<s>
The	O
Berkeley	B-Operating_System
Open	I-Operating_System
Infrastructure	I-Operating_System
for	I-Operating_System
Network	I-Operating_System
Computing	I-Operating_System
(	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
,	O
pronounced	O
–	O
rhymes	O
with	O
"	O
oink	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
middleware	B-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
volunteer	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
originally	O
to	O
support	O
SETI	B-Application
@home	I-Application
,	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
platform	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
applications	O
in	O
areas	O
as	O
diverse	O
as	O
medicine	O
,	O
molecular	O
biology	O
,	O
mathematics	O
,	O
linguistics	O
,	O
climatology	O
,	O
environmental	O
science	O
,	O
and	O
astrophysics	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
is	O
to	O
enable	O
researchers	O
to	O
utilize	O
processing	O
resources	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
other	O
devices	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
development	O
began	O
with	O
a	O
group	O
based	O
at	O
the	O
Space	O
Sciences	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
SSL	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
and	O
led	O
by	O
David	O
P	O
.	O
Anderson	O
,	O
who	O
also	O
led	O
SETI	B-Application
@home	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
high-performance	O
volunteer	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
platform	O
,	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
brings	O
together	O
34,236	O
active	O
participants	O
employing	O
136,341	O
active	O
computers	O
(	O
hosts	O
)	O
worldwide	O
,	O
processing	O
daily	O
on	O
average	O
20.164	O
PetaFLOPS	O
(	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
21st	O
largest	O
processing	O
capability	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
compared	O
with	O
an	O
individual	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
(	O
NSF	O
)	O
funds	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
through	O
awards	O
SCI/0221529	O
,	O
SCI/0438443	O
and	O
SCI/0721124	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guinness	O
World	O
Records	O
ranks	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
largest	O
computing	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
code	B-Application
runs	O
on	O
various	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
is	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
released	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
(	O
LGPL	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
SETI	B-Application
@home	I-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
SETI	O
client	O
was	O
a	O
non-BOINC	O
software	O
exclusively	O
for	O
SETI	B-Application
@home	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
volunteer	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
projects	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
designed	O
with	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
was	O
designed	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
to	O
combat	O
these	O
security	O
breaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
project	O
started	O
in	O
February	O
2002	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
first	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
April	O
10	O
,	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
BOINC-based	O
project	O
was	O
Predictor	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
,	O
launched	O
on	O
June	O
9	O
,	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
AQUA	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
deployed	O
multi-threaded	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
applications	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
first	O
OpenCL	B-Application
application	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
projects	O
not	O
included	O
on	O
the	O
official	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
year	O
,	O
an	O
international	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
Workshop	O
is	O
hosted	O
to	O
increase	O
collaboration	O
among	O
project	O
administrators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
not	O
affiliated	O
with	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
officially	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
several	O
independent	O
projects	O
that	O
reward	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
users	O
for	O
their	O
participation	O
,	O
including	O
Charity	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
(	O
sweepstakes	O
based	O
on	O
processing	O
power	O
with	O
prizes	O
funded	O
by	O
private	O
entities	O
who	O
purchase	O
computational	O
time	O
of	O
CE	O
users	O
)	O
,	O
Bitcoin	O
Utopia	O
(	O
now	O
defunct	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Gridcoin	B-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
blockchain	O
which	O
mints	O
coins	O
based	O
on	O
processing	O
power	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
is	O
software	O
that	O
can	O
exploit	O
the	O
unused	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
GPU	B-Architecture
cycles	O
on	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
to	O
perform	O
scientific	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
's	O
website	O
announced	O
that	O
Nvidia	O
had	O
developed	O
a	O
language	O
called	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
that	O
uses	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
for	O
scientific	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
NVIDIA	O
's	O
assistance	O
,	O
several	O
BOINC-based	O
projects	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
MilkyWay	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SETI	B-Application
@home	I-Application
)	O
developed	O
applications	O
that	O
run	O
on	O
NVIDIA	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
using	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
added	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
ATI/AMD	O
family	O
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
in	O
October	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPU	B-Architecture
applications	O
run	O
from	O
2	O
to	O
10	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
former	O
CPU-only	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPU	B-Architecture
support	O
(	O
via	O
OpenCL	B-Application
)	O
was	O
added	O
for	O
computers	O
using	O
macOS	B-Application
with	O
AMD	O
Radeon	O
graphic	O
cards	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
client	O
supporting	O
OpenCL	B-Application
on	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPU	B-Architecture
support	O
is	O
also	O
provided	O
for	O
Intel	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
consists	O
of	O
a	O
server	B-Application
system	O
and	O
client	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
that	O
communicate	O
to	O
process	O
and	O
distribute	O
work	O
units	O
and	O
return	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
app	O
also	O
exists	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
every	O
person	O
owning	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
device	O
–	O
smartphone	O
,	O
tablet	O
and/or	O
Kindle	O
–	O
to	O
share	O
their	O
unused	O
computing	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
projects	O
are	O
available	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
projects	O
are	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
or	O
availability	O
of	O
work	O
is	O
intermittent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
available	O
projects	O
are	O
Asteroids	O
@home	O
,	O
Einstein	B-Operating_System
@Home	I-Operating_System
,	O
LHC	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
,	O
Moo	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Wrapper	O
,	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
,	O
Universe	B-Operating_System
@Home	I-Operating_System
,	O
World	B-Operating_System
Community	I-Operating_System
Grid	I-Operating_System
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
September	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
application	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
downloaded	O
from	O
the	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
website	O
or	O
the	O
F-Droid	O
repository	O
as	O
the	O
official	O
Google	O
Play	O
store	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
downloading	O
and	O
running	O
executables	O
not	O
signed	O
by	O
the	O
app	O
developer	O
and	O
each	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
project	O
has	O
their	O
own	O
executable	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
remotely	O
by	O
remote	B-Operating_System
procedure	I-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
(	O
RPC	O
)	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
and	O
from	O
a	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
Manager	O
currently	O
has	O
two	O
"	O
views	O
"	O
:	O
the	O
Advanced	O
View	O
and	O
the	O
Simplified	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
appearance	O
(	O
skin	B-Application
)	O
of	O
the	O
Simplified	O
GUI	B-Application
is	O
user-customizable	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
create	O
their	O
own	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
Account	O
Manager	O
is	O
an	O
application	O
that	O
manages	O
multiple	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
project	O
accounts	O
across	O
multiple	O
computers	O
(	O
CPUs	O
)	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Account	O
managers	O
were	O
designed	O
for	O
people	O
who	O
are	O
new	O
to	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
or	O
have	O
several	O
computers	O
participating	O
in	O
several	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
account	O
manager	O
concept	O
was	O
conceived	O
and	O
developed	O
jointly	O
by	O
GridRepublic	B-Operating_System
and	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
Credit	O
System	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
avoid	O
bad	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
cheating	O
by	O
validating	O
results	O
before	O
granting	O
credit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
volunteer	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
complicated	O
and	O
variable	O
mix	O
of	O
long-term	O
users	O
,	O
retiring	O
users	O
and	O
new	O
users	O
with	O
different	O
personal	O
aspirations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BOINC	B-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
groups	O
and	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
projects	O
are	O
based	O
at	O
universities	O
and	O
research	O
labs	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
independent	O
areas	O
of	O
research	O
or	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Active	O
Projects	O
that	O
have	O
a	O
Wikipedia	O
page	O
Project	O
NamePublications	O
LaunchedStatusOperating	O
SystemGPU	O
App	O
Sponsor	O
Category	O
Research	O
Focus	O
climateprediction.net140	O
papers	O
2003-12-09307	O
,	O
359	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
Oxford	O
University	O
Climate	B-Application
change	I-Application
Improve	O
climate	B-Application
prediction	I-Application
models	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sub-project	O
:	O
Seasonal	O
Attribution	O
Project.paper2009-01-0667	O
,	O
719	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUIndependentMathematicsStudy	O
the	O
unsolved	O
Collatz	O
conjecture	O
Cosmology	O
@Home5	O
papers	O
2007-06-2687	O
,	O
465	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
Institut	O
d'Astrophysique	O
de	O
Paris	O
Astronomy	O
Develop	O
simulations	O
that	O
best	O
describe	O
The	O
UniverseDENIS	O
@home3	O
papers2015-03-166	O
,	O
111	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Zaragoza	O
,	O
SpainMedical	O
physiologySimulate	O
electrical	O
activity	O
of	O
cardiac	O
cells	O
Einstein	O
@Home38	O
papers	O
2005-02-191	O
,	O
041,796	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPU	B-General_Concept
University	O
of	O
Wisconsin	O
–	O
Milwaukee	O
,	O
Max	O
Planck	O
Institute	O
Astrophysics	O
Search	O
for	O
pulsars	B-Application
using	O
radio	O
signals	O
and	O
gravitational	O
wave	O
data8	O
papers2007-02-106	O
,	O
811	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
Multiple	O
applicationsResearch	O
in	O
discrete	O
mathematics	O
and	O
logic	O
control	O
systemsGPUGRID.net50	O
papers2007-12-0546	O
,	O
874	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
NVIDIA	O
GPU	B-Architecture
onlyBarcelona	O
Biomedical	O
Research	O
ParkMolecular	O
biologyPerform	O
full-atom	O
molecular	O
simulations	O
of	O
proteins	O
on	O
Nvidia	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
for	O
biomedical	O
researchIThena.Measurementspaper2019-09-25751	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARMCyber-Complex	O
FoundationComputer	O
scienceMap	O
internet	O
nodesiThena.Computational2021-10-31301	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
LinuxCyber-Complex	O
FoundationComputer	O
scienceCalculate	O
data	O
from	O
iThena.measurements	O
LHC	O
@home66	O
papers	O
2004-01-09178	O
,	O
623	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
CERN	O
Physics	O
Help	O
construct	O
and	O
test	O
the	O
Large	O
Hadron	O
Collider	O
and	O
search	O
for	O
fundamental	O
particles	O
MilkyWay	O
@home25	O
papers	O
2007-07-07250	O
,	O
447	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPU	B-General_Concept
Rensselaer	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
Astronomy	O
Create	O
a	O
simulation	O
of	O
the	O
Milky	O
Way	O
galaxy	O
using	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
Sloan	O
Digital	O
Sky	O
SurveyMindModeling	O
@Home6	O
papers2007-07-0724	O
,	O
574	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOSUniversity	O
of	O
Dayton	O
Research	O
Institute	O
and	O
Wright	O
State	O
UniversityCognitive	O
scienceMaking	O
cognitive	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
mindPrimeGrid3	O
papers2005-06-12353	O
,	O
261	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUIndependentMathematicsSearch	O
for	O
primes	O
such	O
as	O
321	O
primes	O
,	O
Sierpinski	O
numbers	O
,	O
Cullen-Woodall	O
primes	O
,	O
Proth	O
prime	O
,	O
and	O
Sophie	O
Germain	O
primes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subprojects	O
include	O
Seventeen	O
or	O
Bust	O
,	O
and	O
Riesel	O
Sieve.Rosetta	O
@home2006	O
-02-155548	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUUniversity	O
of	O
WashingtonMolecular	O
biologyTest	O
project	O
for	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
Rosetta	O
@home180	O
papers	O
2005-10-061	O
,	O
373,480	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
Molecular	O
biology	O
Protein	O
structure	O
prediction	O
for	O
disease	O
research5	O
papers2013-12-193	O
,	O
201	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOSUniversity	O
of	O
TrentoGeneticsCurrently	O
deploying	O
gene	O
@home	O
work	O
to	O
expand	O
gene	O
networks	O
Universe	O
@Home13	O
papers2015-02-2151	O
,	O
651	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
AndroidUniversity	O
of	O
WarsawAstronomyResearch	O
in	O
Physics	O
and	O
AstronomyWorld	O
Community	O
Grid71	O
papers2004-11-1685	O
,	O
119	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUKrembil	O
Research	O
InstituteMultiple	O
applicationsSubprojects	O
:	O
Open	O
Pandemics	O
-	O
COVID-19	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Completed	O
Projects	O
that	O
have	O
a	O
Wikipedia	O
pageProject	O
NamePublicationsLaunchedStatusOperating	O
SystemGPU	O
appSponsorCategoryResearch	O
Focus	O
SETI	O
@home12	O
papers1999-05-171	O
,	O
808,938	O
volunteersWindows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUUniversity	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
BerkeleyAstronomyAnalyzing	O
radio	O
frequencies	O
from	O
space	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
extraterrestrial	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sub	O
project	O
:	O
AstropulseSETI	O
@home	O
betasee	O
above2006-01-12	O
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUUniversity	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
BerkeleySoftware	O
testingTest	O
project	O
for	O
SETI	O
@homeABC	O
@Homepaper2006	O
-11-21Mathematical	O
Institute	O
of	O
Leiden	O
UniversityMathematicsFind	O
triples	O
of	O
the	O
ABC	O
conjectureAQUA	O
@home4	O
papers2008-12-10	O
GPU	B-Architecture
CPUD-Wave	O
SystemsComputer	O
sciencePredict	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
Quantum	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
SystemIntelligence	O
Realm	O
IncArtificial	O
IntelligenceSimulate	O
the	O
brain	O
using	O
Hodgkin	O
–	O
Huxley	O
models	O
via	O
an	O
artificial	O
neural	O
networkBig	O
and	O
Ugly	O
Rendering	O
Project	O
(	O
BURP	O
)	O
2	O
papers2004-06-17IndependentRendering	O
(	O
computer	O
graphics	O
)	O
Use	O
BOINC	B-Operating_System
infrastructure	O
with	O
Blender	B-Application
(	O
software	O
)	O
to	O
render	O
animated	O
videosCell	O
ComputingNTT	O
DataBiomedical	O
sciences6	O
papers2011BiologyExamining	O
genome	O
organizationDistrRTgen2008-01-12IndependentCryptographyAnalysis	O
of	O
hash	O
strength	O
for	O
password	O
security	O
by	O
developing	O
rainbow	O
tables.Docking	O
@Home20	O
papers2006-09-11University	O
of	O
DelawareMolecular	O
biologyUse	O
the	O
CHARMM	B-Application
program	O
to	O
model	O
protein-ligand	O
docking	O
.	O
</s>
