<s>
A	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
vessel	O
filled	O
with	O
a	O
superheated	O
transparent	O
liquid	O
(	O
most	O
often	O
liquid	O
hydrogen	O
)	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
electrically	O
charged	O
particles	O
moving	O
through	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supposedly	O
,	O
Glaser	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
bubbles	O
in	O
a	O
glass	O
of	O
beer	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
2006	O
talk	O
,	O
he	O
refuted	O
this	O
story	O
,	O
although	O
saying	O
that	O
while	O
beer	O
was	O
not	O
the	O
inspiration	O
for	O
the	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
,	O
he	O
did	O
experiments	O
using	O
beer	O
to	O
fill	O
early	O
prototypes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
were	O
extensively	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
they	O
have	O
now	O
mostly	O
been	O
supplanted	O
by	O
wire	O
chambers	O
,	O
spark	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
,	O
drift	O
chambers	O
,	O
and	O
silicon	B-Algorithm
detectors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
include	O
the	O
Big	O
European	O
Bubble	B-Algorithm
Chamber	I-Algorithm
(	O
BEBC	O
)	O
and	O
Gargamelle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
is	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
cloud	O
chamber	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
application	O
and	O
in	O
basic	O
principle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
particles	O
enter	O
the	O
chamber	O
,	O
a	O
piston	B-Device
suddenly	O
decreases	O
its	O
pressure	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
liquid	O
enters	O
into	O
a	O
superheated	O
,	O
metastable	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
with	O
resolutions	O
down	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
micrometers	O
( μm	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
operated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
acts	O
on	O
charged	O
particles	O
through	O
Lorentz	O
force	O
and	O
causes	O
them	O
to	O
travel	O
in	O
helical	B-Application
paths	O
whose	O
radii	O
are	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
particles	O
 '	O
charge-to-mass	O
ratios	O
and	O
their	O
velocities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
magnitude	O
of	O
the	O
charge	O
of	O
all	O
known	O
,	O
charged	O
,	O
long-lived	O
subatomic	O
particles	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
an	O
electron	O
,	O
their	O
radius	O
of	O
curvature	O
must	O
be	O
proportional	O
to	O
their	O
momentum	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
by	O
measuring	O
a	O
particle	O
's	O
radius	O
of	O
curvature	O
,	O
its	O
momentum	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
determined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
discoveries	O
made	O
by	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
include	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
weak	O
neutral	O
currents	O
at	O
Gargamelle	O
in	O
1973	O
,	O
which	O
established	O
the	O
soundness	O
of	O
the	O
electroweak	O
theory	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
the	O
W	O
and	O
Z	O
bosons	O
in	O
1983	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
UA1	O
and	O
UA2	O
experiments	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
research	O
on	O
weakly	O
interacting	O
massive	O
particles	O
(	O
WIMP	O
)	O
s	O
,	O
at	O
SIMPLE	O
,	O
COUPP	O
,	O
PICASSO	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
,	O
PICO	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
were	O
very	O
successful	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
of	O
limited	O
use	O
in	O
modern	O
very-high-energy	O
experiments	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
reasons	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
are	O
neither	O
large	O
nor	O
massive	O
enough	O
to	O
analyze	O
high-energy	O
collisions	O
,	O
where	O
all	O
products	O
should	O
be	O
contained	O
inside	O
the	O
detector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-energy	O
particles	O
may	O
have	O
path	O
radii	O
too	O
large	O
to	O
be	O
accurately	O
measured	O
in	O
a	O
relatively	O
small	O
chamber	O
,	O
thereby	O
hindering	O
precise	O
estimation	O
of	O
momentum	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
these	O
issues	O
,	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
have	O
largely	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
wire	O
chambers	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
particle	O
energies	O
to	O
be	O
measured	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
alternative	O
technique	O
is	O
the	O
spark	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gargamelle	O
,	O
a	O
heavy	O
liquid	O
bubble	B-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
which	O
operated	O
in	O
CERN	O
between	O
1970	O
and	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
