<s>
The	O
booting	O
process	B-Operating_System
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
is	O
the	O
process	B-Operating_System
run	O
to	O
start	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
changed	O
between	O
releases	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
biggest	O
changes	O
being	O
made	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
versions	O
before	O
Vista	B-Application
,	O
the	O
booting	O
process	B-Operating_System
begins	O
when	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
loads	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
bootloader	B-Application
,	O
NTLDR	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Vista	B-Application
,	O
the	O
booting	O
process	B-Operating_System
begins	O
with	O
either	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
or	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
load	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
replaces	O
NTLDR	B-Application
as	O
the	O
bootloader	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
the	O
bootloader	B-Application
starts	O
the	O
kernel	O
,	O
which	O
starts	O
the	O
session	O
manager	O
,	O
which	O
begins	O
the	O
login	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
logged	O
in	O
File	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
used	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
is	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
introduces	O
a	O
complete	O
overhaul	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	O
operating	O
system	O
loader	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
reference	O
to	O
this	O
revised	O
architecture	O
is	O
included	O
within	O
PowerPoint	B-Application
slides	O
distributed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
during	O
the	O
Windows	O
Hardware	O
Engineering	O
Conference	O
of	O
2004	O
when	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Longhorn.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
documentation	O
mentions	O
that	O
the	O
Windows	O
operating	O
system	O
loader	O
would	O
be	O
undergoing	O
a	O
significant	O
restructuring	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
support	O
EFI	B-Architecture
and	O
to	O
"	O
do	O
some	O
major	O
overhaul	O
of	O
legacy	O
code.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
boot	O
architecture	O
completely	O
replaces	O
the	O
NTLDR	B-Application
architecture	O
used	O
in	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Refactoring	O
in	O
Winlogon	O
resulted	O
in	O
GINA	O
being	O
completely	O
replaced	O
by	O
Credential	O
Providers	O
and	O
graphical	O
components	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
systems	O
with	O
a	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
invokes	O
MBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
from	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
at	O
startup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
and	O
the	O
VBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
are	O
OS-specific	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
the	O
MBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
tries	O
to	O
find	O
an	O
active	B-Operating_System
partition	I-Operating_System
(	O
the	O
MBR	B-Device
is	O
only	O
512	O
bytes	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
executes	O
the	O
VBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
of	O
an	O
active	B-Operating_System
partition	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VBR	B-Device
boot	O
code	O
tries	O
to	O
find	O
and	O
execute	O
NTLDR	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
earlier	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
later	O
,	O
from	O
an	O
active	B-Operating_System
partition	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
systems	O
with	O
a	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
invokes	O
bootmgfw.efi	O
from	O
an	O
EFI	B-Device
system	I-Device
partition	I-Device
at	O
startup	O
,	O
starting	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
startup	O
process	B-Operating_System
starts	O
when	O
the	O
computer	O
finds	O
a	O
Windows	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
,	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	O
operating	O
system	O
responsible	O
for	O
finding	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
and	O
starting	O
it	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
was	O
NTLDR	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
released	O
operating	O
systems	O
for	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
Itanium	I-General_Concept
processors	O
which	O
use	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
of	O
these	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	O
is	O
IA64ldr.efi	O
(	O
later	O
referred	O
as	O
simply	O
IA64ldr	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
Extensible	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
EFI	B-Architecture
)	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
later	O
use	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
(	O
bootmgr	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
,	O
once	O
executed	O
,	O
searches	O
for	O
Windows	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
does	O
so	O
by	O
reading	O
Boot	O
Configuration	O
Data	O
(	O
BCD	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
complex	O
firmware-independent	O
database	O
for	O
boot-time	O
configuration	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
NTLDR	B-Application
,	O
does	O
so	O
by	O
reading	O
the	O
simpler	O
boot.ini	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
boot.ini	O
file	O
is	O
missing	O
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
will	O
attempt	O
to	O
locate	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
standard	O
installation	O
directory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
and	O
2000	O
machines	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
attempt	O
to	O
boot	O
from	O
C:\WINNT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
databases	O
may	O
contain	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
installed	O
Microsoft	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
loaded	O
from	O
the	O
local	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
or	O
a	O
remote	O
computer	O
on	O
the	O
local	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTLDR	B-Application
supports	O
operating	O
systems	O
installed	O
on	O
disks	O
whose	O
file	O
system	O
is	O
NTFS	B-Application
or	O
FAT	B-Application
file	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
CDFS	O
(	O
ISO	O
9660	O
)	O
or	O
UDFS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
also	O
supports	O
operating	O
systems	O
installed	O
inside	O
a	O
VHD	O
file	O
,	O
stored	O
on	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
disk	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
or	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
in	O
which	O
hibernation	O
is	O
supported	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
starts	O
the	O
search	O
for	O
operating	O
systems	O
by	O
searching	O
for	O
hiberfil.sys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTLDR	B-Application
looks	O
into	O
the	O
root	B-Application
folder	I-Application
of	O
the	O
default	O
volume	O
specified	O
in	O
boot.ini	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
Boot	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
looks	O
up	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
hiberfil.sys	O
in	O
BCD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
this	O
file	O
is	O
found	O
and	O
an	O
active	O
memory	O
set	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
loads	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
compressed	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
memory	O
dump	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
)	O
into	O
memory	O
and	O
restores	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
the	O
state	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
in	O
prior	O
to	O
hibernation	O
by	O
running	O
winresume.exe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
looks	O
for	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
installed	O
operating	O
system	O
entries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
more	B-Operating_System
than	I-Operating_System
one	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	I-Operating_System
installed	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
shows	O
a	O
boot	O
menu	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
select	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
non	O
NT-based	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
is	O
selected	O
(	O
specified	O
by	O
an	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
style	O
of	O
path	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
C:\	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
loads	O
the	O
associated	O
"	O
boot	O
sector	O
"	O
file	O
listed	O
in	O
boot.ini	O
or	O
BCD	O
(	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
bootsect.dos	B-Application
if	O
no	O
file	O
name	O
is	O
specified	O
)	O
and	O
passes	O
execution	O
control	O
to	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Otherwise	O
,	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
continues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
after	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
a	O
seperate	O
program	O
,	O
winload.exe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
appropriate	O
file	O
system	O
driver	O
for	O
the	O
partition	O
type	O
(	O
NTFS	B-Application
,	O
FAT	B-Application
,	O
or	O
FAT32	O
)	O
which	O
the	O
Windows	O
installation	O
resides	O
in	O
is	O
amongst	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
clears	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
displays	O
a	O
textual	O
progress	O
bar	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
often	O
not	O
seen	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
initialization	O
speed	O
)	O
;	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
also	O
displays	O
the	O
text	O
"	O
Starting	O
Windows	O
...	O
"	O
underneath	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
user	O
presses	O
F8	O
during	O
this	O
phase	O
,	O
the	O
advanced	O
options	O
menu	O
is	O
displayed	O
,	O
containing	O
various	O
special	O
boot	O
modes	O
including	O
Safe	B-Operating_System
mode	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
the	O
Last	O
Known	O
Good	O
Configuration	O
,	O
with	O
debugging	O
enabled	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Server	O
editions	O
)	O
Directory	B-Device
Services	I-Device
Restore	I-Device
Mode	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
this	O
menu	O
was	O
changed	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
computer	O
is	O
gathered	O
by	O
NTDETECT.COM	O
in	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
earlier	O
or	O
by	O
winload.exe	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
HKLM	O
\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION	O
key	O
in	O
the	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Registry	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
kernel	O
(	O
Ntoskrnl.exe	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Hardware	B-Operating_System
Abstraction	I-Operating_System
Layer	I-Operating_System
(	O
hal.dll	O
)	O
,	O
kdcom.dll	O
(	O
Kernel	O
Debugger	O
HW	O
Extension	O
DLL	O
)	O
,	O
bootvid.dll	O
(	O
the	O
Windows	O
logo	O
and	O
side-scrolling	O
bar	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
config	O
\system	O
(	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
registry	B-Protocol
hives	O
)	O
are	O
loaded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
earlier	O
,	O
if	O
multiple	O
hardware	O
configurations	O
are	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
Registry	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
prompted	O
at	O
this	O
point	O
to	O
choose	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
required	O
information	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
information	O
on	O
all	O
detected	O
hardware	O
and	O
Windows	O
Services	O
)	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE	O
\SYSTEM	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
registry	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
registry	B-Protocol
keys	I-Protocol
collectively	O
called	O
a	O
Control	O
Set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CurrentControlSet	O
is	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
control	O
sets	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
registry	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
now	O
picks	O
the	O
"	O
real	O
"	O
control	O
set	O
being	O
used	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
values	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE	O
\SYSTEM\Select	O
registry	B-Protocol
key	I-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
Failed	O
key	O
matches	O
Default	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
displays	O
an	O
error	O
message	O
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
the	O
last	O
boot	O
failed	O
,	O
and	O
gives	O
the	O
user	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
try	O
booting	O
anyway	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
"	O
Last	O
Known	O
Good	O
Configuration	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Failed	O
key	O
is	O
also	O
set	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
Current	O
until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
LastKnownGood	O
is	O
also	O
set	O
to	O
Current	O
if	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
completes	O
successfully	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
Boot	O
"	O
driver	O
that	O
is	O
loaded	O
by	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
prior	O
to	O
starting	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Boot	O
"	O
drivers	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
drivers	O
for	O
hard-disk	B-Device
controllers	O
and	O
file	O
systems	O
(	O
ATA	B-Protocol
,	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
,	O
file	O
system	O
filter	O
manager	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
"	O
Automatic	O
"	O
driver	O
which	O
is	O
loaded	O
much	O
later	O
when	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
already	O
has	O
been	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
finished	O
,	O
control	O
is	O
then	O
passed	O
from	O
the	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
to	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
first	O
phase	O
,	O
basic	O
internal	O
memory	O
structures	O
are	O
created	O
,	O
and	O
each	O
CPU	O
's	O
interrupt	B-Architecture
controller	I-Architecture
is	O
initialized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
memory	O
manager	O
is	O
initialized	O
,	O
creating	O
areas	O
for	O
the	O
file	O
system	O
cache	O
,	O
paged	B-Architecture
and	O
non-paged	O
pools	O
of	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Object	O
Manager	O
,	O
initial	O
security	O
token	O
for	O
assignment	O
to	O
the	O
first	O
process	B-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Process	B-Operating_System
Manager	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	O
idle	O
process	B-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
System	B-Operating_System
process	I-Operating_System
are	O
created	O
at	O
this	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
phase	O
involves	O
initializing	O
the	O
device	O
drivers	O
which	O
were	O
identified	O
by	O
NTLDR	B-Application
as	O
being	O
system	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
process	B-Operating_System
of	O
loading	O
device	O
drivers	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
progress	O
bar	O
"	O
is	O
visible	O
at	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
systems	O
;	O
in	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
Windows	O
Server	O
2003	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
an	O
animated	O
bar	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
represent	O
actual	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
Windows	O
XP	O
,	O
this	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
took	O
significantly	O
longer	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
because	O
the	O
drivers	O
would	O
be	O
initialized	O
one	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
autochk	O
determines	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
volumes	O
are	O
dirty	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
automatically	O
run	O
chkdsk	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
a	O
short	O
window	O
to	O
abort	O
the	O
repair	O
process	B-Operating_System
by	O
pressing	O
a	O
key	O
within	O
10	O
seconds	O
(	O
introduced	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	O
Service	O
Pack	O
4	O
;	O
earlier	O
versions	O
would	O
not	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
abort	O
chkdsk	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
XP	O
and	O
2003	O
show	O
no	O
text	O
screen	O
at	O
that	O
point	O
(	O
unlike	O
NT	O
3.1	O
to	O
4.0	O
,	O
which	O
displayed	O
a	O
blue	O
text	O
screen	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
will	O
see	O
a	O
different	O
background	O
picture	O
holding	O
a	O
mini-text-screen	O
in	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
show	O
the	O
progress	O
of	O
chkdsk	O
there	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exact	O
operation	O
of	O
most	O
of	O
these	O
items	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
configuration	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
registry	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
responsible	O
for	O
responding	O
to	O
the	O
secure	O
attention	O
sequence	O
(	O
SAS	O
)	O
,	O
loading	O
the	O
user	O
profile	O
on	O
logon	O
,	O
and	O
optionally	O
locking	O
the	O
computer	O
when	O
a	O
screensaver	B-General_Concept
is	O
running	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
login	O
process	B-Operating_System
is	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Optional	O
)	O
Login	O
prompt	O
is	O
displayed	O
by	O
GINA	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
presses	O
the	O
Secure	O
Attention	O
Sequence	O
(	O
SAS	O
)	O
(	O
Control-Alt-Delete	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
msv1_0.dll	O
implements	O
the	O
NT	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
Manager	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kerberos.dll	O
provides	O
remote	O
login	O
by	O
using	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shell	O
program	O
(	O
typically	O
Explorer.exe	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
started	O
from	O
the	O
registry	B-Protocol
entry	O
Shell	O
=	O
pointed	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
registry	B-Protocol
entry	O
in	O
key	O
HKLM	O
\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows	O
NT	O
\CurrentVersion\IniFileMapping\system.ini\Boot	O
;	O
its	O
default	O
value	O
is	O
SYS:Microsoft	O
\Windows	O
NT	O
\CurrentVersion\Winlogon,	O
which	O
evaluates	O
to	O
HKLM	O
\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows	O
NT	O
\CurrentVersion\Winlogon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
process	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
very	O
slow	O
if	O
the	O
user	O
profile	O
is	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
roaming	O
"	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starts	O
the	O
shell	O
configured	O
in	O
registry	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
defaults	O
to	O
explorer.exe	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Userinit	O
exits	O
and	O
the	O
shell	O
program	O
continues	O
running	O
without	O
a	O
parent	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
boot	B-Application
manager	I-Application
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
many	O
components	O
have	O
been	O
changed	O
;	O
one	O
is	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Boot	O
Options	O
menu	O
that	O
provides	O
options	O
for	O
advanced	O
boot	O
modes	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
fast	O
startup	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
up	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Boot	O
Options	O
menu	O
has	O
been	O
disabled	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
-	O
Loads	O
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
boot	O
mode	O
with	O
minimal	O
drivers	O
and	O
resources	O
intended	O
for	O
malware	O
removal	O
or	O
replacing	O
faulty	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
with	O
Networking	O
-	O
Loads	O
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
along	O
with	O
the	O
network	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
with	O
Command	B-Device
Prompt	I-Device
-	O
Loads	O
Safe	B-Operating_System
Mode	I-Operating_System
with	O
the	O
Command	B-Device
Prompt	I-Device
as	O
the	O
shell	O
instead	O
of	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
can	O
still	O
be	O
loaded	O
by	O
typing	O
explorer	O
at	O
the	O
command	B-Device
prompt	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enable	O
Boot	O
Logging	O
-	O
Enables	O
writing	O
of	O
ntbtlog.txt	O
,	O
a	O
file	O
that	O
will	O
log	O
the	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
;	O
listing	O
drivers	O
that	O
loaded	O
and	O
drivers	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enable	O
low	O
resolution	O
video	O
-	O
Disables	O
the	O
default	O
graphics	O
driver	O
and	O
uses	O
the	O
standard	O
VGA	B-Protocol
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Last	O
Known	O
Good	O
Configuration	O
-	O
Loads	O
configuration	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
last	O
successful	O
boot	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intended	O
for	O
Registry	B-Protocol
corruptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mode	O
is	O
removed	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Directory	B-Device
Services	I-Device
Restore	I-Device
Mode	I-Device
-	O
Boot	O
mode	O
used	O
to	O
reboot	O
the	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Controller	I-Protocol
in	O
case	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
working	O
as	O
intended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
on	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
accessed	O
by	O
clicking	O
Restart	O
while	O
holding	O
the	O
Shift	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
successfully	O
boot	O
,	O
the	O
client	O
must	O
support	O
PXE	B-Device
booting	O
and	O
the	O
Windows	O
Deployment	O
Services	O
(	O
WDS	O
)	O
component	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PXE	B-Device
program	O
is	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
or	O
on	O
a	O
ROM	O
chip	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PXE	B-Device
booting	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
technology	O
specific	O
to	O
Windows	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
start	O
a	O
Linux	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
a	O
Linux	O
system	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
server	O
to	O
service	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
or	O
TFTP	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
PXE	B-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
start	O
Windows	B-Application
Setup	I-Application
to	O
install	O
the	O
system	O
on	O
the	O
client	O
computer	O
or	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
from	O
RAM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
general	O
process	B-Operating_System
for	O
both	O
methods	O
is	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Boot	O
Information	O
Negotiation	O
Layer	O
(	O
BINL	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
service	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
that	O
communicates	O
with	O
the	O
client	O
after	O
the	O
NBP	O
was	O
already	O
loaded	O
by	O
the	O
PXE	B-Device
.	O
</s>
