<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
or	O
Biomedical	O
Instrumentation	B-Application
is	O
an	O
application	O
of	O
biomedical	O
engineering	O
,	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
development	O
of	O
devices	O
and	O
mechanics	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
,	O
evaluate	O
,	O
and	O
treat	O
biological	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
biomedical	O
instrumentation	B-Application
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
multiple	O
sensors	O
to	O
monitor	O
physiological	O
characteristics	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
or	O
animal	O
for	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
disease	O
treatment	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
instrumentation	B-Application
originated	O
as	O
a	O
necessity	O
to	O
constantly	O
monitor	O
vital	O
signs	O
of	O
Astronauts	O
during	O
NASA	O
's	O
Mercury	O
,	O
Gemini	O
,	O
and	O
Apollo	O
missions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
is	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
upcoming	O
field	O
,	O
concentrating	O
on	O
treating	O
diseases	O
and	O
bridging	O
together	O
the	O
engineering	O
and	O
medical	O
worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
revolutionized	O
the	O
medical	O
field	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
made	O
treating	O
patients	O
much	O
easier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
instruments/sensors	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
field	O
can	O
convert	O
signals	O
found	O
within	O
the	O
body	O
into	O
electrical	O
signals	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
processed	O
into	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
subfields	O
within	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
,	O
they	O
include	O
:	O
biomedical	O
options	O
,	O
creation	O
of	O
sensor	O
,	O
genetic	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
drug	O
delivery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fields	O
of	O
engineering	O
such	O
as	O
electrical	O
engineering	O
,	O
biomedical	O
engineering	O
,	O
and	O
computer	O
science	O
,	O
are	O
the	O
related	O
sciences	O
to	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
since	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
the	O
everyday	O
lives	O
of	O
many	O
individuals	O
,	O
with	O
sensor-augmented	O
smartphones	B-Application
capable	O
of	O
measuring	O
heart	O
rate	O
and	O
oxygen	O
saturation	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
widespread	O
availability	O
of	O
fitness	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
with	O
over	O
40,000	O
health	O
tracking	O
apps	O
on	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wrist-worn	O
fitness	O
tracking	O
devices	O
have	O
also	O
gained	O
popularity	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
on-board	O
sensors	O
capable	O
of	O
measuring	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
biometrics	O
,	O
and	O
relaying	O
them	O
to	O
an	O
app	B-Application
that	O
logs	O
and	O
tracks	O
information	O
for	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
model	O
of	O
a	O
generalized	O
instrumentation	B-Application
system	O
necessitates	O
only	O
four	O
parts	O
:	O
a	O
measurand	O
,	O
a	O
sensor	O
,	O
a	O
signal	O
processor	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
output	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
complicated	O
instrumentation	B-Application
devices	O
may	O
also	O
designate	O
function	O
for	O
data	O
storage	O
and	O
transmission	O
,	O
calibration	O
,	O
or	O
control	O
and	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
at	O
its	O
core	O
,	O
an	O
instrumentation	B-Application
systems	O
converts	O
energy	O
or	O
information	O
from	O
a	O
physical	O
property	O
not	O
otherwise	O
perceivable	O
,	O
into	O
an	O
output	O
display	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
easily	O
interpret	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
why	O
instrumentation	B-Application
systems	O
make	O
up	O
such	O
a	O
large	O
portion	O
of	O
modern	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biomedical	O
instrumentation	B-Application
however	O
is	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biomedical	O
engineering	O
and	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
are	O
new	O
terms	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
practice	O
behind	O
them	O
has	O
existed	O
for	O
many	O
generations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
inventions	O
such	O
as	O
X-rays	B-Library
and	O
stethoscopes	O
have	O
progressed	O
and	O
revolutionized	O
the	O
medical	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Positron	B-Application
Emission	I-Application
Tomography	I-Application
(	O
PET	B-Application
)	O
scan	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
advancement	O
within	O
the	O
biomedical	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
PET	B-Application
scan	I-Application
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Edward	O
Hoffman	O
and	O
Michael	O
E	O
.	O
Phelps	O
in	O
1974	O
.	O
the	O
machine	O
provides	O
an	O
effective	O
imaging	O
test	O
for	O
understanding	O
the	O
metabolic	O
activity	O
within	O
the	O
tissues	O
and	O
organs	O
of	O
the	O
patient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
was	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
earnest	O
by	O
NASA	O
during	O
their	O
early	O
space	O
missions	O
,	O
to	O
gain	O
a	O
better	O
understanding	O
of	O
how	O
humans	O
were	O
affected	O
by	O
space	O
travel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
early	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
sensor	O
arrays	O
built	O
by	O
NASA	O
constantly	O
monitored	O
astronauts	O
ECG	B-Application
,	O
respiration	O
,	O
and	O
body	O
temperature	O
;	O
and	O
later	O
measured	O
blood	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
taken	O
from	O
Apollo	O
15	O
ECG	B-Application
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
showed	O
periods	O
of	O
cardiac	O
arrhythmia	O
,	O
which	O
physicians	O
and	O
planners	O
used	O
to	O
alter	O
expected	O
workload	O
,	O
diet	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
drugs	O
in	O
the	O
on-board	O
medical	O
kits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Measurand	O
:	O
A	O
physical	O
quantity	O
where	O
the	O
instrumentation	B-Application
systems	O
would	O
measure	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alarms	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
hear	O
the	O
audio	O
signals	O
such	O
as	O
signals	O
made	O
in	O
Doppler	O
Ultrasound	B-Application
Scanner	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensors	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
well	O
known	O
aspect	O
of	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
include	O
thermometers	O
,	O
brain	O
scans	O
,	O
and	O
electrocardiograms	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
field	O
of	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
electrical	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
commonly	O
used	O
amplifier	O
is	O
the	O
instrumentation	B-Application
amplifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instrumentation	B-Application
amplifiers	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
AD620	O
amplifier	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
amplify	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
two	O
different	O
voltage	O
inputs	O
while	O
maintaining	O
little	O
offset	O
voltage	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
CMRR	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
amplify	O
low	O
frequency	O
signals	O
while	O
rejecting	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
market	O
has	O
seen	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
growth	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
wrist-worn	O
activity	O
tracking	O
devices	O
surging	O
from	O
a	O
market	O
value	O
of	O
0.75	O
billion	O
U.S.	O
dollars	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
to	O
5.8	O
billion	O
U.S.	O
dollars	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
smartphone	B-Application
designs	O
,	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
now	O
capable	O
of	O
measuring	O
heart	O
rate	O
,	O
blood-oxygen	O
levels	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
steps	O
taken	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
genetic	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
changed	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
genetic	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
helps	O
scientists	O
understand	O
DNA	O
and	O
the	O
human	O
genome	O
better	O
than	O
ever	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drug	O
delivery	O
and	O
aiding	O
machines	O
have	O
been	O
improved	O
greatly	O
by	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biotechnology	O
in	O
agriculture	O
requires	O
handling	O
compound	O
plant	O
genomes	O
that	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
complex	O
instrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
of	O
imaging	O
systems	O
include	O
x-rays	B-Library
,	O
computed	O
tomography	O
(	O
CT	O
scan	O
)	O
,	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
imaging	O
(	O
MRI	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
ultrasound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
x-ray	B-Library
is	O
a	O
non-invasive	O
procedure	O
that	O
analyzes	O
the	O
bones	O
and	O
tumors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
getting	O
an	O
x-ray	B-Library
is	O
the	O
exposure	O
to	O
radiation	O
that	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
other	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CT	O
scan	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
various	O
x-rays	B-Library
that	O
provides	O
a	O
detailed	O
image	O
of	O
organs	O
and	O
layers	O
of	O
tissue	O
in	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
existing	O
space	O
suit	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
system	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
systems	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
provide	O
improved	O
health	O
monitoring	O
during	O
extra-vehicular	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biomedical	O
instrumentation	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
medical	O
world	O
of	O
surgery	O
since	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
time	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
evolve	O
to	O
improve	O
patient	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	O
systems	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
cameras	O
,	O
ultrasounds	B-Application
,	O
X-rays	B-Library
,	O
MRIs	O
,	O
PET	B-Application
and	O
CT	O
scans	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
pinpoint	O
disorders	O
within	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
surgery	O
ultrasounds	B-Application
and	O
device	O
attached	O
cameras	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
throughout	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
sight	O
of	O
the	O
treatment	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
in	O
research	O
has	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
applications	O
from	O
standard	O
data	O
collection	O
to	O
prototype	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
unique	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
to	O
characterize	O
bone	O
phenotypes	O
of	O
various	O
animal	O
models	O
through	O
strain	O
gauging	O
and	O
tibial	O
loading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
many	O
more	O
applications	O
in	O
research	O
from	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
bioinstruments	O
to	O
novel	O
incorporation	O
into	O
new	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bioinstrumentation	B-Application
has	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
novel	O
diagnostic	O
tools	O
that	O
are	O
utilized	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
sufficient	O
challenge	O
to	O
implementing	O
real-time	O
measurement	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
lightweight	O
,	O
comfortable	O
and	O
efficient	O
,	O
so	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
increased	O
drive	O
for	O
the	O
novel	O
development	O
of	O
more	O
flexible	O
and	O
compact	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novel	O
developments	O
in	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
continue	O
to	O
lend	O
itself	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
real-time	O
measurement	O
systems	O
that	O
can	O
provide	O
flexibility	O
,	O
compactness	O
,	O
and	O
efficiency	O
to	O
better	O
monitor	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biomedical	O
engineering	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
stem	O
of	O
Engineering	O
,	O
under	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
branch	O
called	O
Biomedical	O
instrumentation	B-Application
in	O
which	O
training	O
in	O
equipment	O
use	O
,	O
circuitry	O
,	O
and	O
safety	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biomedical	O
Instrumentation	B-Application
development	O
comes	O
with	O
constraints	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patient	O
safety	O
also	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
aspect	O
and	O
limitation	O
of	O
Biomedical	O
Instrumentation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
these	O
limitations	O
,	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
Biomedical	O
Engineering	O
and	O
medicine	O
is	O
growing	O
rapidly	O
,	O
and	O
bioinstrumentation	B-Application
will	O
continue	O
to	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
