<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
short-range	O
wireless	O
technology	O
standard	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
exchanging	O
data	O
between	O
fixed	O
and	O
mobile	O
devices	O
over	O
short	O
distances	O
and	O
building	O
personal	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
(	O
PANs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
employs	O
UHF	O
radio	O
waves	O
in	O
the	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
,	O
from	O
2.402GHz	O
to	O
2.48GHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
wire	O
connections	O
,	O
to	O
exchange	O
files	O
between	O
nearby	O
portable	O
devices	O
and	O
connect	O
cell	O
phones	O
and	O
music	O
players	O
with	O
wireless	B-Device
headphones	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
(	O
SIG	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
more	O
than	O
35,000	O
member	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
telecommunication	O
,	O
computing	O
,	O
networking	O
,	O
and	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
standardized	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
as	O
IEEE	O
802.15.1	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
longer	O
maintains	O
the	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
oversees	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
,	O
manages	O
the	O
qualification	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
protects	O
the	O
trademarks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
manufacturer	O
must	O
meet	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
standards	O
to	O
market	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
integrated	O
circuit	O
chips	O
ship	O
approximately	O
million	O
units	O
annually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2017	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
3.6	O
billion	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
being	O
shipped	O
annually	O
and	O
the	O
shipments	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
continue	O
increasing	O
at	O
about	O
12%	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
"	O
was	O
proposed	O
in	O
1997	O
by	O
Jim	O
Kardach	O
of	O
Intel	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
a	O
conversation	O
with	O
Sven	O
Mattisson	O
who	O
related	O
Scandinavian	O
history	O
through	O
tales	O
from	O
Frans	O
G	O
.	O
Bengtsson	O
's	O
The	O
Long	O
Ships	O
,	O
a	O
historical	O
novel	O
about	O
Vikings	O
and	O
the	O
10th-century	O
Danish	O
king	O
Harald	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
discovering	O
a	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
runestone	O
of	O
Harald	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
book	O
A	O
History	O
of	O
the	O
Vikings	O
by	O
Gwyn	O
Jones	O
,	O
Jim	O
proposed	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
as	O
the	O
codename	O
for	O
the	O
short-range	O
wireless	O
program	O
which	O
is	O
now	O
called	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
's	O
official	O
website	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
Anglicised	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Scandinavian	O
Blåtand/Blåtann	O
(	O
or	O
in	O
Old	O
Norse	O
blátǫnn	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Danish	O
tribes	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
kingdom	O
;	O
Kardach	O
chose	O
the	O
name	O
to	O
imply	O
that	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
similarly	O
unites	O
communication	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
logo	O
is	O
a	O
bind	O
rune	B-Application
merging	O
the	O
Younger	O
Futhark	O
runes	B-Application
( ᚼ	O
,	O
Hagall	O
)	O
and	O
( ᛒ	O
,	O
Bjarkan	O
)	O
,	O
Harald	O
's	O
initials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
short-link	O
"	O
radio	O
technology	O
,	O
later	O
named	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
was	O
initiated	O
in	O
1989	O
by	O
Nils	O
Rydbeck	O
,	O
CTO	O
at	O
Ericsson	O
Mobile	O
in	O
Lund	O
,	O
Sweden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
was	O
to	O
develop	O
wireless	O
headsets	B-Device
,	O
according	O
to	O
two	O
inventions	O
by	O
Johan	O
Ullman	O
,	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Adalio	O
Sanchez	O
,	O
then	O
head	O
of	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
ThinkPad	I-Operating_System
product	O
R&D	O
,	O
approached	O
Nils	O
Rydbeck	O
about	O
collaborating	O
on	O
integrating	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
into	O
a	O
ThinkPad	B-Operating_System
notebook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
agreed	O
to	O
integrate	O
Ericsson	O
's	O
short-link	O
technology	O
on	O
both	O
a	O
ThinkPad	B-Operating_System
notebook	O
and	O
an	O
Ericsson	O
phone	O
to	O
accomplish	O
the	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
neither	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
ThinkPad	I-Operating_System
notebooks	O
nor	O
Ericsson	O
phones	O
were	O
the	O
market	O
share	O
leaders	O
in	O
their	O
respective	O
markets	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
Adalio	O
Sanchez	O
and	O
Nils	O
Rydbeck	O
agreed	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
short-link	O
technology	O
an	O
open	O
industry	O
standard	O
to	O
permit	O
each	O
player	O
maximum	O
market	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
was	O
launched	O
with	O
IBM	O
and	O
Ericsson	O
as	O
the	O
founding	O
signatories	O
and	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
five	O
members	O
:	O
Ericsson	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Nokia	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
and	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
was	O
revealed	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
hands-free	O
mobile	O
headset	B-Device
that	O
earned	O
the	O
"	O
Best	O
of	O
show	O
Technology	O
Award	O
"	O
at	O
COMDEX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
mobile	O
phone	O
was	O
the	O
Ericsson	O
T36	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
revised	O
T39	O
model	O
that	O
actually	O
made	O
it	O
to	O
store	O
shelves	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
parallel	O
,	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
ThinkPad	I-Operating_System
A30	O
in	O
October	O
2001	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
notebook	O
with	O
integrated	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
's	O
early	O
incorporation	O
into	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
products	O
continued	O
at	O
Vosi	O
Technologies	O
in	O
Costa	O
Mesa	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
USA	O
,	O
initially	O
overseen	O
by	O
founding	O
members	O
Bejan	O
Amini	O
and	O
Tom	O
Davidson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
was	O
chosen	O
,	O
since	O
Wi-Fi	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
readily	O
available	O
or	O
supported	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vosi	O
had	O
begun	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
Vosi	O
Cello	O
integrated	O
vehicular	O
system	O
and	O
some	O
other	O
internet	O
connected	O
devices	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
table-top	O
device	O
named	O
the	O
Vosi	O
Symphony	O
,	O
networked	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
negotiations	O
with	O
Motorola	O
,	O
Vosi	O
introduced	O
and	O
disclosed	O
its	O
intent	O
to	O
integrate	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
in	O
its	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Motorola	O
implemented	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
devices	O
which	O
initiated	O
the	O
significant	O
propagation	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
public	O
market	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
large	O
market	O
share	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
operates	O
at	O
frequencies	O
between	O
2.402	O
and	O
2.480GHz	O
,	O
or	O
2.400	O
and	O
2.4835GHz	O
,	O
including	O
guard	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
2MHz	O
wide	O
at	O
the	O
bottom	O
end	O
and	O
3.5MHz	O
wide	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
globally	O
unlicensed	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
unregulated	O
)	O
industrial	O
,	O
scientific	O
and	O
medical	O
(	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
)	O
2.4GHz	B-Algorithm
short-range	O
radio	O
frequency	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
uses	O
a	O
radio	O
technology	O
called	O
frequency-hopping	B-Protocol
spread	I-Protocol
spectrum	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
divides	O
transmitted	O
data	O
into	O
packets	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
transmits	O
each	O
packet	B-Protocol
on	O
one	O
of	O
79	O
designated	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
usually	O
performs	O
1600hops	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
with	O
adaptive	O
frequency-hopping	B-Protocol
(	O
AFH	O
)	O
enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
uses	O
2MHz	O
spacing	O
,	O
which	O
accommodates	O
40	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
2.0	I-Protocol
+EDR	I-Protocol
,	O
π/4	O
-DQPSK	O
(	O
differential	O
quadrature	O
phase-shift	B-General_Concept
keying	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
8-DPSK	O
modulation	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
between	O
compatible	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
Enhanced	O
Data	O
Rate	O
(	O
EDR	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
π/4	O
-DPSK	O
(	O
EDR2	O
)	O
and	O
8-DPSK	O
(	O
EDR3	O
)	O
schemes	O
,	O
each	O
giving	O
2	O
and	O
3Mbit/s	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
these	O
(	O
BR	O
and	O
EDR	O
)	O
modes	O
in	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radio	O
technology	O
is	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
BR/EDR	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Apple	O
published	O
an	O
extension	O
called	O
HDR	O
which	O
supports	O
data	O
rates	O
of	O
4	O
(	O
HDR4	O
)	O
and	O
8	O
(	O
HDR8	O
)	O
Mbit/s	O
using	O
π/4	O
-DQPSK	O
modulation	O
on	O
4MHz	O
channels	O
with	O
forward	B-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
(	O
FEC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
packet-based	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
with	O
a	O
master/slave	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
master	O
may	O
communicate	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
seven	O
slaves	O
in	O
a	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
devices	O
within	O
a	O
given	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
use	O
the	O
clock	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
master	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
for	O
packet	B-Protocol
exchange	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
simple	O
case	O
of	O
single-slot	O
packets	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
master	O
transmits	O
in	O
even	O
slots	O
and	O
receives	O
in	O
odd	O
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packets	B-Protocol
may	O
be	O
1	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
or	O
5	O
slots	O
long	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
all	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
master	O
's	O
transmission	O
begins	O
in	O
even	O
slots	O
and	O
the	O
slave	O
's	O
in	O
odd	O
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
above	O
excludes	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
4.0	O
specification	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
spectrum	O
but	O
somewhat	O
differently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
master	O
BR/EDR	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
can	O
communicate	O
with	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
seven	O
devices	O
in	O
a	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
(	O
an	O
ad	O
hoc	O
computer	O
network	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
technology	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
all	O
devices	O
reach	O
this	O
maximum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
devices	O
can	O
switch	O
roles	O
,	O
by	O
agreement	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
slave	O
can	O
become	O
the	O
master	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
headset	B-Device
initiating	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
phone	O
necessarily	O
begins	O
as	O
master	O
—	O
as	O
an	O
initiator	O
of	O
the	O
connection	O
—	O
but	O
may	O
subsequently	O
operate	O
as	O
the	O
slave	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
provides	O
for	O
the	O
connection	O
of	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
piconets	B-General_Concept
to	O
form	O
a	O
scatternet	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
which	O
certain	O
devices	O
simultaneously	O
play	O
the	O
master/leader	O
role	O
in	O
one	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
slave	O
role	O
in	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
master	O
chooses	O
which	O
slave	O
device	O
to	O
address	O
;	O
typically	O
,	O
it	O
switches	O
rapidly	O
from	O
one	O
device	O
to	O
another	O
in	O
a	O
round-robin	B-Algorithm
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
is	O
vague	O
as	O
to	O
required	O
behavior	O
in	O
scatternets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
standard	O
wire-replacement	O
communications	O
protocol	O
primarily	O
designed	O
for	O
low	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
short	O
range	O
based	O
on	O
low-cost	O
transceiver	O
microchips	O
in	O
each	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
range	O
was	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
radio	O
class	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
lower	O
class	O
(	O
and	O
higher	O
output	O
power	O
)	O
having	O
larger	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
hardware	O
attributes	O
affecting	O
range	O
are	O
the	O
data	O
rate	O
,	O
protocol	O
(	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Classic	I-Protocol
or	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
the	O
transmitter	O
power	O
,	O
the	O
receiver	O
sensitivity	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
gain	O
of	O
both	O
antennas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
applications	O
are	O
for	O
indoor	O
conditions	O
,	O
where	O
attenuation	O
of	O
walls	O
and	O
signal	O
fading	O
due	O
to	O
signal	O
reflections	O
make	O
the	O
range	O
far	O
lower	O
than	O
specified	O
line-of-sight	O
ranges	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
applications	O
are	O
battery-powered	O
Class2	O
devices	O
,	O
with	O
little	O
difference	O
in	O
range	O
whether	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
link	O
is	O
a	O
Class1	O
or	O
Class2	O
device	O
as	O
the	O
lower-powered	O
device	O
tends	O
to	O
set	O
the	O
range	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
use	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
wireless	O
technology	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
interpret	O
certain	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
are	O
definitions	O
of	O
possible	O
applications	O
and	O
specify	O
general	O
behaviors	O
that	O
Bluetooth-enabled	O
devices	O
use	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
other	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
that	O
describe	O
many	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
applications	O
or	O
use	O
cases	O
for	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
control	O
and	O
communication	O
between	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
and	O
a	O
handsfree	O
headset	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
control	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
communication	O
functions	O
between	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
and	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
compatible	O
car	O
stereo	O
system	O
(	O
and	O
sometimes	O
between	O
the	O
SIM	O
card	O
and	O
the	O
car	O
phone	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
communication	O
between	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
and	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
lock	I-Device
for	O
unlocking	O
doors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
control	O
of	O
and	O
communication	O
with	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
device	O
phones	O
,	O
tablets	O
and	O
portable	O
wireless	B-Device
speakers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
headset	B-Device
and	O
intercom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Idiomatically	O
,	O
a	O
headset	B-Device
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
"	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
streaming	O
of	O
audio	O
to	O
headphones	B-Device
with	O
or	O
without	O
communication	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
streaming	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
by	O
Bluetooth-enabled	O
fitness	O
devices	O
to	O
phone	O
or	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
networking	O
between	O
PCs	B-Device
in	O
a	O
confined	O
space	O
and	O
where	O
little	O
bandwidth	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
communication	O
with	O
PC	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
being	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transfer	O
of	O
files	O
,	O
contact	O
details	O
,	O
calendar	O
appointments	O
,	O
and	O
reminders	O
between	O
devices	O
with	O
OBEX	B-General_Concept
and	O
sharing	O
directories	O
via	B-Protocol
FTP	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Triggering	O
the	O
camera	O
shutter	O
of	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
using	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
powered	O
selfie	O
stick	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
applications	O
where	O
higher	O
USB	B-Protocol
bandwidth	O
is	O
not	O
required	O
and	O
cable-free	O
connection	O
desired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sending	O
small	O
advertisements	O
from	O
Bluetooth-enabled	O
advertising	O
hoardings	O
to	O
other	O
,	O
discoverable	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
bridge	O
between	O
two	O
Industrial	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
PROFINET	B-Protocol
)	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	O
consoles	O
have	O
been	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
wireless	O
communications	O
protocol	O
for	O
peripherals	O
since	O
the	O
seventh	B-Application
generation	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
and	O
Sony	O
's	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
which	O
use	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
for	O
their	O
respective	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dial-up	O
internet	O
access	O
on	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
or	O
PDAs	O
using	O
a	O
data-capable	O
mobile	O
phone	O
as	O
a	O
wireless	O
modem	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allowing	O
a	O
DECT	B-Protocol
phone	O
to	O
ring	O
and	O
answer	O
calls	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
a	O
nearby	O
mobile	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protected	O
item	O
has	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
marker	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
tag	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
in	O
constant	O
communication	O
with	O
the	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calgary	O
,	O
Alberta	B-Protocol
,	O
Canada	O
's	O
Roads	O
Traffic	O
division	O
uses	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
travelers	O
 '	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
to	O
predict	O
travel	O
times	O
and	O
road	O
congestion	O
for	O
motorists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
and	O
Wi-Fi	O
(	O
Wi-Fi	O
is	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
for	O
products	O
using	O
IEEE	O
802.11	O
standards	O
)	O
have	O
some	O
similar	O
applications	O
:	O
setting	O
up	O
networks	O
,	O
printing	O
,	O
or	O
transferring	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
is	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
high-speed	O
cabling	O
for	O
general	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
access	O
in	O
work	O
areas	O
or	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
category	O
of	O
applications	O
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
wireless	B-Architecture
local	I-Architecture
area	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
WLAN	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
was	O
intended	O
for	O
portable	O
equipment	O
and	O
its	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
category	O
of	O
applications	O
is	O
outlined	O
as	O
the	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
personal	I-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
WPAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
cabling	O
in	O
various	O
personally	O
carried	O
applications	O
in	O
any	O
setting	O
and	O
also	O
works	O
for	O
fixed	O
location	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
energy	O
functionality	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
(	O
thermostats	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
are	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
complementary	O
in	O
their	O
applications	O
and	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
is	O
usually	O
access	O
point-centered	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
asymmetrical	O
client-server	O
connection	O
with	O
all	O
traffic	O
routed	O
through	O
the	O
access	O
point	O
,	O
while	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
usually	O
symmetrical	O
,	O
between	O
two	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
serves	O
well	O
in	O
simple	O
applications	O
where	O
two	O
devices	O
need	O
to	O
connect	O
with	O
a	O
minimal	O
configuration	O
like	O
a	O
button	O
press	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
headsets	B-Device
and	O
speakers	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
exists	O
in	O
numerous	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
telephones	O
,	O
speakers	B-Device
,	O
tablets	O
,	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
robotics	O
systems	O
,	O
laptops	O
,	O
and	O
game	O
console	O
equipment	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
some	O
high	O
definition	O
headsets	B-Device
,	O
modems	B-Application
,	O
hearing	O
aids	O
and	O
even	O
watches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
devices	O
which	O
use	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
contemporary	O
deprecation	O
of	O
headphone	B-Device
jacks	I-Device
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
regulation	O
by	O
the	O
FCC	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
is	O
prone	O
to	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
useful	O
when	O
transferring	O
information	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
near	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
low-bandwidth	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
transfer	O
sound	O
data	O
with	O
telephones	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
headset	B-Device
)	O
or	O
byte	O
data	O
with	O
hand-held	O
computers	O
(	O
transferring	O
files	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
protocols	I-General_Concept
simplify	O
the	O
discovery	O
and	O
setup	O
of	O
services	O
between	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
can	O
advertise	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
they	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
using	O
services	O
easier	O
,	O
because	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
security	O
,	O
network	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
and	O
permission	O
configuration	O
can	O
be	O
automated	O
than	O
with	O
many	O
other	O
network	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
that	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
embedded	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
can	O
use	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
adapter	O
that	O
enables	O
the	O
PC	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
most	O
recent	O
laptops	O
come	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radio	O
,	O
others	O
require	O
an	O
external	O
adapter	O
,	O
typically	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
USB	B-Protocol
"	O
dongle.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
IrDA	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
a	O
separate	O
adapter	O
for	O
each	O
device	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
lets	O
multiple	O
devices	O
communicate	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Microsoft	O
platforms	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	I-Application
Pack	I-Application
2	I-Application
and	O
SP3	O
releases	O
work	O
natively	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v1.1	O
,	O
v2.0	O
and	O
v2.0	O
+EDR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
versions	O
required	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
their	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
adapter	O
's	O
own	O
drivers	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
not	O
directly	O
supported	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
own	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
dongles	B-Device
(	O
packaged	O
with	O
their	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
computer	O
devices	O
)	O
have	O
no	O
external	O
drivers	O
and	O
thus	O
require	O
at	O
least	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	I-Application
Pack	I-Application
2	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Vista	O
RTM/SP1	O
with	O
the	O
Feature	O
Pack	O
for	O
Wireless	O
or	O
Windows	O
Vista	O
SP2	O
work	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
+EDR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
7	O
works	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
+EDR	O
and	O
Extended	O
Inquiry	O
Response	O
(	O
EIR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
Windows	O
Vista/Windows	O
7	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stacks	I-Protocol
support	O
the	O
following	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
natively	O
:	O
PAN	O
,	O
SPP	O
,	O
DUN	O
,	O
HID	O
,	O
HCRP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	O
XP	O
stack	O
can	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
stack	O
that	O
supports	O
more	O
profiles	O
or	O
newer	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	O
Vista/Windows	O
7	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
supports	O
vendor-supplied	O
additional	O
profiles	O
without	O
requiring	O
that	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
stack	O
be	O
replaced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
8	O
and	O
later	O
support	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
(	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
generally	O
recommended	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
latest	O
vendor	O
driver	O
and	O
its	O
associated	O
stack	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
at	O
its	O
fullest	O
extent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
products	O
have	O
worked	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
since	O
Mac	B-Protocol
OSX	O
v10.2	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
has	O
two	O
popular	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stacks	I-Protocol
,	O
BlueZ	O
and	O
Fluoride	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BlueZ	O
stack	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
most	O
Linux	B-Application
kernels	O
and	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Qualcomm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fluoride	O
,	O
earlier	O
known	O
as	O
Bluedroid	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
Android	B-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Broadcom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
has	O
included	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
since	O
its	O
v5.0	O
release	O
,	O
implemented	O
through	O
netgraph	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetBSD	B-Device
has	O
included	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
since	O
its	O
v4.0	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
was	O
ported	O
to	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
,	O
however	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
later	O
removed	O
it	O
as	O
unmaintained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
has	O
had	O
NetBSD	B-Device
's	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
implementation	I-Protocol
since	O
1.11	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
netgraph-based	O
implementation	O
from	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
has	O
also	O
been	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
tree	O
,	O
possibly	O
disabled	O
until	O
2014-11-15	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
require	O
more	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specifications	O
were	O
formalized	O
by	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
(	O
SIG	O
)	O
and	O
formally	O
announced	O
on	O
20	O
May	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
standards	O
support	O
backwards	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Working	O
Group	O
(	O
CSWG	O
)	O
produces	O
mainly	O
4	O
kinds	O
of	O
specifications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Adaptive	O
frequency-hopping	B-Protocol
spread	I-Protocol
spectrum	I-Protocol
(	O
AFH	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
improves	O
resistance	O
to	O
radio	O
frequency	O
interference	O
by	O
avoiding	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
crowded	O
frequencies	O
in	O
the	O
hopping	O
sequence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	O
Synchronous	O
Connections	O
(	O
eSCO	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
improve	O
voice	O
quality	O
of	O
audio	O
links	O
by	O
allowing	O
retransmissions	O
of	O
corrupted	O
packets	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
may	O
optionally	O
increase	O
audio	O
latency	O
to	O
provide	O
better	O
concurrent	O
data	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
Flow	O
Control	O
and	O
Retransmission	O
Modes	O
for	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
was	O
released	O
before	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bit	O
rate	O
of	O
EDR	O
is	O
3Mbit/s	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
maximum	O
data	O
transfer	O
rate	O
(	O
allowing	O
for	O
inter-packet	O
time	O
and	O
acknowledgements	O
)	O
is	O
2.1Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EDR	O
uses	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
GFSK	O
and	O
phase-shift	B-General_Concept
keying	I-General_Concept
modulation	O
(	O
PSK	O
)	O
with	O
two	O
variants	O
,	O
π/4	O
-DQPSK	O
and	O
8-DPSK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
is	O
published	O
as	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.0	O
+	O
EDR	O
,	O
which	O
implies	O
that	O
EDR	O
is	O
an	O
optional	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
EDR	O
,	O
the	O
v2.0	O
specification	O
contains	O
other	O
minor	O
improvements	O
,	O
and	O
products	O
may	O
claim	O
compliance	O
to	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.0	O
"	O
without	O
supporting	O
the	O
higher	O
data	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
least	O
one	O
commercial	O
device	O
states	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.0	O
without	O
EDR	O
"	O
on	O
its	O
data	O
sheet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Version	O
2.1	O
+	O
EDR	O
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
on	O
26	O
July	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
headline	O
feature	O
of	O
v2.1	O
is	O
secure	O
simple	O
pairing	O
(	O
SSP	O
)	O
:	O
this	O
improves	O
the	O
pairing	O
experience	O
for	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
,	O
while	O
increasing	O
the	O
use	O
and	O
strength	O
of	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.0	O
+	O
HS	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
on	O
21	O
April	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v3.0	O
+	O
HS	O
provides	O
theoretical	O
data	O
transfer	O
speeds	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
24	O
Mbit/s	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
over	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
link	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
link	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
negotiation	O
and	O
establishment	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
high	O
data	O
rate	O
traffic	O
is	O
carried	O
over	O
a	O
colocated	O
802.11	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
new	O
feature	O
is	O
AMP	O
(	O
Alternative	O
MAC/PHY	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
802.11	O
as	O
a	O
high-speed	O
transport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-speed	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
is	O
not	O
mandatory	O
,	O
and	O
hence	O
only	O
devices	O
that	O
display	O
the	O
"	O
+HS	O
"	O
logo	O
actually	O
support	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
over	O
802.11	O
high-speed	O
data	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v3.0	O
device	O
without	O
the	O
"	O
+HS	O
"	O
suffix	O
is	O
only	O
required	O
to	O
support	O
features	O
introduced	O
in	O
Core	O
Specification	O
Version	O
3.0	O
or	O
earlier	O
Core	O
Specification	O
Addendum	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
Enhanced	O
modes	O
Enhanced	O
Retransmission	O
Mode	O
(	O
ERTM	O
)	O
implements	O
reliable	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
,	O
while	O
Streaming	O
Mode	O
(	O
SM	O
)	O
implements	O
unreliable	O
channel	O
with	O
no	O
retransmission	O
or	O
flow	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
MAC/PHY	O
Enables	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
alternative	O
MAC	B-Protocol
and	O
PHYs	O
for	O
transporting	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profile	I-General_Concept
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radio	O
is	O
still	O
used	O
for	O
device	O
discovery	O
,	O
initial	O
connection	O
and	O
profile	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
when	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
sent	O
,	O
the	O
high-speed	O
alternative	O
MAC	B-Protocol
PHY	O
802.11	O
(	O
typically	O
associated	O
with	O
Wi-Fi	O
)	O
transports	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
uses	O
proven	O
low	O
power	O
connection	O
models	O
when	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
idle	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
faster	O
radio	O
when	O
it	O
must	O
send	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMP	O
links	O
require	O
enhanced	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unicast	O
Connectionless	O
Data	O
Permits	O
sending	O
service	O
data	O
without	O
establishing	O
an	O
explicit	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
the	O
headset	B-Device
link	O
loss	O
issue	O
typically	O
observed	O
when	O
a	O
user	O
puts	O
their	O
phone	O
into	O
a	O
pocket	O
on	O
the	O
opposite	O
side	O
to	O
the	O
headset	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-speed	O
(	O
AMP	O
)	O
feature	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v3.0	O
was	O
originally	O
intended	O
for	O
UWB	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
WiMedia	O
Alliance	O
,	O
the	O
body	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
flavor	O
of	O
UWB	O
intended	O
for	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
announced	O
in	O
March	O
2009	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
disbanding	O
,	O
and	O
ultimately	O
UWB	O
was	O
omitted	O
from	O
the	O
Core	O
v3.0	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WiMedia	O
has	O
transferred	O
all	O
current	O
and	O
future	O
specifications	O
,	O
including	O
work	O
on	O
future	O
high-speed	O
and	O
power-optimized	O
implementations	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
(	O
SIG	O
)	O
,	O
Wireless	O
USB	B-Protocol
Promoter	O
Group	O
and	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
Implementers	O
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
suspended	O
development	O
of	O
UWB	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
alternative	O
MAC/PHY	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v3.0	O
+	O
HS	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
evaluating	O
other	O
options	O
for	O
its	O
longer	O
term	O
roadmap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
completed	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
version	O
4.0	O
(	O
called	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Smart	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
high	O
speed	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
(	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
)	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
high	O
speed	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
and	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
consists	O
of	O
legacy	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
protocols	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
,	O
previously	O
known	O
as	O
Wibree	B-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v4.0	O
with	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
protocol	O
stack	O
for	O
rapid	O
build-up	O
of	O
simple	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
standard	O
protocols	O
that	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v1.0	O
to	O
v3.0	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
very	O
low	O
power	O
applications	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
coin	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
provisional	O
names	O
Wibree	B-General_Concept
and	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
ULP	I-General_Concept
(	O
Ultra	O
Low	O
Power	O
)	O
were	O
abandoned	O
and	O
the	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
name	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
while	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2011	O
,	O
new	O
logos	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Smart	I-General_Concept
Ready	O
"	O
for	O
hosts	O
and	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Smart	I-General_Concept
"	O
for	O
sensors	O
were	O
introduced	O
as	O
the	O
general-public	O
face	O
of	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
is	O
intended	O
to	O
provide	O
considerably	O
reduced	O
power	O
consumption	O
and	O
cost	O
while	O
maintaining	O
a	O
similar	O
communication	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
lengthening	O
the	O
battery	O
life	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
,	O
represents	O
a	O
significant	O
progression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
single-mode	O
implementation	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
low	B-General_Concept
energy	I-General_Concept
protocol	O
stack	O
is	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialog	O
Semiconductor	O
,	O
STMicroelectronics	O
,	O
AMICCOM	O
,	O
CSR	O
,	O
Nordic	O
Semiconductor	O
and	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
have	O
released	O
single	O
mode	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
dual-mode	O
implementation	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Smart	I-General_Concept
functionality	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
an	O
existing	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compliant	O
architecture	O
shares	O
all	O
of	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
's	O
existing	O
radio	O
and	O
functionality	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
negligible	O
cost	O
increase	O
compared	O
to	O
Classic	B-Protocol
Bluetooth	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cost-reduced	O
single-mode	O
chips	O
,	O
which	O
enable	O
highly	O
integrated	O
and	O
compact	O
devices	O
,	O
feature	O
a	O
lightweight	O
Link	B-Protocol
Layer	I-Protocol
providing	O
ultra-low	O
power	O
idle	O
mode	O
operation	O
,	O
simple	O
device	O
discovery	O
,	O
and	O
reliable	O
point-to-multipoint	O
data	O
transfer	O
with	O
advanced	O
power-save	O
and	O
secure	O
encrypted	B-Protocol
connections	I-Protocol
at	O
the	O
lowest	O
possible	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
General	O
improvements	O
in	O
version	O
4.0	O
include	O
the	O
changes	O
necessary	O
to	O
facilitate	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
modes	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
the	O
Generic	O
Attribute	O
Profile	O
(	O
GATT	O
)	O
and	O
Security	O
Manager	O
(	O
SM	O
)	O
services	O
with	O
AES	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
announced	O
formal	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v4.1	O
specification	O
on	O
4	O
December	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
specification	O
is	O
an	O
incremental	O
software	O
update	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Specification	I-Protocol
v4.0	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
a	O
hardware	O
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
update	O
incorporates	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Addenda	O
(	O
CSA	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
&	O
4	O
)	O
and	O
adds	O
new	O
features	O
that	O
improve	O
consumer	O
usability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
on	O
2	O
December	O
2014	O
,	O
it	O
introduces	O
features	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
hardware	O
may	O
receive	O
4.2	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
Data	B-Protocol
Packet	I-Protocol
Length	O
Extension	O
and	O
improved	O
privacy	O
via	O
firmware	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
released	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
on	O
6	O
December	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
new	O
features	O
are	O
mainly	O
focused	O
on	O
new	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
announce	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5.0	O
support	O
with	O
its	O
Xperia	B-Application
XZ	I-Application
Premium	I-Application
in	O
Feb	O
2017	O
during	O
the	O
Mobile	O
World	O
Congress	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S8	I-Application
launched	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
support	O
in	O
April	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
8	O
Plus	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
launched	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
support	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
integrated	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
in	O
its	O
new	O
HomePod	B-Device
offering	O
released	O
on	O
9	O
February	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marketing	O
drops	O
the	O
point	O
number	O
;	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
just	O
"	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
"	O
(	O
unlike	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
4.0	O
)	O
;	O
the	O
change	O
is	O
for	O
the	O
sake	O
of	O
"	O
Simplifying	O
our	O
marketing	O
,	O
communicating	O
user	O
benefits	O
more	O
effectively	O
and	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
signal	O
significant	O
technology	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
market.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
provides	O
,	O
for	O
BLE	B-General_Concept
,	O
options	O
that	O
can	O
double	O
the	O
speed	O
(	O
2Mbit/s	O
burst	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
range	O
,	O
or	O
provide	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
times	O
the	O
range	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
data	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increase	O
in	O
transmissions	O
could	O
be	O
important	O
for	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
where	O
many	O
nodes	O
connect	O
throughout	O
a	O
whole	O
house	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5	O
increases	O
capacity	O
of	O
connectionless	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
location-relevant	O
navigation	O
of	O
low-energy	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
presented	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5.1	O
on	O
21	O
January	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
published	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Version	O
5.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BT	O
LE	O
Audio	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
January	O
2020	O
at	O
CES	O
by	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
regular	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Audio	I-General_Concept
,	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
Low	I-General_Concept
Energy	I-General_Concept
Audio	O
makes	O
lower	O
battery	O
consumption	O
possible	O
and	O
creates	O
a	O
standardized	O
way	O
of	O
transmitting	O
audio	O
over	O
BT	O
LE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
LE	I-General_Concept
Audio	O
also	O
allows	O
one-to-many	O
and	O
many-to-one	O
broadcasts	O
,	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
receivers	O
from	O
one	O
source	O
or	O
one	O
receiver	O
for	O
multiple	O
sources	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Auracast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
new	O
LC3	B-General_Concept
codec	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
BLE	B-General_Concept
Audio	O
will	O
also	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
hearing	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
12	O
July	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
announced	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
LE	I-General_Concept
Audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
has	O
a	O
lower	O
minimum	O
latency	O
claim	O
of	O
20-30	O
ms	O
vs	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Classic	I-Protocol
audio	O
of	O
100-200	O
ms.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
published	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Version	O
5.3	O
on	O
13	O
July	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
enhancements	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
5.3	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
released	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Version	O
5.4	O
on	O
7	O
February	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seeking	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
compatibility	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
,	O
the	O
devices	O
that	O
adhere	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
use	O
an	O
interface	O
called	O
HCI	O
(	O
Host	O
Controller	O
Interface	O
)	O
between	O
the	O
host	O
device	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
laptop	O
,	O
phone	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
wireless	O
headset	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-level	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
SDP	O
(	O
Protocol	O
used	O
to	O
find	O
other	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
within	O
the	O
communication	O
range	O
,	O
also	O
responsible	O
for	O
detecting	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
devices	O
in	O
range	O
)	O
,	O
RFCOMM	O
(	O
Protocol	O
used	O
to	O
emulate	O
serial	O
port	O
connections	O
)	O
and	O
TCS	O
(	O
Telephony	O
control	O
protocol	O
)	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
baseband	O
controller	O
through	O
the	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
(	O
Logical	O
Link	O
Control	O
and	O
Adaptation	O
Protocol	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
segmentation	O
and	O
reassembly	O
of	O
the	O
packets	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	O
that	O
makes	O
up	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
is	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
,	O
logically	O
,	O
two	O
parts	O
;	O
which	O
may	O
or	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
physically	O
separate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SBC	B-General_Concept
(	O
codec	O
)	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
attending	O
the	O
instructions	O
related	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
of	O
the	O
host	O
device	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
simplify	O
its	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
is	O
a	O
short-range	O
wireless	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
are	O
fabricated	B-Architecture
on	O
RF	O
CMOS	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
RF	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
)	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
is	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
layer	O
protocol	O
architecture	O
consisting	O
of	O
core	O
protocols	O
,	O
cable	O
replacement	O
protocols	O
,	O
telephony	O
control	O
protocols	O
,	O
and	O
adopted	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mandatory	O
protocols	O
for	O
all	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stacks	I-Protocol
are	O
LMP	O
,	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
and	O
SDP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
devices	O
that	O
communicate	O
with	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
almost	O
universally	O
can	O
use	O
these	O
protocols	O
:	O
HCI	O
and	O
RFCOMM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
interface	O
provides	O
an	O
access	O
layer	O
for	O
all	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HCI	O
layer	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
exchanges	O
commands	O
and	O
data	O
with	O
the	O
HCI	O
firmware	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
HCI	O
tasks	O
that	O
must	O
be	O
performed	O
is	O
the	O
automatic	O
discovery	O
of	O
other	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
that	O
are	O
within	O
the	O
coverage	O
radiux	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Logical	O
Link	O
Control	O
and	O
Adaptation	O
Protocol	O
(	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
multiplex	O
multiple	O
logical	O
connections	O
between	O
two	O
devices	O
using	O
different	O
higher	O
level	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
segmentation	O
and	O
reassembly	O
of	O
on-air	O
packets	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Basic	O
mode	O
,	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
provides	O
packets	B-Protocol
with	O
a	O
payload	O
configurable	O
up	O
to	O
64kB	O
,	O
with	O
672	O
bytes	O
as	O
the	O
default	O
MTU	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
48	O
bytes	O
as	O
the	O
minimum	O
mandatory	O
supported	O
MTU	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Retransmission	O
and	O
Flow	O
Control	O
modes	O
,	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
configured	O
either	O
for	O
isochronous	O
data	O
or	O
reliable	O
data	O
per	O
channel	O
by	O
performing	O
retransmissions	O
and	O
CRC	O
checks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Core	O
Specification	O
Addendum	O
1	O
adds	O
two	O
additional	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
modes	O
to	O
the	O
core	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mode	O
provides	O
a	O
reliable	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mode	O
provides	O
an	O
unreliable	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reliability	O
in	O
any	O
of	O
these	O
modes	O
is	O
optionally	O
and/or	O
additionally	O
guaranteed	O
by	O
the	O
lower	O
layer	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
BDR/EDR	O
air	O
interface	O
by	O
configuring	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
retransmissions	O
and	O
flush	O
timeout	O
(	O
time	O
after	O
which	O
the	O
radio	O
flushes	O
packets	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channels	O
configured	O
in	O
ERTM	O
or	O
SM	O
may	O
be	O
operated	O
over	O
AMP	O
logical	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
you	O
use	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
headset	B-Device
,	O
the	O
phone	O
uses	O
SDP	O
to	O
determine	O
which	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
the	O
headset	B-Device
can	O
use	O
(	O
Headset	B-Device
Profile	O
,	O
Hands	O
Free	O
Profile	O
(	O
HFP	O
)	O
,	O
Advanced	O
Audio	O
Distribution	O
Profile	O
(	O
A2DP	O
)	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
the	O
protocol	O
multiplexer	O
settings	O
needed	O
for	O
the	O
phone	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
headset	B-Device
using	O
each	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
service	O
is	O
identified	O
by	O
a	O
Universally	O
Unique	O
Identifier	O
(	O
UUID	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
official	O
services	O
(	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
)	O
assigned	O
a	O
short	O
form	O
UUID	O
(	O
16	O
bits	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
full	O
128	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
 ] ]	O
(	O
formerly	O
RS-232	O
)	O
control	O
signals	O
over	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
baseband	O
layer	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
serial	O
port	O
emulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
directly	O
by	O
many	O
telephony	O
related	O
profiles	O
as	O
a	O
carrier	O
for	O
AT	O
commands	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
transport	O
layer	O
for	O
OBEX	B-General_Concept
over	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
applications	O
use	O
RFCOMM	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
widespread	O
support	O
and	O
publicly	O
available	O
API	O
on	O
most	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Network	O
Encapsulation	O
Protocol	O
(	O
BNEP	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
transferring	O
another	O
protocol	O
stack	O
's	O
data	O
via	O
an	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
main	O
purpose	O
is	O
the	O
transmission	O
of	O
IP	O
packets	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
Personal	O
Area	O
Networking	O
Profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BNEP	O
performs	O
a	O
similar	O
function	O
to	O
SNAP	B-Protocol
in	O
Wireless	B-Architecture
LAN	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Audio/Video	O
Control	O
Transport	O
Protocol	O
(	O
AVCTP	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
remote	O
control	O
profile	O
to	O
transfer	O
AV/C	O
commands	O
over	O
an	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
music	O
control	O
buttons	O
on	O
a	O
stereo	O
headset	B-Device
use	O
this	O
protocol	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
music	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Audio/Video	O
Distribution	O
Transport	O
Protocol	O
(	O
AVDTP	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
advanced	O
audio	O
distribution	O
(	O
A2DP	O
)	O
profile	O
to	O
stream	O
music	O
to	O
stereo	O
headsets	B-Device
over	O
an	O
L2CAP	B-General_Concept
channel	O
intended	O
for	O
video	O
distribution	O
profile	O
in	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Telephony	O
Control	O
Protocol	O
–	O
Binary	O
(	O
TCS	O
BIN	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
bit-oriented	O
protocol	O
that	O
defines	O
the	O
call	O
control	O
signaling	O
for	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
voice	O
and	O
data	O
calls	O
between	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
"	O
TCS	O
BIN	O
defines	O
mobility	O
management	O
procedures	O
for	O
handling	O
groups	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
TCS	O
devices.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Adopted	O
protocols	O
are	O
defined	O
by	O
other	O
standards-making	O
organizations	O
and	O
incorporated	O
into	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
's	O
protocol	O
stack	O
,	O
allowing	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
to	O
code	O
protocols	O
only	O
when	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Point-to-Point	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
PPP	O
)	O
Internet	O
standard	O
protocol	O
for	O
transporting	O
IP	O
datagrams	O
over	O
a	O
point-to-point	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Environment/Wireless	I-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
WAE/WAP	O
)	O
WAE	O
specifies	O
an	O
application	O
framework	O
for	O
wireless	O
devices	O
and	O
WAP	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
to	O
provide	O
mobile	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
telephony	O
and	O
information	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
packet	B-Protocol
type	O
,	O
individual	O
packets	B-Protocol
may	O
be	O
protected	O
by	O
error	B-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
,	O
either	O
1/3	O
rate	O
forward	B-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
(	O
FEC	O
)	O
or	O
2/3	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
packets	B-Protocol
with	O
CRC	O
will	O
be	O
retransmitted	O
until	O
acknowledged	O
by	O
automatic	B-Error_Name
repeat	I-Error_Name
request	I-Error_Name
(	O
ARQ	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
in	O
discoverable	O
mode	O
transmits	O
the	O
following	O
information	O
on	O
demand	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
friendly	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
names	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
set	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cellular	O
phones	O
have	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
name	O
set	O
to	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
and	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
phone	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cellular	O
phones	O
and	O
laptops	O
show	O
only	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
names	O
and	O
special	O
programs	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
get	O
additional	O
information	O
about	O
remote	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
confusing	O
as	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
there	O
could	O
be	O
several	O
cellular	O
phones	O
in	O
range	O
named	O
T610	O
(	O
see	O
Bluejacking	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
services	O
offered	O
over	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
can	O
expose	O
private	O
data	O
or	O
let	O
a	O
connecting	O
party	O
control	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
reasons	O
make	O
it	O
necessary	O
to	O
recognize	O
specific	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
enable	O
control	O
over	O
which	O
devices	O
can	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
given	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
useful	O
for	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
connection	O
without	O
user	O
intervention	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
in	O
range	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
resolve	O
this	O
conflict	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
uses	O
a	O
process	O
called	O
bonding	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
bond	O
is	O
generated	O
through	O
a	O
process	O
called	O
pairing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pairing	O
process	O
is	O
triggered	O
either	O
by	O
a	O
specific	O
request	O
from	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
bond	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
explicitly	O
requests	O
to	O
"	O
Add	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
is	O
triggered	O
automatically	O
when	O
connecting	O
to	O
a	O
service	O
where	O
(	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
)	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
security	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
a	O
link	O
key	O
is	O
generated	O
,	O
an	O
authenticated	O
ACL	B-General_Concept
link	O
between	O
the	O
devices	O
may	O
be	O
encrypted	O
to	O
protect	O
exchanged	O
data	O
against	O
eavesdropping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
services	I-General_Concept
generally	O
require	O
either	O
encryption	O
or	O
authentication	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
require	O
pairing	O
before	O
they	O
let	O
a	O
remote	O
device	O
connect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pairing	O
mechanisms	O
changed	O
significantly	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Secure	O
Simple	O
Pairing	O
in	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legacy	O
pairing	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
method	O
available	O
in	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.0	O
and	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limited	O
input	O
devices	O
:	O
The	O
obvious	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
class	O
of	O
device	O
is	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Hands-free	O
headset	B-Device
,	O
which	O
generally	O
have	O
few	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alpha-numeric	O
input	O
devices	O
:	O
PCs	B-Device
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
examples	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	O
Simple	O
Pairing	O
(	O
SSP	O
)	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
required	O
by	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
,	O
although	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
device	O
may	O
only	O
use	O
legacy	O
pairing	O
to	O
interoperate	O
with	O
a	O
v2.0	O
or	O
earlier	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	O
Simple	O
Pairing	O
uses	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
public-key	B-Application
cryptography	I-Application
,	O
and	O
some	O
types	O
can	O
help	O
protect	O
against	O
man	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
,	O
or	O
MITM	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
by	O
headsets	B-Device
with	O
minimal	O
IO	B-Application
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
more	O
secure	O
than	O
the	O
fixed	O
PIN	O
mechanism	O
this	O
limited	O
set	O
of	O
devices	O
uses	O
for	O
legacy	O
pairing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passkey	O
Entry	O
:	O
This	O
method	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
between	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
a	O
display	O
and	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
entry	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
)	O
,	O
or	O
two	O
devices	O
with	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
entry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pairing	O
is	O
completed	O
using	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radio	O
,	O
but	O
requires	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
OOB	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
,	O
encryption	O
is	O
not	O
required	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
turned	O
off	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
addresses	O
this	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Link	O
keys	O
may	O
be	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
file	O
system	O
,	O
not	O
on	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
chip	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
chip	O
manufacturers	O
let	O
link	O
keys	O
be	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
—	O
however	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
removable	O
,	O
this	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
link	O
key	O
moves	O
with	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
implements	O
confidentiality	O
,	O
authentication	O
and	O
key	O
derivation	O
with	O
custom	O
algorithms	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
SAFER+	B-Algorithm
block	O
cipher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
key	O
generation	O
is	O
generally	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
PIN	O
,	O
which	O
must	O
be	O
entered	O
into	O
both	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
procedure	O
might	O
be	O
modified	O
if	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
has	O
a	O
fixed	O
PIN	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
headsets	B-Device
or	O
similar	O
devices	O
with	O
a	O
restricted	O
user	O
interface	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
E0	B-Algorithm
stream	O
cipher	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
encrypting	O
packets	B-Protocol
,	O
granting	O
confidentiality	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
shared	O
cryptographic	O
secret	O
,	O
namely	O
a	O
previously	O
generated	O
link	O
key	O
or	O
master	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
keys	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
subsequent	O
encryption	O
of	O
data	O
sent	O
via	O
the	O
air	O
interface	O
,	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
PIN	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
entered	O
into	O
one	O
or	O
both	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
overview	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
vulnerabilities	O
exploits	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
2007	O
by	O
Andreas	O
Becker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NIST	O
)	O
published	O
a	O
Guide	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Security	O
as	O
a	O
reference	O
for	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
describes	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
security	O
capabilities	O
and	O
how	O
to	O
secure	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
technologies	I-Protocol
effectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
has	O
its	O
benefits	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
susceptible	O
to	O
denial-of-service	O
attacks	O
,	O
eavesdropping	O
,	O
man-in-the-middle	O
attacks	O
,	O
message	O
modification	O
,	O
and	O
resource	O
misappropriation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
and	O
organizations	O
must	O
evaluate	O
their	O
acceptable	O
level	O
of	O
risk	O
and	O
incorporate	O
security	O
into	O
the	O
lifecycle	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
help	O
mitigate	O
risks	O
,	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
NIST	O
document	O
are	O
security	O
checklists	O
with	O
guidelines	O
and	O
recommendations	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
maintaining	O
secure	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
piconets	I-General_Concept
,	O
headsets	B-Device
,	O
and	O
smart	O
card	O
readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
v2.1	O
–	O
finalized	O
in	O
2007	O
with	O
consumer	O
devices	O
first	O
appearing	O
in	O
2009	O
–	O
makes	O
significant	O
changes	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
's	O
security	O
,	O
including	O
pairing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluejacking	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
sending	O
of	O
either	O
a	O
picture	O
or	O
a	O
message	O
from	O
one	O
user	O
to	O
an	O
unsuspecting	O
user	O
through	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
wireless	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluejacking	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
involve	O
the	O
removal	O
or	O
alteration	O
of	O
any	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Jakobsson	O
and	O
Wetzel	O
from	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
discovered	O
flaws	O
in	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
pairing	O
protocol	O
and	O
also	O
pointed	O
to	O
vulnerabilities	O
in	O
the	O
encryption	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
Ltd	O
.	O
discovered	O
that	O
serious	O
flaws	O
in	O
some	O
poor	O
implementations	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
security	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
disclosure	O
of	O
personal	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
attack	O
called	O
BlueBug	B-General_Concept
was	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
experiment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
the	O
first	O
purported	O
virus	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
to	O
spread	O
itself	O
among	O
mobile	O
phones	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
real	O
)	O
security	O
threat	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
technology	I-Protocol
or	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
since	O
the	O
virus	O
has	O
never	O
spread	O
outside	O
of	O
this	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2004	O
,	O
a	O
world-record-setting	O
experiment	O
(	O
see	O
also	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
sniping	O
)	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
Class2	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radios	O
could	O
be	O
extended	O
to	O
with	O
directional	O
antennas	O
and	O
signal	O
amplifiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
poses	O
a	O
potential	O
security	O
threat	O
because	O
it	O
enables	O
attackers	O
to	O
access	O
vulnerable	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
from	O
a	O
distance	O
beyond	O
expectation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
attack	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
against	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
device	O
unless	O
the	O
attacker	O
knows	O
its	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
address	O
and	O
which	O
channels	O
to	O
transmit	O
on	O
,	O
although	O
these	O
can	O
be	O
deduced	O
within	O
a	O
few	O
minutes	O
if	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
worm	O
began	O
targeting	O
mobile	O
phones	O
using	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
(	O
Series	B-Language
60	I-Language
platform	I-Language
)	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
enabled	O
devices	O
to	O
replicate	O
itself	O
and	O
spread	O
to	O
other	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
worm	O
is	O
self-installing	O
and	O
begins	O
once	O
the	O
mobile	O
user	O
approves	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
(	O
Velasco.sis	O
)	O
from	O
another	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
installed	O
,	O
the	O
worm	O
begins	O
looking	O
for	O
other	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
enabled	O
devices	O
to	O
infect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
worm	O
infects	O
other	O
.SISfiles	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
allowing	O
replication	O
to	O
another	O
device	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
removable	O
media	O
(	O
Secure	B-Device
Digital	I-Device
,	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2005	O
,	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
security	O
researchers	O
published	O
results	O
of	O
their	O
actual	O
implementation	O
of	O
passive	O
attacks	O
against	O
the	O
PIN-based	O
pairing	O
between	O
commercial	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
confirmed	O
that	O
attacks	O
are	O
practicably	O
fast	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
symmetric	O
key	O
establishment	O
method	O
is	O
vulnerable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
rectify	O
this	O
vulnerability	O
,	O
they	O
designed	O
an	O
implementation	O
that	O
showed	O
that	O
stronger	O
,	O
asymmetric	B-Application
key	I-Application
establishment	O
is	O
feasible	O
for	O
certain	O
classes	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2005	O
,	O
Yaniv	O
Shaked	O
and	O
Avishai	O
Wool	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
describing	O
both	O
passive	O
and	O
active	O
methods	O
for	O
obtaining	O
the	O
PIN	O
for	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
this	O
active	O
attack	O
probably	O
requires	O
custom	O
hardware	O
,	O
since	O
most	O
commercially	O
available	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
are	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
the	O
timing	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2005	O
,	O
police	O
in	O
Cambridgeshire	O
,	O
England	O
,	O
issued	O
warnings	O
about	O
thieves	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
enabled	O
phones	O
to	O
track	O
other	O
devices	O
left	O
in	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2006	O
,	O
researchers	O
from	O
Secure	O
Network	O
and	O
F-Secure	O
published	O
a	O
report	O
that	O
warns	O
of	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
devices	O
left	O
in	O
a	O
visible	O
state	O
,	O
and	O
issued	O
statistics	O
on	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
various	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
services	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
ease	O
of	O
spread	O
of	O
an	O
eventual	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
worm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Luxemburgish	O
Hack.lu	O
Security	O
Conference	O
,	O
Kevin	O
Finistere	O
and	O
Thierry	O
Zoller	O
demonstrated	O
and	O
released	O
a	O
remote	O
root	O
shell	O
via	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
on	O
Mac	B-Protocol
OS	O
X	O
v10.3.9	O
and	O
v10.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
PIN	O
and	O
Linkkeys	O
cracker	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
Wool	O
and	O
Shaked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
security	O
researchers	O
at	O
Armis	O
discovered	O
multiple	O
exploits	O
in	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
software	O
in	O
various	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
Android	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Armis	O
contacted	O
Google	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
Samsung	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
developers	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
patch	O
their	O
software	O
before	O
the	O
coordinated	O
announcement	O
of	O
the	O
vulnerabilities	O
on	O
12	O
September	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2018	O
,	O
Lior	O
Neumann	O
and	O
Eli	O
Biham	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Technion	O
–	O
Israel	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
identified	O
a	O
security	O
vulnerability	O
in	O
the	O
latest	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
pairing	O
procedures	O
:	O
Secure	O
Simple	O
Pairing	O
and	O
LE	O
Secure	B-Protocol
Connections	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2018	O
,	O
Karim	O
Lounis	O
,	O
a	O
network	O
security	O
researcher	O
at	O
Queen	O
's	O
University	O
,	O
identified	O
a	O
security	O
vulnerability	O
,	O
called	O
CDV	O
(	O
Connection	O
Dumping	O
Vulnerability	O
)	O
,	O
on	O
various	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
that	O
allows	O
an	O
attacker	O
to	O
tear	O
down	O
an	O
existing	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
connection	O
and	O
cause	O
the	O
deauthentication	O
and	O
disconnection	O
of	O
the	O
involved	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
security	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Singapore	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
and	O
Design	O
,	O
Helmholtz	O
Center	O
for	O
Information	O
Security	O
,	O
and	O
University	O
of	O
Oxford	O
discovered	O
a	O
vulnerability	O
,	O
called	O
KNOB	O
(	O
Key	O
Negotiation	O
Of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
)	O
in	O
the	O
key	O
negotiation	O
that	O
would	O
"	O
brute	O
force	O
the	O
negotiated	O
encryption	O
keys	O
,	O
decrypt	O
the	O
eavesdropped	O
ciphertext	O
,	O
and	O
inject	O
valid	O
encrypted	O
messages	O
(	O
in	O
real-time	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
released	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
security	O
patch	O
on	O
5	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
which	O
removed	O
this	O
vulnerability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
uses	O
the	O
radio	O
frequency	O
spectrum	O
in	O
the	O
2.402GHz	O
to	O
2.480GHz	O
range	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
non-ionizing	O
radiation	O
,	O
of	O
similar	O
bandwidth	O
to	O
that	O
used	O
by	O
wireless	O
and	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maximum	O
power	O
output	O
from	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
radio	O
is	O
100mW	O
for	O
class	O
1	O
,	O
2.5mW	O
for	O
class	O
2	O
,	O
and	O
1mW	O
for	O
class	O
3	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
and	O
W-CDMA	O
output	O
250mW	O
,	O
GSM1800/1900	O
outputs	O
1000mW	O
,	O
and	O
GSM850/900	O
outputs	O
2000mW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Innovation	O
World	O
Cup	O
,	O
a	O
marketing	O
initiative	O
of	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
(	O
SIG	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
an	O
international	O
competition	O
that	O
encouraged	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
innovations	O
for	O
applications	O
leveraging	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
technology	I-Protocol
in	O
sports	O
,	O
fitness	O
and	O
health	O
care	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Innovation	O
World	O
Cup	O
morphed	O
into	O
the	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Breakthrough	O
Awards	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
SIG	O
subsequently	O
launched	O
the	O
Imagine	O
Blue	O
Award	O
in	O
2016	O
at	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
World	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Breakthrough	O
Awards	O
program	O
highlights	O
the	O
most	O
innovative	O
products	O
and	O
applications	O
available	O
today	O
,	O
prototypes	O
coming	O
soon	O
,	O
and	O
student-led	O
projects	O
in	O
the	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
