researcher	O
at	O
IBM	O
,	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
in	O
an	O
article	O
published	O
in	O
1958	O
,	O
he	O
employed	O
the	O
Webster	O
's	O
Dictionary	O
definition	O
of	O
intelligence	O
:	O
"	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
apprehend	O
the	O
interrelationships	O
of	O
presented	O
facts	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
as	O
to	O
guide	O
action	O
towards	O
a	O
desired	O
goal.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Howard	O
Dresner	O
(	O
later	O
a	O
Gartner	O
analyst	O
)	O
proposed	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
as	O
an	O
umbrella	O
term	O
to	O
describe	O
"	O
concepts	O
and	O
methods	O
to	O
improve	O
business	O
decision	O
making	O
by	O
using	O
fact-based	O
support	O
systems.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
see	O
BI	O
merely	O
as	O
an	O
evolution	O
of	O
business	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
together	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
increasingly	O
powerful	O
and	O
easy-to-use	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
respect	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
a	O
marketing	O
buzzword	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
"	O
surge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Solomon	O
Negash	O
and	O
Paul	O
Gray	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
BI	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
systems	O
that	O
combine	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Forrester	O
Research	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
"	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
methodologies	O
,	O
processes	O
,	O
architectures	O
,	O
and	O
technologies	O
that	O
transform	O
raw	O
data	O
into	O
meaningful	O
and	O
useful	O
information	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
more	O
effective	O
strategic	O
,	O
tactical	O
,	O
and	O
operational	O
insights	O
and	O
decision-making.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
this	O
definition	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
encompasses	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
,	O
data	O
quality	O
,	O
data	O
warehousing	O
,	O
master-data	O
management	O
,	O
text	O
-	O
and	O
content-analytics	O
,	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
elements	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Forrester	O
distinguishes	O
this	O
from	O
the	O
business-intelligence	O
market	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
"	O
just	O
the	O
top	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
BI	O
architectural	O
stack	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
,	O
analytics	O
,	O
and	O
dashboards.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
term	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
sometimes	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
competitive	O
intelligence	O
(	O
because	O
they	O
both	O
support	O
decision	O
making	O
)	O
,	O
BI	O
uses	O
technologies	O
,	O
processes	O
,	O
and	O
applications	O
to	O
analyze	O
mostly	O
internal	O
,	O
structured	O
data	O
and	O
business	O
processes	O
while	O
competitive	O
intelligence	O
gathers	O
,	O
analyzes	O
,	O
and	O
disseminates	O
information	O
with	O
a	O
topical	O
focus	O
on	O
company	O
competitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
understood	O
broadly	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
competitive	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
and	O
business	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
alternate	O
definitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thomas	O
Davenport	O
,	O
professor	O
of	O
information	O
technology	O
and	O
management	O
at	O
Babson	O
College	O
argues	O
that	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
querying	B-Library
,	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
,	O
Online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
(	O
OLAP	B-Application
)	O
,	O
an	O
"	O
alerts	O
"	O
tool	O
,	O
and	O
business	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
definition	O
,	O
business	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
subset	O
of	O
BI	O
focusing	O
on	O
statistics	O
,	O
prediction	O
,	O
and	O
optimization	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Merrill	O
Lynch	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
85%	O
of	O
all	O
business	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
exists	O
in	O
these	O
forms	O
;	O
a	O
company	O
might	O
only	O
use	O
such	O
a	O
document	O
a	O
single	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
is	O
produced	O
and	O
stored	O
,	O
this	O
information	O
is	O
either	O
unstructured	B-Application
or	O
semi-structured	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
management	O
of	O
semi-structured	B-Application
data	I-Application
is	O
an	O
unsolved	O
problem	O
in	O
the	O
information	O
technology	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
projections	O
from	O
Gartner	O
(	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
white-collar	O
workers	O
spend	O
30	O
–	O
40%	O
of	O
their	O
time	O
searching	O
,	O
finding	O
,	O
and	O
assessing	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
BI	O
uses	O
both	O
structured	O
and	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
properly	O
searching	O
,	O
finding	O
,	O
and	O
assessing	O
unstructured	B-Application
or	O
semi-structured	B-Application
data	I-Application
,	O
organizations	O
may	O
not	O
draw	O
upon	O
these	O
vast	O
reservoirs	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
influence	O
a	O
particular	O
decision	O
,	O
task	O
,	O
or	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
when	O
designing	O
a	O
business	O
intelligence/DW	O
-solution	O
,	O
the	O
specific	O
problems	O
associated	O
with	O
semi-structured	B-Application
and	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
must	O
be	O
accommodated	O
for	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
those	O
for	O
the	O
structured	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unstructured	B-Application
and	O
semi-structured	B-Application
data	I-Application
have	O
different	O
meanings	O
depending	O
on	O
their	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
systems	O
,	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
cannot	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
predictably	O
ordered	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
type	O
of	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
is	O
typically	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
BLOB	B-General_Concept
(	O
binary	B-General_Concept
large	I-General_Concept
object	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
a	O
catch-all	O
data	O
type	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
may	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
irregularly	O
or	O
randomly	O
repeated	O
column	O
patterns	O
that	O
vary	O
from	O
row	O
to	O
row	O
or	O
files	O
of	O
natural	O
language	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
detailed	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metadata	O
can	O
include	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
author	O
and	O
time	O
of	O
creation	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
more	O
accurate	O
to	O
talk	O
about	O
this	O
as	O
semi-structured	B-Application
documents	O
or	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
specific	O
consensus	O
seems	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
reached	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
can	O
also	O
simply	O
be	O
the	O
knowledge	O
that	O
business	O
users	O
have	O
about	O
future	O
business	O
trends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
challenges	O
to	O
developing	O
BI	O
with	O
semi-structured	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physically	O
accessing	O
unstructured	B-Application
textual	O
data	O
–	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
is	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
huge	O
variety	O
of	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terminology	B-Language
–	O
Among	O
researchers	O
and	O
analysts	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
need	O
to	O
develop	O
standardized	O
terminology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Volume	O
of	O
data	O
–	O
As	O
stated	O
earlier	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
85%	O
of	O
all	O
data	O
exists	O
as	O
semi-structured	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Searchability	O
of	O
unstructured	B-Application
textual	O
data	O
–	O
A	O
simple	O
search	O
on	O
some	O
data	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
simple	O
search	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
felony	O
is	O
used	O
,	O
and	O
everywhere	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
felony	O
,	O
a	O
hit	O
to	O
an	O
unstructured	B-Application
document	O
is	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
technologies	O
designed	O
for	O
generating	O
metadata	O
about	O
content	O
are	O
automatic	B-General_Concept
categorization	I-General_Concept
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
extraction	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
following	O
business	O
purposes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Analytics	O
may	O
variously	O
involve	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
,	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
,	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
,	O
business	O
process	O
modeling	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
lineage	I-Operating_System
,	O
complex	B-Operating_System
event	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
prescriptive	O
analytics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
can	O
use	O
BI	O
data	O
to	O
inform	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	O
management	O
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
creation	O
,	O
distribution	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
of	O
business	O
knowledge	O
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	O
management	O
leads	O
to	O
learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
and	O
regulatory	O
compliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
common	O
technical	O
roles	O
for	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
developers	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2013	O
report	O
,	O
Gartner	O
categorized	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
vendors	O
as	O
either	O
an	O
independent	O
"	O
pure-play	O
"	O
vendor	O
or	O
a	O
consolidated	O
"	O
mega-vendor	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
