<s>
Brain	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
self-learning	O
know-how	O
systems	O
,	O
defines	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
employs	O
latest	O
findings	O
in	O
neuroscience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brain	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
robots	O
,	O
know-how	O
management	O
systems	O
and	O
any	O
other	O
application	O
with	O
self-learning	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
Brain	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
applications	O
allow	O
the	O
visualization	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
learning	O
architecture	O
often	O
coined	O
as	O
“	O
know-how	O
maps	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
Jacques	O
J	O
.	O
Vidal	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
BCI	O
)	O
in	O
1971	O
,	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
first	O
starting	O
funding	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
research	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
funded	O
several	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
record	O
brain	O
activity	O
,	O
transmit	O
the	O
information	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
body	O
,	O
signal-process	O
the	O
data	O
via	O
algorithms	O
,	O
and	O
convert	O
them	O
into	O
command	O
control	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
landmark	O
study	O
in	O
Nature	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
pioneer	O
Leigh	O
Hochberg	O
,	O
MD	O
,	O
PhD	O
,	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
two	O
people	O
with	O
tetraplegia	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
control	O
robotic	O
arms	O
through	O
thought	O
when	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
BrainGate	O
neural	B-Application
interface	I-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
two	O
patients	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
wirelessly	O
control	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
to	O
text	O
,	O
email	O
,	O
shop	O
and	O
bank	O
using	O
direct	O
thought	O
through	O
the	O
Stentrode	O
brain	B-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
Journal	O
of	O
NeuroInterventional	O
Surgery	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
study	O
led	O
by	O
Thomas	O
Oxley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
was	O
implanted	O
via	O
the	O
patient	O
’s	O
blood	O
vessels	O
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
open	O
brain	O
surgery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
groups	O
are	O
exploring	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
experimental	O
devices	O
using	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
which	O
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
fundamentally	O
change	O
the	O
way	O
of	O
life	O
for	O
patients	O
with	O
paralysis	O
and	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
:	O
as	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
