<s>
Bill	B-Application
and	I-Application
keep	I-Application
(	O
B&K	O
or	O
BAK	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
net	B-Application
payment	I-Application
zero	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
pricing	O
arrangement	O
for	O
the	O
interconnection	B-Architecture
(	O
direct	O
or	O
indirect	O
)	O
of	O
two	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
under	O
which	O
the	O
reciprocal	O
call	O
termination	O
charge	O
is	O
zero	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	B-Application
and	I-Application
keep	I-Application
represents	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
interconnection	B-Architecture
charging	O
in	O
which	O
networks	O
recover	O
their	O
costs	O
only	O
from	O
their	O
own	O
customers	O
rather	O
than	O
from	O
the	O
sending	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
adopt	O
a	O
bill-and-keep	O
framework	O
for	O
all	O
telecommunications	O
traffic	O
exchanged	O
with	O
local	O
exchange	O
carriers	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
reduce	O
arbitrage	O
practices	O
such	O
as	O
traffic	O
pumping	O
and	O
phantom	O
traffic	O
,	O
encourage	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
IP-based	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
reduce	O
artificial	O
competitive	O
distortions	O
between	O
wireline	O
and	O
wireless	O
carriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
European	O
mobile	O
telecommunications	O
sector	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
a	O
bill	B-Application
and	I-Application
keep	I-Application
arrangement	O
,	O
wholesale	O
markets	O
have	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
the	O
calling	B-Application
party	I-Application
pays	I-Application
principle	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
originating	O
network	O
pays	O
the	O
terminating	O
network	O
a	O
charge	O
called	O
the	O
mobile	O
termination	O
rate	O
or	O
fixed	O
termination	O
rate	O
for	O
calls	O
to	O
the	O
terminating	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
bill	B-Application
and	I-Application
keep	I-Application
has	O
gained	O
momentum	O
,	O
some	O
drawbacks	O
have	O
been	O
identified	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
offered	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
