<s>
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
checkers-playing	O
computer	O
program	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
screen	O
name	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
David	O
B	O
.	O
Fogel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
was	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
checkers-playing	O
computer	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
screen	O
name	O
was	O
used	O
on	O
The	B-Application
Zone	I-Application
,	O
an	O
internet	O
boardgaming	O
site	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
played	O
against	O
some	O
165	O
human	O
opponents	O
and	O
was	O
shown	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
rating	O
of	O
2048	O
,	O
or	O
better	O
than	O
99.61	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
playing	O
population	O
of	O
that	O
web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
of	O
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
minimax	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
checkers	O
game	O
tree	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
evaluation	O
function	O
is	O
a	O
deep	O
learning	O
convolutional	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
neural	B-Architecture
net	I-Architecture
receives	O
as	O
input	O
a	O
vector	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
checkerboard	O
positions	O
and	O
returns	O
a	O
single	O
value	O
which	O
is	O
passed	O
on	O
to	O
the	O
minimax	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
weights	O
of	O
the	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
were	O
obtained	O
by	O
an	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
(	O
an	O
approach	O
now	O
called	O
neuroevolution	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
Blondie24-like	O
programs	O
played	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
checkers	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
were	O
eliminated	O
that	O
performed	O
relatively	O
poorly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Points	O
were	O
earned	O
for	O
each	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
after	O
a	O
multiple	O
of	O
games	O
;	O
the	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
did	O
not	O
know	O
which	O
individual	O
games	O
were	O
won	O
,	O
lost	O
,	O
or	O
drawn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
significance	O
of	O
the	O
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
program	O
is	O
that	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
play	O
checkers	O
did	O
not	O
rely	O
on	O
any	O
human	O
expertise	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fogel	O
also	O
authored	O
a	O
book	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
experiences	O
he	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
had	O
while	O
running	O
Blondie24	B-General_Concept
in	O
on-line	O
checkers	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
in	O
obtaining	O
a	O
victory	O
against	O
a	O
dumbed-down	O
version	O
of	O
Chinook	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
