<s>
Biogeography-based	B-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
(	O
BBO	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
(	O
EA	O
)	O
that	O
optimizes	O
a	O
function	O
by	O
stochastically	O
and	O
iteratively	B-Algorithm
improving	O
candidate	O
solutions	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
a	O
given	O
measure	O
of	O
quality	O
,	O
or	O
fitness	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BBO	O
belongs	O
to	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
metaheuristics	B-Algorithm
since	O
it	O
includes	O
many	O
variations	O
,	O
and	O
since	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
make	O
any	O
assumptions	O
about	O
the	O
problem	O
and	O
can	O
therefore	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
class	O
of	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BBO	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
to	O
optimize	O
multidimensional	O
real-valued	O
functions	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
gradient	O
of	O
the	O
function	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
the	O
function	O
to	O
be	O
differentiable	O
as	O
required	O
by	O
classic	O
optimization	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
gradient	B-Algorithm
descent	I-Algorithm
and	O
quasi-newton	B-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematical	O
models	O
of	O
biogeography	O
describe	O
speciation	O
(	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
new	O
species	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
migration	O
of	O
species	O
(	O
animals	O
,	O
fish	O
,	O
birds	O
,	O
or	O
insects	O
)	O
between	O
islands	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
extinction	B-Application
of	O
species	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emigration	O
occurs	O
as	O
animals	O
ride	O
flotsam	B-Application
,	O
swim	O
,	O
fly	O
,	O
or	O
ride	O
the	O
wind	O
to	O
neighboring	O
islands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
BBO	O
it	O
is	O
assumed	O
that	O
emigration	O
from	O
an	O
island	O
results	O
in	O
extinction	B-Application
from	O
that	O
island	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elitism	O
was	O
originally	O
proposed	O
for	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
by	O
DeJong	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blended	O
BBO	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
blended	O
crossover	O
in	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
outperform	O
standard	O
BBO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BBO	O
has	O
been	O
hybridized	O
with	O
several	O
other	O
EAs	O
,	O
including	O
particle	B-Algorithm
swarm	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
,	O
differential	B-Algorithm
evolution	I-Algorithm
,	O
evolution	B-Algorithm
strategy	I-Algorithm
,	O
,	O
case-based	O
reasoning	O
,	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
bee	I-Algorithm
colony	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
,	O
bacterial	O
foraging	O
optimization	O
,	O
harmony	O
search	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
simplex	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
BBO	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
local	O
search	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
memetic	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
that	O
performs	O
much	O
better	O
than	O
BBO	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
bbo	O
:	O
Biogeography-Based	B-Algorithm
Optimization	I-Algorithm
"	O
is	O
an	O
R	B-Language
package	O
for	O
continuous	O
BBO	O
.	O
</s>
