<s>
A	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
station	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
energy	O
storage	O
power	O
station	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
batteries	B-Architecture
to	O
store	O
electrical	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
fastest	O
responding	O
dispatchable	O
source	O
of	O
power	O
on	O
electric	O
grids	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
stabilise	O
those	O
grids	O
,	O
as	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
can	O
transition	O
from	O
standby	O
to	O
full	O
power	O
in	O
under	O
a	O
second	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
grid	O
contingencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
full	O
rated	O
power	O
,	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
stations	I-Algorithm
are	O
generally	O
designed	O
to	O
output	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
short-term	O
peak	O
power	O
and	O
ancillary	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
providing	O
operating	O
reserve	O
and	O
frequency	O
control	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
chance	O
of	O
power	O
outages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
plants	O
require	O
no	O
deliveries	O
of	O
fuel	O
,	O
are	O
compact	O
compared	O
to	O
generating	O
stations	O
and	O
have	O
no	O
chimneys	O
or	O
large	O
cooling	O
systems	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
rapidly	O
installed	O
and	O
placed	O
if	O
necessary	O
within	O
urban	O
areas	O
,	O
close	O
to	O
customer	O
load	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
power	O
and	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
individual	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
is	O
an	O
order	O
of	O
magnitude	O
less	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
pumped	O
storage	O
power	O
plants	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
grid	O
energy	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grid	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
do	O
not	O
however	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
large	O
,	O
and	O
smaller	O
ones	O
can	O
be	O
deployed	O
widely	O
across	O
a	O
grid	O
for	O
greater	O
redundancy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
battery	O
power	O
storage	O
is	O
cheaper	O
than	O
open	O
cycle	O
gas	O
turbine	O
power	O
for	O
use	O
up	O
to	O
two	O
hours	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
was	O
around	O
365GWh	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
deployed	O
worldwide	O
,	O
growing	O
extremely	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Levelized	O
cost	O
of	O
electricity	O
from	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
has	O
fallen	O
rapidly	O
,	O
halving	O
in	O
two	O
years	O
to	O
US$150	O
per	O
MWh	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
and	O
uninterruptible	O
power	O
supplies	O
(	O
UPS	O
)	O
are	O
comparable	O
in	O
technology	O
and	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
are	O
larger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
safety	O
and	O
security	O
,	O
the	O
actual	O
batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
housed	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
structures	O
,	O
like	O
warehouses	O
or	O
containers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
additional	O
inverters	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
voltage	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
battery-storage	O
power	O
plants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
decades	O
,	O
nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
and	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
were	O
increasingly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
utility-scale	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
plants	O
rely	O
on	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
fast	O
decrease	O
in	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
,	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
electric	O
automotive	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lithium-ion	O
batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
mainly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
system	O
has	O
emerged	O
,	O
but	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
are	O
still	O
used	O
in	O
small	O
budget	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
batteries	B-Architecture
operating	O
at	O
high	O
temperatures	O
(	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
)	O
or	O
using	O
corrosive	O
components	O
are	O
subject	O
to	O
calendar	O
ageing	O
,	O
or	O
failure	O
even	O
if	O
not	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
batteries	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
maintained	O
to	O
prevent	O
loss	O
of	O
performance	O
due	O
to	O
aging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
non-sealed	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
produce	O
hydrogen	O
and	O
oxygen	O
from	O
the	O
aqueous	O
electrolyte	O
when	O
overcharged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
maintenance	O
has	O
a	O
cost	O
,	O
and	O
recent	O
batteries	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
Li-Ion	O
,	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
long	O
lifespan	O
without	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
systems	O
are	O
composed	O
of	O
securely	O
sealed	O
battery	B-Algorithm
packs	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
are	O
electronically	O
monitored	O
and	O
replaced	O
once	O
their	O
performance	O
falls	O
below	O
a	O
given	O
threshold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
stations	I-Algorithm
are	O
built	O
with	O
flywheel	O
storage	O
power	O
systems	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
conserve	O
battery	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
mechanical	O
parts	O
,	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
offer	O
extremely	O
short	O
control	O
times	O
and	O
start	O
times	O
,	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
10	O
ms.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
properly	O
sized	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plant	O
can	O
efficiently	O
counteract	O
these	O
oscillations	O
;	O
therefore	O
,	O
applications	O
are	O
found	O
primarily	O
in	O
those	O
regions	O
where	O
electrical	O
power	O
systems	O
are	O
operated	O
at	O
full	O
capacity	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
instability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
also	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
peak	O
shaving	O
for	O
periods	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
systems	O
may	O
be	O
active	O
on	O
spot	O
markets	O
while	O
providing	O
systems	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
frequency	O
stabilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arbitrage	O
is	O
an	O
attractive	O
way	O
to	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
operating	O
characteristics	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storages	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
are	O
described	O
below	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
arranged	O
by	O
type	O
,	O
date	O
,	O
and	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
grid	O
storage	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
were	O
reported	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
31.5MW	O
battery	O
at	O
Grand	O
Ridge	O
Power	O
plant	O
in	O
Illinois	O
and	O
the	O
31.5MW	O
battery	O
at	O
Beech	O
Ridge	O
,	O
West	O
Virginia	O
,	O
both	O
using	O
lithium	O
ion	O
batteries	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
storage	O
unit	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
accumulator	O
batteries	B-Architecture
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
National	O
Grid	O
built	O
a	O
48	O
MWh	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
facility	O
on	O
Nantucket	O
Island	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
station	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
Australian	O
Hornsdale	O
Power	O
Reserve	O
,	O
adjacent	O
to	O
the	O
Hornsdale	O
wind	O
farm	O
,	O
built	O
by	O
Tesla	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Ontario	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
with	O
53MWh	O
capacity	O
and	O
13MW	O
of	O
power	O
was	O
put	O
in	O
service	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Swiss	O
battery	O
manufacturer	O
Leclanché	O
supplied	O
the	O
batteries	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
Deltro	O
Energy	O
Inc	O
.	O
planned	O
and	O
built	O
the	O
plant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
50MW	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
facility	O
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
50MWh	O
was	O
installed	O
in	O
Stocking	O
Pelham	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
,	O
three	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
are	O
in	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
both	O
use	O
batteries	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt	O
oxide	O
and	O
supplement	O
a	O
few	O
month	O
's	O
older	O
system	O
with	O
16MW	O
and	O
5MWh	O
whose	O
batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
based	O
on	O
lithium	O
titanate	O
oxide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
saved	O
fuel	O
costs	O
will	O
exceed	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
13MWh	O
battery	O
made	O
of	O
worn	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	B-Architecture
from	O
electric	O
cars	O
is	O
being	O
constructed	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
expected	O
second	O
life	O
of	O
10	O
years	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
recycled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Schwerin	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
the	O
electricity	O
supplier	O
WEMAG	O
operates	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
short-term	O
power	O
fluctuations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Younicos	O
supplied	O
the	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
station	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
consists	O
of	O
25,600	O
lithium	O
manganese	O
cells	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
about	O
five	O
medium-voltage	O
transformers	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
the	O
regional	O
distribution	O
connected	O
as	O
well	O
with	O
the	O
nearby	O
380kV	O
high-voltage	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
July	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
energy	O
storage	O
company	O
Nord	O
GmbH	O
&	O
Co	O
.	O
KG	O
has	O
been	O
operating	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
hybrid	O
batteries	B-Architecture
in	O
Europe	O
in	O
Braderup	O
(	O
Schleswig-Holstein	O
,	O
Germany	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
(	O
2MW	O
power	O
2MWh	O
storage	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
vanadium	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
(	O
330kW	O
power	O
,	O
1MWh	O
storage	O
capacity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lithium-ion	O
modules	O
used	O
are	O
from	O
Sony	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
made	O
by	O
Vanadis	O
Power	O
GmbH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
consists	O
of	O
32	O
separate	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
facilities	O
across	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mitsubishi	O
installed	O
a	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
storage	O
facility	O
in	O
Buzen	O
,	O
Fukuoka	O
Prefecture	O
in	O
Japan	O
with	O
300MWh	O
capacity	O
and	O
50MW	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
installed	O
in	O
252	O
containers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
108MW	O
/	O
648MWh	O
high-temperature	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
was	O
deployed	O
as	O
15	O
systems	O
in	O
10	O
locations	O
in	O
Abu	O
Dhabi	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
36MW	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
was	O
in	O
Notrees	O
,	O
Texas	O
(	O
36MW	O
for	O
40	O
minutes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
existing	O
photovoltaic	O
power	O
plant	O
Alt	O
Daber	O
near	O
Wittstock	O
in	O
Brandenburg	O
,	O
Germany	O
received	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
of	O
2MWh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
storage	O
uses	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chino	O
Battery	B-Algorithm
Storage	I-Algorithm
Project	O
operated	O
from	O
1988	O
to	O
1997	O
by	O
the	O
Southern	O
California	O
Edison	O
in	O
the	O
Californian	O
city	O
Chino	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
consisted	O
of	O
8,256	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
in	O
eight	O
strands	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
halls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plant	O
with	O
a	O
maximum	O
capacity	O
of	O
25MW	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
stabilize	O
the	O
grid	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
minutes	O
,	O
covering	O
high	O
peak	O
and	O
reactive	O
power	O
compensation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plant	O
was	O
put	O
into	O
operation	O
in	O
2003	O
and	O
consists	O
of	O
13,760	O
nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
batteries	B-Architecture
in	O
four	O
strands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Feldheim	O
in	O
Brandenburg	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
10MW	O
and	O
a	O
storage	O
capacity	O
of	O
6.5MWh	O
was	O
put	O
into	O
operation	O
in	O
September	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stadtwerke	O
Dresden	O
,	O
Germany	O
(	O
Drewag	O
)	O
have	O
taken	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
peak	O
power	O
of	O
2MW	O
online	O
on	O
March	O
17	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lithium	O
polymer	O
batteries	B-Architecture
are	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
batteries	B-Architecture
including	O
the	O
control	O
system	O
are	O
deployed	O
in	O
two	O
13	O
m	O
long	O
containers	O
and	O
can	O
store	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
2.7MWh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Located	O
in	O
Nevada	O
with	O
250	O
–	O
280MW	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
new	O
project	O
will	O
power	O
Google	O
's	O
Henderson	O
data	O
centre	O
near	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Southern	O
California	O
Edison	O
found	O
the	O
prices	O
for	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
comparable	O
with	O
other	O
electricity	O
generators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
present	O
(	O
2/2016	O
)	O
is	O
under	O
construction	O
a	O
250MWh	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
in	O
Indonesia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
designed	O
capacity	O
is	O
136MWh	O
,	O
using	O
LiFePO4	O
batteries	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
started	O
operation	O
in	O
July	O
2021	O
and	O
was	O
reported	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
biggest	O
storage	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
facility	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Pillswood	O
198	O
MWh	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
system	O
using	O
Tesla	O
Megapack	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	B-Architecture
,	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
98	O
MW	O
for	O
2	O
hours	O
,	O
was	O
commissioned	O
adjacent	O
to	O
Creyke	O
Beck	O
substation	O
near	O
Cottingham	O
for	O
the	O
Dogger	O
Bank	O
Wind	O
Farm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evonik	O
is	O
planning	O
to	O
build	O
six	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	O
plants	O
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
15MW	O
to	O
be	O
put	O
into	O
operation	O
in	O
2016	O
and	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
batteries	B-Architecture
store	O
the	O
excess	O
solar	O
power	O
and	O
take	O
over	O
the	O
previously	O
network-forming	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
network	O
management	O
and	O
network	O
stabilization	O
of	O
diesel	O
generators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
China	O
connected	O
a	O
battery	O
farm	O
consisting	O
of	O
800MWh	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
with	O
vanadium	O
electrolyte	O
to	O
the	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
grid	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
is	O
small	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
major	O
form	O
of	O
grid	O
storage	O
,	O
pumped	O
hydroelectricity	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
growing	O
very	O
fast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
had	O
59MW	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
capacity	O
from	O
7	O
battery	O
power	O
plants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
capacity	O
reached	O
1,756	O
MW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
1.3	O
GW	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
was	O
operating	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
with	O
16GW	O
of	O
projects	O
in	O
the	O
pipeline	O
potentially	O
deployable	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
China	O
added	O
1,557	O
MW	O
to	O
its	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
capacity	O
,	O
while	O
storage	O
facilities	O
for	O
photovoltaics	O
projects	O
accounting	O
for	O
27%	O
of	O
the	O
capacity	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
total	O
3,269	O
MW	O
of	O
electrochemical	O
energy	O
storage	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
movement	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
some	O
developers	O
are	O
building	O
storage	O
systems	O
from	O
old	O
batteries	B-Architecture
of	O
electric	O
cars	O
,	O
where	O
costs	O
can	O
probably	O
be	O
halved	O
compared	O
to	O
conventional	O
systems	O
from	O
new	O
batteries	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
