<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
recycling	O
activity	O
that	O
aims	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
batteries	O
being	O
disposed	O
as	O
municipal	O
solid	O
waste	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batteries	O
contain	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
heavy	B-Operating_System
metals	I-Operating_System
and	O
toxic	O
chemicals	O
and	O
disposing	O
of	O
them	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
process	O
as	O
regular	O
household	O
waste	O
has	O
raised	O
concerns	O
over	O
soil	O
contamination	O
and	O
water	O
pollution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
batteries	O
are	O
recycled	O
more	O
readily	O
than	O
others	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
automotive	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
(	O
nearly	O
90%	O
are	O
recycled	O
)	O
and	O
button	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
(	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
value	O
and	O
toxicity	O
of	O
their	O
chemicals	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
(	O
Ni-Cd	O
)	O
,	O
nickel	B-Device
metal	I-Device
hydride	I-Device
(	O
Ni-MH	B-Device
)	O
,	O
lithium-ion	O
(	O
Li-ion	O
)	O
and	O
nickel	O
–	O
zinc	B-Application
(	O
Ni-Zn	O
)	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
recycled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disposable	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
make	O
up	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
consumer	O
battery	O
use	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
is	O
currently	O
no	O
cost-neutral	O
recycling	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
evaluation	O
of	O
consumer	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
recycling	O
in	O
Europe	O
showed	O
environmental	O
benefit	O
but	O
at	O
significant	O
expense	O
over	O
disposal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
and	O
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
air	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
recycled	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
include	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
:	O
car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
golf	O
cart	O
batteries	O
,	O
UPS	O
batteries	O
,	O
industrial	O
fork-lift	O
batteries	O
,	O
motorcycle	O
batteries	O
,	O
and	O
commercial	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
can	O
be	O
regular	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
,	O
sealed	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
,	O
gel	O
type	O
,	O
or	O
absorbent	O
glass	O
mat	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lead	O
in	O
a	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
can	O
be	O
recycled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
casing	O
of	O
a	O
Lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
is	O
often	O
made	O
of	O
either	O
polypropylene	O
or	O
ABS	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
recycled	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
are	O
significant	O
limitations	O
on	O
recycling	O
plastics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cities	O
offer	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
services	O
for	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Businesses	O
that	O
sell	O
new	O
car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
may	O
also	O
collect	O
used	O
batteries	O
(	O
or	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
by	O
law	O
)	O
for	O
recycling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
says	O
that	O
,	O
after	O
accounting	O
for	O
net	O
scrap	O
battery	O
lead	O
exports	O
from	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
99.0	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
remaining	O
lead	O
from	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
is	O
reclaimed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Environmental	O
Protection	O
Agency	O
(	O
EPA	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
reported	O
lesser	O
and	O
varying	O
levels	O
of	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
recycling	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
earlier	O
years	O
,	O
under	O
various	O
administrations	O
,	O
Republican	O
and	O
Democrat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
near	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
Trump	O
administration	O
,	O
the	O
EPA	O
posted	O
the	O
statement	O
that	O
"	O
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
estimated	O
amount	O
of	O
recycled	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
lead	O
was	O
about	O
99	O
percent	O
,	O
"	O
without	O
explicitly	O
citing	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
estimate	O
,	O
but	O
indirectly	O
indicating	O
involvement	O
of	O
industry	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
1992	O
EPA	O
Superfund	O
report	O
,	O
lead	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
account	O
for	O
about	O
80%	O
of	O
the	O
lead	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
about	O
60%	O
is	O
reclaimed	O
during	O
times	O
of	O
low	O
lead	O
prices	O
,	O
but	O
more	O
in	O
times	O
of	O
high	O
lead	O
prices	O
;	O
it	O
reported	O
that	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
nation	O
's	O
lead	O
needs	O
are	O
filled	O
from	O
recycled	O
lead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
one	O
ranking	O
,	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
recycling	O
is	O
,	O
by	O
far	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
deadly	O
industrial	O
process	O
,	O
globally	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
Disability-adjusted	O
life	O
years	O
lost	O
—	O
costing	O
between	O
2,000,000	O
and	O
4,800,000	O
estimated	O
lost	O
years	O
of	O
individual	O
human	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
most	O
frequently	O
in	O
watches	O
,	O
toys	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
medical	O
devices	O
,	O
silver	B-Device
oxide	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
contain	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
mercury	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silver	B-Device
oxide	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
can	O
be	O
recycled	O
to	O
recover	O
the	O
mercury	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
iron	O
phosphate	O
(	O
LiFePO4	O
)	O
batteries	O
often	O
contain	O
among	O
other	O
useful	O
metals	O
high-grade	O
copper	O
and	O
aluminium	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
–	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
active	O
material	O
–	O
transition	O
metals	O
cobalt	B-Algorithm
and	O
nickel	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
rare	O
earths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
prevent	O
a	O
future	O
shortage	O
of	O
cobalt	B-Algorithm
,	O
nickel	O
,	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
and	O
to	O
enable	O
a	O
sustainable	O
life	O
cycle	O
of	O
these	O
technologies	O
,	O
recycling	O
processes	O
for	O
lithium	B-Language
batteries	O
are	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
processes	O
have	O
to	O
regain	O
not	O
only	O
cobalt	B-Algorithm
,	O
nickel	O
,	O
copper	O
,	O
and	O
aluminium	O
from	O
spent	O
battery	O
cells	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
a	O
significant	O
share	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recycling	O
processes	O
today	O
recover	O
approximately	O
25%	O
to	O
96%	O
of	O
the	O
materials	O
of	O
a	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
dangers	O
associated	O
with	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
processes	O
include	O
electrical	O
,	O
chemical	O
,	O
and	O
thermal	O
dangers	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
potential	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
complicating	O
factor	O
is	O
the	O
water	O
sensitivity	O
:	O
lithium	B-Language
hexafluorophosphate	O
,	O
a	O
possible	O
electrolyte	O
material	O
,	O
reacts	O
with	O
water	O
to	O
form	O
hydrofluoric	O
acid	O
;	O
cells	O
are	O
often	O
immersed	O
in	O
a	O
solvent	O
to	O
prevent	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
recycling	O
of	O
Li-Ion	O
batteries	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
does	O
not	O
extract	O
lithium	B-Language
since	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
technology	O
continuously	O
changes	O
and	O
processes	O
to	O
recycle	O
these	O
batteries	O
can	O
thus	O
be	O
outdated	O
in	O
a	O
couple	O
of	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extraction	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
from	O
old	O
batteries	O
is	O
five	O
times	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
mined	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
companies	O
conduct	O
lithium	B-Language
extraction	O
on	O
a	O
smaller	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
thermodynamic	O
model	O
is	O
being	O
developed	O
to	O
optimize	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
extraction	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
is	O
recycled	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
other	O
metals	O
in	O
one	O
step	O
with	O
less	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
critical	O
part	O
of	O
recycling	O
economics	O
is	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
recovered	O
cobalt	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
working	O
to	O
remove	O
cobalt	B-Algorithm
from	O
their	O
products	O
might	O
produce	O
the	O
unintended	O
consequence	O
of	O
reducing	O
recycling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
approach	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
ultrasound	B-Application
for	O
separating	O
the	O
individual	O
cathode	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Energy	O
saving	O
and	O
effective	O
recycling	O
solutions	O
for	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
can	O
reduce	O
the	O
carbon	O
footprint	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2022	O
,	O
research	O
published	O
in	O
Joule	O
showed	O
that	O
recycling	O
existing	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
by	O
focusing	O
on	O
a	O
method	O
that	O
refurbishes	O
the	O
cathode	O
showed	O
that	O
this	O
technique	O
perform	O
just	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
those	O
with	O
a	O
cathode	O
made	O
from	O
original	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Italics	O
designates	O
button	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
types.Bold	O
designates	O
secondary	O
types.All	O
figures	O
are	O
percentages	O
;	O
due	O
to	O
rounding	O
they	O
may	O
not	O
add	O
up	O
to	O
exactly	O
100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
international	O
industry	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
nations	O
exporting	O
their	O
used	O
or	O
spent	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
(	O
ULABs	O
or	O
SLABs	O
)	O
to	O
other	O
nations	O
for	O
recycling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
recycling	O
(	O
chiefly	O
from	O
automobiles	O
and	O
motorcycles	O
)	O
is	O
commonly	O
done	O
informally	O
by	O
individuals	O
or	O
informal	O
enterprises	O
,	O
with	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
formal	O
record-keeping	O
,	O
nor	O
effective	O
regulatory	O
oversight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
The	O
U.S.	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
party	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
alternate	O
arrangements	O
with	O
the	O
Organisation	O
for	O
Economic	O
Co-operation	O
and	O
Development	O
(	O
OECD	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
Canada	O
and	O
with	O
Mexico	O
(	O
where	O
it	O
ships	O
many	O
ULABs	O
and	O
SLABs	O
for	O
recycling	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
EU	O
passed	O
the	O
Battery	O
Directive	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
aims	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
higher	O
rate	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
April	O
2005	O
to	O
March	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
non-governmental	O
body	O
WRAP	O
conducted	O
trials	O
of	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
methods	O
around	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
equivalent	O
to	O
one	O
pack	O
of	O
four	O
AA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
a	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
industry	O
has	O
formed	O
the	O
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
Battery	I-Architecture
Recycling	I-Algorithm
Corporation	O
(	O
RBRC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
operates	O
a	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
program	O
called	O
Call2Recycle	O
throughout	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RBRC	O
provides	O
businesses	O
with	O
prepaid	O
shipping	O
containers	O
for	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
of	O
all	O
types	O
while	O
consumers	O
can	O
drop	O
off	O
batteries	O
at	O
numerous	O
participating	O
collection	O
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
claims	O
that	O
no	O
component	O
of	O
any	O
recycled	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
eventually	O
reaches	O
a	O
landfill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
programs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Big	O
Green	O
Box	O
program	O
,	O
offer	O
a	O
recycling	O
option	O
for	O
all	O
chemistries	O
,	O
including	O
primary	O
batteries	O
such	O
as	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
and	O
primary	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
estimated	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
rates	O
in	O
Canada	O
based	O
on	O
RBRC	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
implies	O
that	O
3.2	O
%	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
were	O
recycled	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
were	O
thrown	O
in	O
the	O
trash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Collection	O
rate	O
values	O
for	O
the	O
5	O
 [ and ] 	O
15-year	O
hoarding	O
assumptions	O
respectively	O
are	O
:	O
8%	O
to	O
9%	O
for	O
NiCd	O
batteries	O
;	O
7%	O
to	O
8%	O
for	O
NiMH	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
;	O
and	O
45%	O
to	O
72%	O
for	O
lithium	B-Language
ion	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
polymer	O
batteries	O
combined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collection	O
rates	O
through	O
the	O
 [ RBRC ] 	O
program	O
for	O
all	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
small	O
sealed	O
lead	B-Device
acid	I-Device
(	O
SLA	O
)	O
consumer	O
batteries	O
were	O
estimated	O
at	O
10%	O
for	O
5-year	O
and	O
15-year	O
hoarding	O
assumptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Energizer	O
announced	O
availability	O
of	O
disposable	O
AAA	O
and	O
AA	B-Algorithm
alkaline	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
made	O
with	O
3.8	O
%	O
to	O
4%	O
(	O
by	O
weight	O
)	O
of	O
recycled	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
branded	O
as	O
EcoAdvanced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
single	O
national	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
law	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
advice	O
given	O
is	O
to	O
follow	O
local	O
and	O
regional	O
statutes	O
and	O
codes	O
in	O
disposing	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Battery	O
Association	O
of	O
Japan	O
(	O
BAJ	O
)	O
recommends	O
that	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
,	O
zinc-carbon	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
primary	O
batteries	O
can	O
be	O
disposed	O
of	O
as	O
normal	O
household	O
waste	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BAJ	O
's	O
stance	O
on	O
button	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
and	O
secondary	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
is	O
toward	O
recycling	O
and	O
increasing	O
national	O
standardisation	O
of	O
procedures	O
for	O
dealing	O
with	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
handle	O
and	O
promote	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
throughout	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
containers	O
to	O
shops	O
and	O
other	O
collection	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
chief	O
consumers	O
of	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
India	O
Lead	O
Zinc	B-Application
Development	O
Association	O
(	O
ILZDA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
recent	O
rapid	O
rise	O
in	O
average	O
wealth	O
,	O
has	O
seen	O
a	O
marked	O
increase	O
in	O
motor	O
vehicles	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
corresponding	O
increase	O
in	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
recycling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
nation	O
with	O
a	O
vast	O
population	O
of	O
people	O
still	O
in	O
poverty	O
,	O
most	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
recycling	O
is	O
by	O
individuals	O
and	O
small	O
informal	O
enterprises	O
,	O
often	O
taking	O
no	O
safety	O
or	O
environmental	O
precautions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
of	O
India	O
's	O
largest	O
lead	O
companies	O
—	O
lead	O
manufacturer/exporter	O
Gravita	O
India	O
and	O
lead	B-Device
battery	I-Device
manufacturer	O
Amara	O
Raja	O
—	O
partnered	O
to	O
annually	O
recycle	O
8,000	O
tonnes	O
of	O
lead	O
scrap	O
from	O
Amara	O
Raja	O
's	O
facilities	O
,	O
and	O
return	O
it	O
to	O
them	O
for	O
re-use	O
(	O
Gravita	O
said	O
it	O
can	O
recycle	O
and	O
process	O
up	O
to	O
50,000	O
tonnes	O
of	O
lead	O
and	O
aluminium	O
yearly	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
