<s>
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
process	O
supported	O
by	O
various	O
tools	O
,	O
technologies	O
and	O
contracts	O
involving	O
the	O
generation	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
digital	O
representations	O
of	O
physical	O
and	O
functional	O
characteristics	O
of	O
places	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
(	O
BIMs	B-Architecture
)	O
are	O
computer	B-Operating_System
files	I-Operating_System
(	O
often	O
but	O
not	O
always	O
in	O
proprietary	O
formats	O
and	O
containing	O
proprietary	O
data	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
extracted	O
,	O
exchanged	O
or	O
networked	O
to	O
support	O
decision-making	O
regarding	O
a	O
built	O
asset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
software	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
individuals	O
,	O
businesses	O
and	O
government	O
agencies	O
who	O
plan	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
construct	O
,	O
operate	O
and	O
maintain	O
buildings	O
and	O
diverse	O
physical	O
infrastructures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
water	O
,	O
refuse	O
,	O
electricity	O
,	O
gas	O
,	O
communication	O
utilities	O
,	O
roads	O
,	O
railways	O
,	O
bridges	O
,	O
ports	O
and	O
tunnels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
in	O
development	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
only	O
became	O
an	O
agreed	O
term	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
standards	O
and	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
progressed	O
at	O
different	O
speeds	O
in	O
different	O
countries	O
;	O
standards	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
from	O
2007	O
onwards	O
have	O
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
international	O
standard	O
ISO	O
19650	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
January	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
existed	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
software	O
tools	O
developed	O
for	O
modeling	O
buildings	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
workstation	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
Chuck	O
Eastman	O
's	O
Building	O
Description	O
System	O
and	O
GLIDE	O
,	O
RUCAPS	B-Algorithm
,	O
Sonata	B-Algorithm
,	O
Reflex	B-Algorithm
and	O
Gable	B-Algorithm
4D	I-Algorithm
Series	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pioneering	O
role	O
of	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
RUCAPS	B-Algorithm
,	O
Sonata	B-Algorithm
and	O
Reflex	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
recognized	O
by	O
Laiserin	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
Royal	O
Academy	O
of	O
Engineering	O
;	O
former	O
GMW	O
employee	O
Jonathan	O
Ingram	O
worked	O
on	O
all	O
three	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
BIM	B-Architecture
products	O
differed	O
from	O
architectural	O
drafting	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
AutoCAD	B-Algorithm
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
further	O
information	O
(	O
time	O
,	O
cost	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
 '	O
details	O
,	O
sustainability	O
,	O
and	O
maintenance	O
information	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Graphisoft	O
had	O
been	O
developing	O
such	O
solutions	O
for	O
longer	O
than	O
its	O
competitors	O
,	O
Laiserin	O
regarded	O
its	O
ArchiCAD	B-Application
application	O
as	O
then	O
"	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
mature	O
BIM	B-Architecture
solutions	O
on	O
the	O
market.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
its	O
launch	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
ArchiCAD	B-Application
became	O
regarded	O
by	O
some	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
implementation	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
CAD	B-Application
product	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
both	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
geometry	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
BIM	B-Architecture
product	O
for	O
personal	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
ArchiCAD	B-Application
founder	O
Gábor	O
Bojár	O
has	O
acknowledged	O
to	O
Jonathan	O
Ingram	O
in	O
an	O
open	O
letter	O
,	O
that	O
Sonata	B-Algorithm
"	O
was	O
more	O
advanced	O
in	O
1986	O
than	O
ArchiCAD	B-Application
at	O
that	O
time	O
"	O
,	O
adding	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
surpassed	O
already	O
the	O
matured	O
definition	O
of	O
'	O
BIM	B-Architecture
 '	O
specified	O
only	O
about	O
one	O
and	O
a	O
half	O
decade	O
later	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
'	O
building	O
model	O
 '	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
as	O
used	O
today	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
papers	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
:	O
in	O
a	O
1985	O
paper	O
by	O
Simon	O
Ruffle	O
eventually	O
published	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
in	O
a	O
1986	O
paper	O
by	O
Robert	O
Aish	O
–	O
then	O
at	O
GMW	O
Computers	O
Ltd	O
,	O
developer	O
of	O
RUCAPS	B-Algorithm
software	O
–	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
use	O
at	O
London	O
's	O
Heathrow	O
Airport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
'	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Model	I-Architecture
 '	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
1992	O
paper	O
by	O
G.A.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
terms	O
'	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Model	I-Architecture
 '	O
and	O
'	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
 '	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
acronym	O
"	O
BIM	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
did	O
not	O
become	O
popularly	O
used	O
until	O
some	O
10	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facilitating	O
exchange	O
and	O
interoperability	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
digital	O
format	O
was	O
variously	O
with	O
differing	O
terminology	O
:	O
by	O
Graphisoft	O
as	O
"	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
Building	I-Architecture
"	O
or	O
"	O
Single	O
Building	O
Model	O
"	O
,	O
Bentley	O
Systems	O
as	O
"	O
Integrated	O
Project	O
Models	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
Autodesk	O
or	O
Vectorworks	B-Application
as	O
"	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Autodesk	O
released	O
a	O
white	O
paper	O
entitled	O
"	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
,	O
"	O
and	O
other	O
software	O
vendors	O
also	O
started	O
to	O
assert	O
their	O
involvement	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
some	O
BIM	B-Architecture
software	O
developers	O
have	O
created	O
proprietary	O
data	O
structures	O
in	O
their	O
software	O
,	O
data	O
and	O
files	O
created	O
by	O
one	O
vendor	O
's	O
applications	O
may	O
not	O
work	O
in	O
other	O
vendor	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
interoperability	O
between	O
applications	O
,	O
neutral	O
,	O
non-proprietary	O
or	O
open	O
standards	O
for	O
sharing	O
BIM	B-Architecture
data	O
among	O
different	O
software	O
applications	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Poor	O
software	O
interoperability	O
has	O
long	O
been	O
regarded	O
as	O
an	O
obstacle	O
to	O
industry	O
efficiency	O
in	O
general	O
and	O
to	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
in	O
particular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
BIM	B-Architecture
standard	O
was	O
the	O
CIMSteel	O
Integration	O
Standard	O
,	O
CIS/2	O
,	O
a	O
product	O
model	O
and	O
data	O
exchange	O
file	O
format	O
for	O
structural	O
steel	O
project	O
information	O
(	O
CIMsteel	O
:	O
Computer	O
Integrated	O
Manufacturing	O
of	O
Constructional	O
Steelwork	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
often	O
associated	O
with	O
Industry	B-Application
Foundation	I-Application
Classes	I-Application
(	O
IFCs	O
)	O
and	O
aecXML	B-Application
–	O
data	O
structures	O
for	O
representing	O
information	O
–	O
developed	O
by	O
buildingSMART	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Construction	O
Operations	O
Building	O
information	O
exchange	O
(	O
COBie	B-Application
)	O
is	O
also	O
associated	O
with	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
COBie	B-Application
was	O
devised	O
by	O
Bill	O
East	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Army	O
Corps	O
of	O
Engineers	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
helps	O
capture	O
and	O
record	O
equipment	O
lists	O
,	O
product	O
data	O
sheets	O
,	O
warranties	O
,	O
spare	O
parts	O
lists	O
,	O
and	O
preventive	O
maintenance	O
schedules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2011	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
approved	O
by	O
the	O
US-based	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Building	O
Sciences	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
National	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Model	I-Architecture
(	O
NBIMS-US	O
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COBie	B-Application
has	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
take	O
several	O
forms	O
including	O
spreadsheet	O
,	O
IFC	O
,	O
and	O
ifcXML	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2013	O
BuildingSMART	B-Application
was	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
lightweight	O
XML	O
format	O
,	O
COBieLite	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
available	O
for	O
review	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
a	O
code	O
of	O
practice	O
regarding	O
COBie	B-Application
was	O
issued	O
as	O
a	O
British	O
Standard	O
:	O
BS	O
1192-4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
ISO	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
parts	O
of	O
ISO	O
19650	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modelling	I-Architecture
,	O
based	O
on	O
process	O
standards	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UK	O
BS	O
and	O
PAS	O
1192	O
specifications	B-Application
form	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
further	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
ISO	O
19650	O
series	O
,	O
with	O
parts	O
on	O
asset	O
management	O
(	O
Part	O
3	O
)	O
and	O
security	O
management	O
(	O
Part	O
5	O
)	O
published	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
RDS-CW	O
offers	O
the	O
prospect	O
of	O
integrating	O
BIM	B-Architecture
with	O
complementary	O
international	O
standards	O
based	O
classification	O
systems	O
being	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Power	O
Plant	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	O
19650-1:2018	O
defines	O
BIM	B-Architecture
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
National	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Model	I-Architecture
Standard	O
Project	O
Committee	O
has	O
the	O
following	O
definition	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
representation	O
of	O
physical	O
and	O
functional	O
characteristics	O
of	O
a	O
facility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
shared	O
knowledge	O
resource	O
for	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
facility	O
forming	O
a	O
reliable	O
basis	O
for	O
decisions	O
during	O
its	O
life-cycle	O
;	O
defined	O
as	O
existing	O
from	O
earliest	O
conception	O
to	O
demolition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
building	O
design	O
was	O
largely	O
reliant	O
upon	O
two-dimensional	O
technical	B-Application
drawings	I-Application
(	O
plans	O
,	O
elevations	O
,	O
sections	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
extends	O
the	O
three	O
primary	O
spatial	O
dimensions	O
(	O
width	O
,	O
height	O
and	O
depth	O
)	O
,	O
incorporating	O
information	O
about	O
time	O
(	O
so-called	O
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
cost	O
(	O
5D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
asset	O
management	O
,	O
sustainability	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
therefore	O
covers	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
geometry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
authoring	O
tools	O
present	O
a	O
design	O
as	O
combinations	O
of	O
"	O
objects	O
"	O
–	O
vague	O
and	O
undefined	O
,	O
generic	O
or	O
product-specific	O
,	O
solid	O
shapes	O
or	O
void-space	O
oriented	O
(	O
like	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
a	O
room	O
)	O
,	O
that	O
carry	O
their	O
geometry	O
,	O
relations	O
,	O
and	O
attributes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
applications	O
allow	O
extraction	O
of	O
different	O
views	O
from	O
a	O
building	O
model	O
for	O
drawing	O
production	O
and	O
other	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
software	O
also	O
defines	O
objects	O
parametrically	O
;	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
objects	O
are	O
defined	O
as	O
parameters	O
and	O
relations	O
to	O
other	O
objects	O
so	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
related	O
object	O
is	O
amended	O
,	O
dependent	O
ones	O
will	O
automatically	O
also	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
professionals	O
involved	O
in	O
a	O
project	O
,	O
BIM	B-Architecture
enables	O
a	O
virtual	O
information	O
model	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
by	O
the	O
design	O
team	O
(	O
architects	B-Application
,	O
landscape	O
architects	B-Application
,	O
surveyors	O
,	O
civil	O
,	O
structural	O
and	O
building	O
services	O
engineers	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
BIM	B-Architecture
wash	I-Architecture
"	O
or	O
"	O
BIM	B-Architecture
washing	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
inflated	O
,	O
and/or	O
deceptive	O
,	O
claims	O
of	O
using	O
or	O
delivering	O
BIM	B-Architecture
services	O
or	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
termed	O
,	O
"	O
faking	O
the	O
BIM.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
goes	O
beyond	O
the	O
planning	O
and	O
design	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
extending	O
throughout	O
the	O
building	O
life	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supporting	O
processes	O
of	O
building	B-Algorithm
lifecycle	I-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
include	O
cost	O
management	O
,	O
construction	O
management	O
,	O
project	O
management	O
,	O
facility	O
operation	O
and	O
application	B-Application
in	I-Application
green	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
'	O
Common	B-Architecture
Data	I-Architecture
Environment	I-Architecture
 '	O
(	O
CDE	O
)	O
is	O
defined	O
in	O
ISO	O
19650	O
as	O
an	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CDE	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
share	O
data	O
across	O
a	O
project	O
or	O
asset	O
lifecycle	O
,	O
supporting	O
collaboration	O
across	O
a	O
whole	O
project	O
team	O
(	O
the	O
meaning	O
overlaps	O
with	O
enterprise	B-Application
content	I-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
ECM	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
greater	O
focus	O
on	O
BIM	B-Architecture
issues	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
span	O
the	O
whole	O
concept-to-occupation	O
time-span	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
ensure	O
efficient	O
management	O
of	O
information	O
processes	O
throughout	O
this	O
span	O
,	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
manager	O
might	O
be	O
appointed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BIM	B-Architecture
manager	O
is	O
retained	O
by	O
a	O
design	O
build	O
team	O
on	O
the	O
client	O
's	O
behalf	O
from	O
the	O
pre-design	O
phase	O
onwards	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
object-oriented	O
BIM	B-Architecture
against	O
predicted	O
and	O
measured	O
performance	O
objectives	O
,	O
supporting	O
multi-disciplinary	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
that	O
drive	O
analysis	O
,	O
schedules	O
,	O
take-off	O
and	O
logistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
are	O
also	O
now	O
considering	O
developing	O
BIMs	B-Architecture
in	O
various	O
levels	O
of	O
detail	O
,	O
since	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
detail	O
is	O
needed	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
varying	O
modeling	O
effort	O
associated	O
with	O
generating	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
at	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
additionally	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
collision	O
detection	O
,	O
identifying	O
the	O
exact	O
location	O
of	O
discrepancies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BIM	B-Architecture
concept	O
envisages	O
virtual	O
construction	O
of	O
a	O
facility	O
prior	O
to	O
its	O
actual	O
physical	O
construction	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
reduce	O
uncertainty	O
,	O
improve	O
safety	O
,	O
work	O
out	O
problems	O
,	O
and	O
simulate	O
and	O
analyze	O
potential	O
impacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
also	O
prevents	O
errors	O
by	O
enabling	O
conflict	O
or	O
'	O
clash	O
detection	O
 '	O
whereby	O
the	O
computer	O
model	O
visually	O
highlights	O
to	O
the	O
team	O
where	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
can	O
bridge	O
the	O
information	O
loss	O
associated	O
with	O
handling	O
a	O
project	O
from	O
design	O
team	O
,	O
to	O
construction	O
team	O
and	O
to	O
building	O
owner/operator	O
,	O
by	O
allowing	O
each	O
group	O
to	O
add	O
to	O
and	O
reference	O
back	O
to	O
all	O
information	O
they	O
acquire	O
during	O
their	O
period	O
of	O
contribution	O
to	O
the	O
BIM	B-Architecture
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
building	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
sensor	O
measurements	O
and	O
control	O
signals	O
from	O
the	O
building	O
systems	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
incorporated	O
within	O
BIM	B-Architecture
software	O
to	O
support	O
analysis	O
of	O
building	O
operation	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Approaches	O
include	O
referencing	O
key	O
metrics	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Facility	B-Application
Condition	I-Application
Index	I-Application
(	O
FCI	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
using	O
3D	B-Algorithm
laser-scanning	I-Algorithm
surveys	O
and	O
photogrammetry	B-Application
techniques	O
(	O
separately	O
or	O
in	O
combination	O
)	O
or	O
digitizing	O
traditional	O
building	O
surveying	O
methodologies	O
by	O
using	O
mobile	O
technology	O
to	O
capture	O
accurate	O
measurements	O
and	O
operation-related	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
asset	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
challenges	O
to	O
the	O
proper	O
maintenance	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
existing	O
facilities	O
is	O
understanding	O
how	O
BIM	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
utilized	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
holistic	O
understanding	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
building	O
management	O
practices	O
and	O
"	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
"	O
principles	O
that	O
support	O
the	O
full	O
product	O
lifecycle	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
American	O
National	O
Standard	O
entitled	O
APPA	O
1000	O
–	O
Total	O
Cost	O
of	O
Ownership	O
for	O
Facilities	O
Asset	O
Management	O
incorporates	O
BIM	B-Architecture
to	O
factor	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
critical	O
requirements	O
and	O
costs	O
over	O
the	O
life-cycle	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
,	O
including	O
but	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
:	O
replacement	O
of	O
energy	O
,	O
utility	O
,	O
and	O
safety	O
systems	O
;	O
continual	O
maintenance	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
exterior	O
and	O
interior	O
and	O
replacement	O
of	O
materials	O
;	O
updates	O
to	O
design	O
and	O
functionality	O
;	O
and	O
recapitalization	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
green	O
building	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
green	O
BIM	B-Architecture
"	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
can	O
help	O
architecture	O
,	O
engineering	O
and	O
construction	O
firms	O
to	O
improve	O
sustainability	O
in	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
allow	O
architects	B-Application
and	O
engineers	O
to	O
integrate	O
and	O
analyze	O
environmental	O
issues	O
in	O
their	O
design	O
over	O
the	O
life	O
cycle	O
of	O
the	O
asset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Construction	O
announced	O
BIM	B-Architecture
was	O
as	O
the	O
key	O
application	O
technology	O
of	O
informatisation	O
in	O
"	O
Ten	O
new	O
technologies	O
of	O
construction	O
industry	O
"	O
(	O
by	O
2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
MOST	O
)	O
clearly	O
announced	O
BIM	B-Architecture
technology	O
as	O
a	O
national	O
key	O
research	O
and	O
application	O
project	O
in	O
"	O
12th	O
Five-Year	O
"	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Development	O
Planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
year	O
2011	O
was	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
The	O
First	O
Year	O
of	O
China	O
's	O
BIM	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
the	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
Housing	O
Authority	O
introduced	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
then	O
set	O
a	O
target	O
of	O
full	O
BIM	B-Architecture
implementation	O
in	O
2014/2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BuildingSmart	B-Application
Hong	O
Kong	O
was	O
inaugurated	O
in	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
SAR	O
in	O
late	O
April	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Government	O
of	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
mandates	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
for	O
all	O
government	O
projects	O
over	O
HK$30M	O
since	O
1	O
January	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modelling	I-Architecture
Association	O
(	O
IBIMA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
national-level	O
society	O
that	O
represents	O
the	O
entire	O
Indian	O
BIM	B-Architecture
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
India	O
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
VDC	O
:	O
Virtual	O
Design	O
and	O
Construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
BIM	B-Architecture
usage	O
was	O
reported	O
by	O
only	O
22%	O
of	O
respondents	O
in	O
a	O
2014	O
survey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
government	O
officials	O
said	O
BIM	B-Architecture
could	O
help	O
save	O
up	O
to	O
20%	O
by	O
shortening	O
construction	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
urged	O
wider	O
adoption	O
by	O
infrastructure	O
ministries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Iran	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
Association	O
(	O
IBIMA	O
)	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
2012	O
by	O
professional	O
engineers	O
from	O
five	O
universities	O
in	O
Iran	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Civil	O
and	O
Environmental	O
Engineering	O
Department	O
at	O
Amirkabir	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
implementation	O
is	O
targeted	O
towards	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Stage	O
2	O
by	O
the	O
year	O
2020	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
Construction	O
Industry	O
Development	O
Board	O
(	O
CIDB	O
Malaysia	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Building	O
and	O
Construction	O
Authority	O
(	O
BCA	O
)	O
has	O
announced	O
that	O
BIM	B-Architecture
would	O
be	O
introduced	O
for	O
architectural	O
submission	O
(	O
by	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
structural	O
and	O
M&E	O
submissions	O
(	O
by	O
2014	O
)	O
and	O
eventually	O
for	O
plan	O
submissions	O
of	O
all	O
projects	O
with	O
gross	O
floor	O
area	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
5,000	O
square	O
meters	O
by	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BCA	O
Academy	O
is	O
training	O
students	O
in	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Land	O
,	O
Infrastructure	O
and	O
Transport	O
(	O
MLIT	O
)	O
has	O
announced	O
"	O
Start	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
pilot	O
project	O
in	O
government	O
building	O
and	O
repairs	O
"	O
(	O
by	O
2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
Institute	O
of	O
Architects	B-Application
(	O
JIA	O
)	O
released	O
the	O
BIM	B-Architecture
guidelines	O
(	O
by	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
showed	O
the	O
agenda	O
and	O
expected	O
effect	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
to	O
architects	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MLIT	O
announced	O
"	O
BIM	B-Architecture
will	O
be	O
mandated	O
for	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
public	O
works	O
from	O
the	O
fiscal	O
year	O
of	O
2023	O
,	O
except	O
those	O
having	O
particular	O
reasons	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
works	O
subject	O
to	O
WTO	O
Government	O
Procurement	O
Agreement	O
shall	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
published	O
ISO	O
standards	O
related	O
to	O
BIM	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
ISO19650	O
series	O
as	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
Article	O
10	O
(	O
Technical	O
Specification	B-Application
)	O
of	O
the	O
Agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
BIM-related	O
seminars	O
and	O
independent	O
BIM	B-Architecture
effort	O
existed	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
even	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
until	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
that	O
the	O
Korean	O
industry	O
paid	O
attention	O
to	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
industry-level	O
BIM	B-Architecture
conference	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
,	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
spread	O
very	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Korean	O
government	O
has	O
been	O
gradually	O
increasing	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
BIM-mandated	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McGraw	O
Hill	O
published	O
a	O
detailed	O
report	O
in	O
2012	O
on	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
and	O
implementation	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dubai	O
Municipality	O
issued	O
a	O
circular	O
(	O
196	O
)	O
in	O
2014	O
mandating	O
BIM	B-Architecture
use	O
for	O
buildings	O
of	O
a	O
certain	O
size	O
,	O
height	O
or	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
one	O
page	O
circular	O
initiated	O
strong	O
interest	O
in	O
BIM	B-Architecture
and	O
the	O
market	O
responded	O
in	O
preparation	O
for	O
more	O
guidelines	O
and	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
the	O
Municipality	O
issued	O
another	O
circular	O
(	O
207	O
)	O
titled	O
'	O
Regarding	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
applying	O
the	O
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
on	O
buildings	O
and	O
facilities	O
in	O
the	O
emirate	O
of	O
Dubai	O
 '	O
which	O
made	O
BIM	B-Architecture
mandatory	O
on	O
more	O
projects	O
by	O
reducing	O
the	O
minimum	O
size	O
and	O
height	O
requirement	O
for	O
projects	O
requiring	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
second	O
circular	O
drove	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
further	O
with	O
several	O
projects	O
and	O
organizations	O
adopting	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
standards	O
as	O
best	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
UAE	O
's	O
Quality	O
and	O
Conformity	O
Commission	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
steering	O
group	O
to	O
investigate	O
statewide	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ÖNORM	O
A	O
6241-1	O
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Level	O
2	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
replaced	O
the	O
ÖNORM	O
A	O
6240-4	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
extended	O
in	O
the	O
detailed	O
and	O
executive	O
design	O
stages	O
,	O
and	O
corrected	O
in	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
definitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ÖNORM	O
A	O
6241-2	O
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Level	O
3	O
)	O
includes	O
all	O
the	O
requirements	O
for	O
the	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Level	O
3	O
(	O
iBIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Czech	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Council	O
,	O
established	O
in	O
May	O
2011	O
,	O
aims	O
to	O
implement	O
BIM	B-Architecture
methodologies	O
into	O
the	O
Czech	O
building	O
and	O
designing	O
processes	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
standards	O
and	O
legislation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Estonia	O
digital	O
construction	O
cluster	O
(	O
Digitaalehituse	O
Klaster	O
)	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
2015	O
to	O
develop	O
BIM	B-Architecture
solutions	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
life-cycle	O
of	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
French	O
arm	O
of	O
buildingSMART	B-Application
,	O
called	O
Mediaconstruct	O
(	O
existing	O
since	O
1989	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
supporting	O
digital	O
transformation	O
in	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2013	O
survey	O
of	O
European	O
BIM	B-Architecture
practice	O
showed	O
France	O
in	O
last	O
place	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
with	O
government	O
support	O
,	O
in	O
2017	O
it	O
had	O
risen	O
to	O
third	O
place	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
30%	O
of	O
real	O
estate	O
projects	O
carried	O
out	O
using	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
PTNB	O
was	O
superseded	O
in	O
2018	O
by	O
Plan	O
BIM	B-Architecture
2022	O
,	O
administered	O
by	O
an	O
industry	O
body	O
,	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
the	O
Development	O
of	O
Digital	O
in	O
Construction	O
(	O
AND	O
Construction	O
)	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
digital	O
platform	O
,	O
KROQI	O
,	O
developed	O
and	O
launched	O
in	O
2017	O
by	O
CSTB	O
(	O
France	O
's	O
Scientific	O
and	O
Technical	O
Centre	O
for	O
Building	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
German	O
minister	O
for	O
transport	O
Alexander	O
Dobrindt	O
announced	O
a	O
timetable	O
for	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
mandatory	O
BIM	B-Architecture
for	O
German	O
road	O
and	O
rail	O
projects	O
from	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speaking	O
in	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
he	O
said	O
digital	O
design	O
and	O
construction	O
must	O
become	O
standard	O
for	O
construction	O
projects	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
with	O
Germany	O
two	O
to	O
three	O
years	O
behind	O
The	O
Netherlands	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
in	O
aspects	O
of	O
implementing	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
was	O
piloted	O
in	O
many	O
areas	O
of	O
German	O
infrastructure	O
delivery	O
and	O
in	O
July	O
2022	O
Volker	O
Wissing	O
,	O
Federal	O
Minister	O
for	O
Digital	O
and	O
Transport	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
,	O
from	O
2025	O
,	O
BIM	B-Architecture
will	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
standard	O
in	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
federal	O
trunk	O
roads	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
rail	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
Ireland	O
's	O
Department	O
for	O
Public	O
Expenditure	O
and	O
Reform	O
launched	O
a	O
strategy	O
to	O
increase	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
technology	O
in	O
delivery	O
of	O
key	O
public	O
works	O
projects	O
,	O
requiring	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
to	O
be	O
phased	O
in	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
four	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2018	O
the	O
Italian	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Infrastructure	O
and	O
Transport	O
issued	O
a	O
decree	O
(	O
DM	O
01/12/17	O
)	O
creating	O
a	O
governmental	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Mandate	O
compelling	O
public	O
client	O
organisations	O
to	O
adopt	O
a	O
digital	O
approach	O
by	O
2025	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
incremental	O
obligation	O
which	O
will	O
start	O
on	O
1	O
January	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lithuania	O
is	O
moving	O
towards	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
infrastructure	O
by	O
founding	O
a	O
public	O
body	O
"	O
Skaitmeninė	O
statyba	O
"	O
(	O
Digital	O
Construction	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
managed	O
by	O
13	O
associations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
work	O
group	O
established	O
by	O
Lietuvos	O
Architektų	O
Sąjunga	O
(	O
a	O
Lithuanian	O
architects	B-Application
body	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initiative	O
intends	O
Lithuania	O
to	O
adopt	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
Industry	B-Application
Foundation	I-Application
Classes	I-Application
(	O
IFC	O
)	O
and	O
National	O
Construction	O
Classification	O
as	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
November	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Rijksgebouwendienst	O
,	O
the	O
agency	O
within	O
the	O
Dutch	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Housing	O
,	O
Spatial	O
Planning	O
and	O
the	O
Environment	O
that	O
manages	O
government	O
buildings	O
,	O
introduced	O
the	O
Rgd	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Standard	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
updated	O
on	O
1	O
July	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Norway	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
used	O
increasingly	O
since	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
large	O
public	O
clients	O
require	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
open	O
formats	O
(	O
IFC	O
)	O
in	O
most	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Government	O
Building	O
Authority	O
bases	O
its	O
processes	O
on	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
open	O
formats	O
to	O
increase	O
process	O
speed	O
and	O
quality	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
large	O
and	O
several	O
small	O
and	O
medium-sized	O
contractors	O
use	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
BIM	B-Architecture
development	O
is	O
centred	O
around	O
the	O
local	O
organisation	O
,	O
buildingSMART	B-Application
Norway	O
which	O
represents	O
25%	O
of	O
the	O
Norwegian	O
construction	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIMKlaster	O
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Cluster	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
non-governmental	O
,	O
non-profit	O
organisation	O
established	O
in	O
2012	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
promoting	O
BIM	B-Architecture
development	O
in	O
Poland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Infrastructure	O
and	O
Construction	O
began	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
expert	O
meetings	O
concerning	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
methodologies	O
in	O
the	O
construction	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
in	O
2015	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
Portugal	O
and	O
its	O
normalisation	O
,	O
the	O
Technical	O
Committee	O
for	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Standardisation	O
,	O
CT197-BIM	O
,	O
has	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
strategic	O
document	O
for	O
construction	O
4.0	O
in	O
Portugal	O
,	O
aiming	O
to	O
align	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
industry	O
around	O
a	O
common	O
vision	O
,	O
integrated	O
and	O
more	O
ambitious	O
than	O
a	O
simple	O
technology	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Russian	O
government	O
has	O
approved	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
regulations	O
that	O
provide	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
legal	O
framework	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
information	O
modeling	O
of	O
buildings	O
in	O
construction	O
and	O
encourages	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
government	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Association	O
of	O
Slovakia	O
,	O
"	O
BIMaS	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
Slovak	O
professional	O
organisation	O
focused	O
on	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
are	O
neither	O
standards	O
nor	O
legislative	O
requirements	O
to	O
deliver	O
projects	O
in	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
many	O
architects	B-Application
,	O
structural	O
engineers	O
and	O
contractors	O
,	O
plus	O
a	O
few	O
investors	O
are	O
already	O
applying	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Slovak	O
implementation	O
strategy	O
created	O
by	O
BIMaS	O
and	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
Chamber	O
of	O
Civil	O
Engineers	O
and	O
Chamber	O
of	O
Architects	B-Application
has	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
approved	O
by	O
Slovak	O
authorities	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
low	O
interest	O
in	O
such	O
innovation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
July	O
2015	O
meeting	O
at	O
Spain	O
's	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Infrastructure	O
[	O
Ministerio	O
de	O
Fomento ]	O
launched	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
national	O
BIM	B-Architecture
strategy	O
,	O
making	O
BIM	B-Architecture
a	O
mandatory	O
requirement	O
on	O
public	O
sector	O
projects	O
with	O
a	O
possible	O
starting	O
date	O
of	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
a	O
February	O
2015	O
BIM	B-Architecture
summit	O
in	O
Barcelona	O
,	O
professionals	O
in	O
Spain	O
established	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
commission	O
(	O
ITeC	O
)	O
to	O
drive	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
Catalonia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2009	O
through	O
the	O
initiative	O
of	O
buildingSmart	B-Application
Switzerland	O
,	O
then	O
2013	O
,	O
BIM	B-Architecture
awareness	O
among	O
a	O
broader	O
community	O
of	O
engineers	O
and	O
architects	B-Application
was	O
raised	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
open	O
competition	O
for	O
Basel	O
's	O
Felix	O
Platter	O
Hospital	O
where	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
coordinator	O
was	O
sought	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
also	O
been	O
a	O
subject	O
of	O
events	O
by	O
the	O
Swiss	O
Society	O
for	O
Engineers	O
and	O
Architects	B-Application
,	O
SIA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2011	O
UK	O
Government	O
Chief	O
Construction	O
Adviser	O
Paul	O
Morrell	O
called	O
for	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
on	O
UK	O
government	O
construction	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Morrell	O
also	O
told	O
construction	O
professionals	O
to	O
adopt	O
BIM	B-Architecture
or	O
be	O
"	O
Betamaxed	O
out	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2011	O
the	O
UK	O
government	O
published	O
its	O
BIM	B-Architecture
strategy	O
,	O
announcing	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
require	O
collaborative	O
3D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
(	O
with	O
all	O
project	O
and	O
asset	O
information	O
,	O
documentation	O
and	O
data	O
being	O
electronic	O
)	O
on	O
its	O
projects	O
by	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
compliance	O
would	O
require	O
building	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
in	O
a	O
vendor-neutral	O
'	O
COBie	B-Application
 '	O
format	O
,	O
thus	O
overcoming	O
the	O
limited	O
interoperability	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
software	O
suites	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
Government	O
BIM	B-Application
Task	I-Application
Group	I-Application
led	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
BIM	B-Architecture
programme	O
and	O
requirements	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
free-to-use	O
set	O
of	O
UK	O
standards	O
and	O
tools	O
that	O
defined	O
'	O
level	O
2	O
BIM	B-Architecture
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
Government	O
published	O
a	O
new	O
central	O
web	O
portal	O
as	O
a	O
point	O
of	O
reference	O
for	O
the	O
industry	O
for	O
'	O
level	O
2	O
BIM	B-Architecture
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
work	O
of	O
the	B-Application
BIM	I-Application
Task	I-Application
Group	I-Application
now	O
continues	O
under	O
the	O
stewardship	O
of	O
the	O
Cambridge-based	O
Centre	O
for	O
Digital	O
Built	O
Britain	O
(	O
CDBB	O
)	O
,	O
announced	O
in	O
December	O
2017	O
and	O
formally	O
launched	O
in	O
early	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
of	O
government	O
,	O
industry	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
from	O
2016	O
has	O
been	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Alliance	O
,	O
an	O
independent	O
,	O
not-for-profit	O
,	O
collaboratively-based	O
organisation	O
formed	O
to	O
champion	O
and	O
enable	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
to	O
connect	O
and	O
represent	O
organisations	O
,	O
groups	O
and	O
individuals	O
working	O
towards	O
digital	O
transformation	O
of	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
built	O
environment	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Alliance	O
's	O
executive	O
team	O
directs	O
activities	O
in	O
three	O
core	O
areas	O
:	O
engagement	O
,	O
implementation	O
and	O
operations	O
(	O
internal	O
support	O
and	O
secretariat	O
functions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Alliance	O
merged	O
with	O
the	O
UK	O
chapter	O
of	O
BuildingSMART	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
CDBB	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Alliance	O
and	O
the	O
BSI	O
Group	O
launched	O
the	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Superseding	O
the	O
BIM	B-Architecture
levels	O
approach	O
,	O
the	O
framework	O
describes	O
an	O
overarching	O
approach	O
to	O
implementing	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
giving	O
free	O
guidance	O
on	O
integrating	O
the	O
international	O
ISO	O
19650	O
series	O
of	O
standards	O
into	O
UK	O
processes	O
and	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
Building	O
Specification	B-Application
(	O
NBS	O
)	O
has	O
published	O
research	O
into	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
since	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2020	O
published	O
its	O
10th	O
annual	O
BIM	B-Architecture
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
43%	O
of	O
respondents	O
had	O
not	O
heard	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
;	O
in	O
2020	O
73%	O
said	O
they	O
were	O
using	O
BIM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
not	O
mandatory	O
in	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
organizations	O
support	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
and	O
implementation	O
in	O
Canada	O
:	O
the	O
Canada	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Council	O
(	O
CANBIM	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Institute	O
for	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
and	O
buildingSMART	B-Application
Canada	O
(	O
the	O
Canadian	O
chapter	O
of	O
buildingSMART	B-Application
International	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Associated	O
General	O
Contractors	O
of	O
America	O
and	O
US	O
contracting	O
firms	O
have	O
developed	O
various	O
working	O
definitions	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
that	O
describe	O
it	O
generally	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
and	O
relevant	O
processes	O
are	O
being	O
explored	O
by	O
contractors	O
,	O
architects	B-Application
and	O
developers	O
alike	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
itself	O
has	O
been	O
questioned	O
and	O
debated	O
with	O
alternatives	O
including	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
Building	I-Architecture
Environment	O
(	O
VBE	O
)	O
also	O
considered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
some	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
has	O
not	O
adopted	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
national	O
BIM	B-Architecture
guidelines	O
,	O
allowing	O
different	O
systems	O
to	O
remain	O
in	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Building	O
Sciences	O
(	O
NIBS	O
)	O
looked	O
at	O
applying	O
UK	O
BIM	B-Architecture
experiences	O
to	O
developing	O
shared	O
US	O
BIM	B-Architecture
standards	O
and	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
National	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Standard	O
had	O
largely	O
been	O
developed	O
through	O
volunteer	O
efforts	O
;	O
NIBS	O
aimed	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
national	O
BIM	B-Architecture
programme	O
to	O
drive	O
effective	O
adoption	O
at	O
a	O
national	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
seen	O
to	O
be	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
Integrated	O
Project	O
Delivery	O
(	O
IPD	O
)	O
where	O
the	O
primary	O
motive	O
is	O
to	O
bring	O
the	O
teams	O
together	O
early	O
on	O
in	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
full	O
implementation	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
also	O
requires	O
the	O
project	O
teams	O
to	O
collaborate	O
from	O
the	O
inception	O
stage	O
and	O
formulate	O
model	O
sharing	O
and	O
ownership	O
contract	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
Institute	O
of	O
Architects	B-Application
has	O
defined	O
BIM	B-Architecture
as	O
"	O
a	O
model-based	O
technology	O
linked	O
with	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
project	O
information	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
reflects	O
the	O
general	O
reliance	O
on	O
database	O
technology	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
future	O
,	O
structured	O
text	O
documents	O
such	O
as	O
specifications	B-Application
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
searched	O
and	O
linked	O
to	O
regional	O
,	O
national	O
,	O
and	O
international	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
play	O
a	O
vital	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
Nigerian	O
AEC	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Utiome	O
suggests	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
conceptualizing	O
a	O
BIM-based	O
knowledge	O
transfer	O
framework	O
from	O
industrialized	O
economies	O
to	O
urban	O
construction	O
projects	O
in	O
developing	O
nations	O
,	O
generic	O
BIM	B-Architecture
objects	O
can	O
benefit	O
from	O
rich	O
building	O
information	O
within	O
specification	B-Application
parameters	O
in	O
product	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
efficient	O
,	O
streamlined	O
design	O
and	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
an	O
assessment	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
'	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
 '	O
by	O
Kori	O
found	O
that	O
medium	O
and	O
large	O
firms	O
were	O
leading	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
little	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
due	O
to	O
construction	O
industry	O
resistance	O
to	O
changes	O
or	O
new	O
ways	O
of	O
doing	O
things	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industry	O
is	O
still	O
working	O
with	O
conventional	O
2D	O
CAD	B-Application
systems	O
in	O
services	O
and	O
structural	O
designs	O
,	O
although	O
production	O
could	O
be	O
in	O
3D	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
Africa	O
Initiative	O
,	O
primarily	O
based	O
in	O
Nigeria	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
non-profit	O
institute	O
advocating	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
across	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Produced	O
annually	O
by	O
its	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
committee	O
,	O
the	O
African	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Report	O
gives	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
adoption	O
across	O
the	O
African	O
continent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
South	O
African	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Institute	O
,	O
established	O
in	O
May	O
2015	O
,	O
aims	O
to	O
enable	O
technical	O
experts	O
to	O
discuss	O
digital	O
construction	O
solutions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
adopted	O
by	O
professionals	O
working	O
within	O
the	O
construction	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
initial	O
task	O
was	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
SA	O
BIM	B-Architecture
Protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
no	O
mandated	O
or	O
national	O
best	O
practice	O
BIM	B-Architecture
standards	O
or	O
protocols	O
in	O
South	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organisations	O
implement	O
company-specific	O
BIM	B-Architecture
standards	O
and	O
protocols	O
at	O
best	O
(	O
there	O
are	O
isolated	O
examples	O
of	O
cross-industry	O
alliances	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2016	O
,	O
Infrastructure	O
Australia	O
recommended	O
:	O
"	O
Governments	O
should	O
make	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Building	B-Architecture
Information	I-Architecture
Modelling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
mandatory	O
for	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
large-scale	O
complex	O
infrastructure	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
support	O
of	O
a	O
mandatory	O
rollout	O
,	O
the	O
Australian	O
Government	O
should	O
commission	O
the	O
Australasian	O
Procurement	O
and	O
Construction	O
Council	O
,	O
working	O
with	O
industry	O
,	O
to	O
develop	O
appropriate	O
guidance	O
around	O
the	O
adoption	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
;	O
and	O
common	O
standards	O
and	O
protocols	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
when	O
using	O
BIM	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
many	O
projects	O
in	O
the	O
rebuilding	O
of	O
Christchurch	O
were	O
being	O
assembled	O
in	O
detail	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
using	O
BIM	B-Architecture
well	O
before	O
workers	O
set	O
foot	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
New	O
Zealand	O
government	O
started	O
a	O
BIM	B-Architecture
acceleration	O
committee	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
productivity	O
partnership	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
20	O
per	O
cent	O
more	O
efficiency	O
in	O
the	O
construction	O
industry	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
new	O
technology	O
in	O
an	O
industry	O
typically	O
slow	O
to	O
adopt	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
many	O
early	O
adopters	O
are	O
confident	O
that	O
BIM	B-Architecture
will	O
grow	O
to	O
play	O
an	O
even	O
more	O
crucial	O
role	O
in	O
building	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
claim	O
that	O
BIM	B-Architecture
offers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
BIM	B-Architecture
also	O
contains	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
needed	O
for	O
building	O
performance	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
building	O
properties	O
in	O
BIM	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
automatically	O
create	O
the	O
input	O
file	O
for	O
building	O
performance	O
simulation	O
and	O
save	O
a	O
significant	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
and	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
purposes	O
or	O
uses	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
may	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
'	O
dimensions	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
three-dimensional	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
graphical	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
asset	O
's	O
geometric	O
design	O
,	O
augmented	O
by	O
information	O
describing	O
attributes	O
of	O
individual	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
work	O
may	O
be	O
undertaken	O
by	O
professional	O
disciplines	O
such	O
as	O
architectural	O
,	O
structural	O
,	O
and	O
MEP	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
3D	O
models	O
enhances	O
coordination	O
and	O
collaboration	O
between	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
3D	O
virtual	O
model	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
created	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
point	B-Algorithm
cloud	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
building	O
or	O
facility	O
using	O
laser	O
scanning	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
4-dimensional	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
intelligent	O
linking	O
of	O
individual	O
3D	O
CAD	B-Application
components	O
or	O
assemblies	O
with	O
time	O
-	O
or	O
scheduling-related	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
modelling	O
enables	O
project	O
participants	O
(	O
architects	B-Application
,	O
designers	O
,	O
contractors	O
,	O
clients	O
)	O
to	O
plan	O
,	O
sequence	O
the	O
physical	O
activities	O
,	O
visualise	O
the	O
critical	O
path	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
events	O
,	O
mitigate	O
the	O
risks	O
,	O
report	O
and	O
monitor	O
progress	O
of	O
activities	O
through	O
the	O
lifetime	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
enables	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
events	O
to	O
be	O
depicted	O
visually	O
on	O
a	O
time	O
line	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
populated	O
by	O
a	O
3D	O
model	O
,	O
augmenting	O
traditional	O
Gantt	B-Application
charts	I-Application
and	O
critical	O
path	O
(	O
CPM	O
)	O
schedules	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
project	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Construction	O
sequences	O
can	O
be	O
reviewed	O
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
problems	O
using	O
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
enabling	O
users	O
to	O
explore	O
options	O
,	O
manage	O
solutions	O
and	O
optimize	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
has	O
traditionally	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
higher	O
end	O
projects	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
associated	O
costs	O
,	O
but	O
technologies	O
are	O
now	O
emerging	O
that	O
allow	O
the	O
process	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
laymen	O
or	O
to	O
drive	O
processes	O
such	O
as	O
manufacture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
5D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
5-dimensional	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
the	O
intelligent	O
linking	O
of	O
individual	O
3D	O
components	O
or	O
assemblies	O
with	O
time	O
schedule	O
(	O
4D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
constraints	O
and	O
then	O
with	O
cost-related	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
BIM-centric	O
project	O
management	O
technique	O
has	O
potential	O
to	O
improve	O
management	O
and	O
delivery	O
of	O
projects	O
of	O
any	O
size	O
or	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
McKinsey	O
&	O
Company	O
identified	O
5D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
technology	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
five	O
big	O
ideas	O
poised	O
to	O
disrupt	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
defined	O
5D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
as	O
"	O
a	O
five-dimensional	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
and	O
functional	O
characteristics	O
of	O
any	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
6D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
6-dimensional	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
,	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
intelligent	O
linking	O
of	O
individual	O
3D	O
components	O
or	O
assemblies	O
with	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
project	O
life-cycle	O
management	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
less	O
consensus	O
about	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
6D	O
BIM	B-Architecture
;	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
cover	O
use	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
for	O
sustainability	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
As-Built	O
"	O
BIM	B-Architecture
model	O
is	O
populated	O
with	O
relevant	O
building	O
component	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
product	O
data	O
and	O
details	O
,	O
maintenance/operation	O
manuals	O
,	O
cut	O
sheet	O
specifications	B-Application
,	O
photos	O
,	O
warranty	O
data	O
,	O
web	O
links	O
to	O
product	O
online	O
sources	O
,	O
manufacturer	O
information	O
and	O
contacts	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
