<s>
In	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
wide-bandwidth	O
data	O
transmission	O
that	O
transports	O
multiple	O
signals	O
at	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
frequencies	O
and	O
Internet	O
traffic	O
types	O
,	O
which	O
enables	O
messages	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
simultaneously	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
fast	O
internet	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
medium	O
can	O
be	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
,	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
,	O
wireless	O
Internet	O
(	O
radio	O
)	O
,	O
twisted	O
pair	O
,	O
or	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
Internet	O
access	O
,	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
to	O
mean	O
any	O
high-speed	O
Internet	O
access	O
that	O
is	O
always	O
on	O
and	O
faster	O
than	O
dial-up	O
access	O
over	O
traditional	O
analog	O
or	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
PSTN	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
origin	O
is	O
in	O
physics	O
,	O
acoustics	O
,	O
and	O
radio	O
systems	O
engineering	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
meaning	O
similar	O
to	O
"	O
wideband	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
audio	O
noise	O
reduction	O
systems	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
indicated	O
a	O
single-band	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
multiple-audio-band	O
system	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
compander	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
digital	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
was	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
transmission	O
over	O
multiple	B-Protocol
channels	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
a	O
passband	B-Algorithm
signal	I-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
modulated	B-Application
so	O
that	O
it	O
occupies	O
higher	O
frequencies	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
signal	I-Algorithm
which	O
is	O
bound	O
to	O
the	O
lowest	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
,	O
see	O
line	B-Protocol
coding	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
occupying	O
a	O
single	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
what	O
is	O
typically	O
considered	O
a	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
signal	O
in	O
this	O
sense	O
is	O
a	O
signal	O
that	O
occupies	O
multiple	O
(	O
non-masking	O
,	O
orthogonal	O
)	O
passbands	B-Algorithm
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
for	O
much	O
higher	O
throughput	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
medium	O
but	O
with	O
additional	O
complexity	O
in	O
the	O
transmitter/receiver	O
circuitry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1999	O
,	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
access	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
factor	O
in	O
public	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
World	O
Trade	O
Organization	O
Biannual	O
Conference	O
called	O
“	O
Financial	O
Solutions	O
to	O
Digital	O
Divide	O
”	O
in	O
Seattle	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
“	O
Meaningful	O
Broadband	B-General_Concept
”	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
world	O
leaders	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
activation	O
of	O
a	O
movement	O
to	O
close	O
the	O
digital	O
divide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fundamental	O
aspects	O
of	O
this	O
movement	O
are	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
equitable	O
distribution	O
of	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
fundamental	O
human	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
a	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
signalling	O
method	O
is	O
one	O
that	O
handles	O
a	O
wide	O
band	O
of	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Broadband	B-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
a	O
relative	O
term	O
,	O
understood	O
according	O
to	O
its	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wider	O
(	O
or	O
broader	O
)	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
of	O
a	O
channel	O
,	O
the	O
greater	O
the	O
data-carrying	O
capacity	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
same	O
channel	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
broad	B-General_Concept
band	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
divided	O
into	O
channels	O
or	O
"	O
frequency	O
bins	O
"	O
using	O
passband	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
to	O
allow	O
frequency-division	B-Protocol
multiplexing	I-Protocol
instead	O
of	O
sending	O
a	O
higher-quality	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
Broadband	B-Protocol
Integrated	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
Digital	I-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
(	O
B-ISDN	B-Protocol
)	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
bit	O
rates	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
physical	O
modulation	B-Application
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
digital	O
subscriber	O
line	O
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
services	O
are	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
digital	O
information	O
is	O
sent	O
over	O
multiple	B-Protocol
channels	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
channel	O
is	O
at	O
a	O
higher	O
frequency	O
than	O
the	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
voice	O
channel	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
can	O
support	O
plain	O
old	O
telephone	O
service	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
pair	O
of	O
wires	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
when	O
that	O
same	O
line	O
is	O
converted	O
to	O
a	O
non-loaded	O
twisted-pair	O
wire	O
(	O
no	O
telephone	O
filters	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
becomes	O
hundreds	O
of	O
kilohertz	O
wide	O
(	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
can	O
carry	O
up	O
to	O
100	O
megabits	O
per	O
second	O
using	O
very-high-bit-rate	O
digital	O
subscriber	O
line	O
(	O
VDSL	O
or	O
VHDSL	O
)	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
use	O
a	O
simple	O
line	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
to	O
transmit	O
one	O
type	O
of	O
signal	O
using	O
a	O
medium	O
's	O
full	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
using	O
its	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
(	O
from	O
zero	O
through	O
the	O
highest	O
frequency	O
needed	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networks	O
that	O
use	O
cable	B-Device
modems	I-Device
on	O
standard	O
cable	O
television	O
infrastructure	O
are	O
called	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
frequencies	O
that	O
can	O
include	O
multiple	O
data	O
users	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
traditional	O
television	O
channels	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadband	B-General_Concept
systems	O
usually	O
use	O
a	O
different	O
radio	O
frequency	O
modulated	B-Application
by	O
the	O
data	O
signal	O
for	O
each	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
total	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
medium	O
is	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
of	O
any	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
10BROAD36	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
variant	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
standardized	O
by	O
1985	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
commercially	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
standard	O
became	O
available	O
to	O
consumers	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
Internet	O
access	O
to	O
cable	O
television	O
residential	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
television	O
antenna	O
may	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
"	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
receiving	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
channels	O
,	O
while	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
federal	O
standard	O
FS-1037C	O
defines	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
"	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
wideband	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Broadband	B-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
analog	O
video	O
distribution	O
is	O
traditionally	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
cable	O
television	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
individual	O
channels	O
are	O
modulated	B-Application
on	O
carriers	O
at	O
fixed	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
term	O
's	O
antonym	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
channel	O
of	O
analog	O
video	O
,	O
typically	O
in	O
composite	O
form	O
with	O
separate	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
act	O
of	O
demodulating	O
converts	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
video	O
to	O
baseband	B-Algorithm
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
allows	O
the	O
signal	O
to	O
be	O
transmitted	O
farther	O
without	O
being	O
repeated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
video	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
streaming	O
Internet	O
video	O
has	O
come	O
to	O
mean	O
video	O
files	O
that	O
have	O
bit-rates	O
high	O
enough	O
to	O
require	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
access	O
for	O
viewing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Broadband	B-General_Concept
video	O
"	O
is	O
also	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
IPTV	O
Video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	B-Device
lines	I-Device
have	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
data	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
some	O
systems	O
for	O
remote	O
control	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
narrowband	O
signaling	O
,	O
modern	O
high-speed	O
systems	O
use	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
signaling	O
to	O
achieve	O
very	O
high	O
data	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
ITU-T	B-General_Concept
G.hn	I-General_Concept
standard	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
up	O
to	O
1	O
Gigabit/s	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
considered	O
high-speed	O
as	O
of	O
2014	O
)	O
using	O
existing	O
home	O
business	O
and	O
home	O
wiring	O
(	O
including	O
power	B-Device
lines	I-Device
,	O
but	O
also	O
phone	O
lines	O
and	O
coaxial	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
Korea	O
Advanced	O
Institute	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
made	O
developments	O
on	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
ultra-shallow	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
optical	O
instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
Internet	O
access	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
used	O
loosely	O
to	O
mean	O
"	O
access	O
that	O
is	O
always	O
on	O
and	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
traditional	O
dial-up	O
access	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Greater	O
than	O
the	O
primary	B-Protocol
rate	I-Protocol
"	O
(	O
which	O
ranged	O
from	O
about	O
1.5	O
to	O
2	O
Mbit/s	O
)	O
—	O
CCITT	O
in	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
service	O
"	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadband	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
effectively	O
treated	O
or	O
managed	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
utility	O
by	O
net	O
neutrality	O
rules	O
until	O
being	O
overturned	O
by	O
the	O
FCC	O
in	O
December	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
national	O
and	O
international	O
regulators	O
categorize	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
connections	O
according	O
to	O
upload	O
and	O
download	O
speeds	O
,	O
stated	O
in	O
Mbit/s	O
(	O
megabits	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bandwidth	B-Algorithm
has	O
historically	O
been	O
very	O
unequally	O
distributed	O
worldwide	O
,	O
with	O
increasing	O
concentration	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
only	O
three	O
countries	O
(	O
China	O
,	O
US	O
,	O
Japan	O
)	O
host	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
globally	O
installed	O
telecommunication	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
potential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
lost	O
its	O
global	O
leadership	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
installed	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
in	O
2011	O
,	O
being	O
replaced	O
by	O
China	O
,	O
which	O
hosts	O
more	O
than	O
twice	O
as	O
much	O
national	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
potential	O
in	O
2014	O
(	O
29%	O
versus	O
13%	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
total	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
