<s>
In	O
neurology	O
,	O
the	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
or	O
BP	O
(	O
German	O
for	O
"	O
readiness	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
"	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
the	O
pre-motor	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
or	O
readiness	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
(	O
RP	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
motor	O
cortex	O
and	O
supplementary	O
motor	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
leading	O
up	O
to	O
voluntary	O
muscle	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
electroencephalogram	B-Application
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
little	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
preceding	O
actions	O
,	O
except	O
of	O
an	O
inconstant	O
diminution	O
of	O
the	O
α	O
-	O
(	O
or	O
μ	O
-	O
)	O
rhythm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
young	O
researchers	O
stored	O
the	O
electroencephalogram	B-Application
and	O
electromyogram	O
of	O
self-initiated	O
movements	O
(	O
fast	O
finger	O
flexions	O
)	O
on	O
tape	O
and	O
analyzed	O
the	O
cerebral	O
potentials	O
preceding	O
movements	O
time-reversed	O
with	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
movement	O
as	O
the	O
trigger	O
,	O
literally	O
turning	O
the	O
tape	O
over	O
for	O
analysis	O
since	O
they	O
had	O
no	O
reversal	O
playback	O
or	O
programmable	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
detailed	O
investigation	O
and	O
control	O
experiments	O
such	O
as	O
passive	O
finger	O
movements	O
the	O
Citation	O
Classic	O
with	O
the	O
term	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
was	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BP	O
is	O
ten	O
to	O
hundred	O
times	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
α-rhythm	O
of	O
the	O
EEG	B-Application
;	O
only	O
by	O
averaging	O
,	O
relating	O
the	O
electrical	O
potentials	O
to	O
the	O
onset	O
of	O
the	O
movement	O
it	O
becomes	O
apparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
shows	O
the	O
typical	O
slow	O
shifts	O
of	O
the	O
cortical	O
DC	O
potential	O
,	O
called	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
,	O
preceding	O
volitional	O
,	O
rapid	O
flexions	O
of	O
the	O
right	O
index	O
finger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magnetoencephalographic	O
(	O
MEG	O
)	O
equivalent	O
of	O
the	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
(	O
BP	O
)	O
,	O
'	O
Bereitschafts(magnetic )	O
field	O
 '	O
(	O
BF	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
readiness	O
field	O
(	O
RF	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
recorded	O
in	O
Hal	O
Weinberg	O
's	O
laboratory	O
at	O
Simon	O
Fraser	O
University	O
Burnaby	O
B.C.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
very	O
similar	O
event-related	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
(	O
ERP	O
)	O
component	O
had	O
earlier	O
been	O
discovered	O
by	O
the	O
British	O
neurophysiologist	O
William	O
Grey	O
Walter	O
in	O
1962	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
contingent	B-Algorithm
negative	I-Algorithm
variation	I-Algorithm
(	O
CNV	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
was	O
received	O
with	O
great	O
interest	O
by	O
the	O
scientific	O
community	O
,	O
as	O
reflected	O
by	O
Sir	O
John	O
Eccles	O
's	O
comment	O
:	O
"	O
There	O
is	O
a	O
delightful	O
parallel	O
between	O
these	O
impressively	O
simple	O
experiments	O
and	O
the	O
experiments	O
of	O
Galileo	O
Galilei	O
who	O
investigated	O
the	O
laws	O
of	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
universe	O
with	O
metal	O
balls	O
on	O
an	O
inclined	O
plane	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
closing	O
chapter	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
"	O
The	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
said	O
above	O
,	O
the	O
activity	O
of	O
the	O
SMA	O
generates	O
the	O
early	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
(	O
BP1	O
or	O
BP	O
early	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
by	O
integrating	O
simultaneously	O
acquired	O
EEG	B-Application
and	O
fMRI	O
that	O
SMA	O
and	O
aMCC	O
have	O
strong	O
reciprocal	O
connections	O
that	O
act	O
to	O
sustain	O
each	O
other	O
’s	O
activity	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
interaction	O
is	O
mediated	O
during	O
movement	O
preparation	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
amplitude	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EEGs	B-Application
and	O
EMGs	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
Bayesian	O
inference	O
to	O
construct	O
Bayesian	O
networks	O
which	O
attempt	O
to	O
predict	O
general	O
patterns	O
of	O
Motor	O
Intent	O
Neuron	O
Action	B-Algorithm
Potentials	I-Algorithm
firing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
attempting	O
to	O
develop	O
non-intrusive	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
interested	O
in	O
this	O
,	O
as	O
are	O
system	O
analysis	O
,	O
operations	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
epistemology	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
tested	O
whether	O
human	O
volunteers	O
could	O
win	O
a	O
"	O
duel	O
"	O
against	O
a	O
BCI	O
(	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
)	O
designed	O
to	O
predict	O
their	O
movements	O
in	O
real-time	O
from	O
observations	O
of	O
their	O
EEG	B-Application
activity	O
(	O
the	O
BP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
interesting	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Bereitschaftspotential	B-Algorithm
is	O
in	O
brain	B-Application
–	I-Application
computer	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
BCI	O
)	O
applications	O
;	O
this	O
signal	O
feature	O
can	O
be	O
identified	O
from	O
scalp	O
recording	O
(	O
even	O
from	O
single-trial	O
measurements	O
)	O
and	O
interpreted	O
for	O
various	O
uses	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
control	O
of	O
computer	O
displays	O
or	O
control	O
of	O
peripheral	O
motor	O
units	O
in	O
spinal	O
cord	O
injuries	O
.	O
</s>
