<s>
A	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
,	O
recharger	O
,	O
or	O
simply	O
charger	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
stores	O
energy	O
in	O
a	O
battery	O
by	O
running	O
an	O
electric	O
current	O
through	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
battery	O
types	O
have	O
high	O
tolerance	O
for	O
overcharging	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
continued	O
charging	O
after	O
the	O
battery	O
has	O
been	O
fully	O
charged	O
)	O
and	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
recharged	O
by	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
constant	O
voltage	O
source	O
or	O
a	O
constant	O
current	O
source	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
battery	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charger	O
may	O
have	O
temperature	O
or	O
voltage	O
sensing	O
circuits	O
and	O
a	O
microprocessor	O
controller	O
to	O
safely	O
adjust	O
the	O
charging	O
current	O
and	O
voltage	O
,	O
determine	O
the	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
cut	O
off	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charger	I-Algorithm
provides	O
a	O
relatively	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
current	O
,	O
only	O
enough	O
to	O
counteract	O
self-discharge	O
of	O
a	O
battery	O
that	O
is	O
idle	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
battery	O
types	O
cannot	O
tolerate	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
;	O
attempts	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
may	O
result	O
in	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
cannot	O
handle	O
indefinite	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slow	O
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
may	O
take	O
several	O
hours	O
to	O
complete	O
a	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-rate	O
chargers	O
may	O
restore	O
most	O
capacity	O
much	O
faster	O
,	O
but	O
high	O
rate	O
chargers	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
more	O
than	O
some	O
battery	O
types	O
can	B-Protocol
tolerate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
battery	O
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
500mAh	O
,	O
a	O
discharge	O
rate	O
of	O
5000mA	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
5A	O
)	O
corresponds	O
to	O
a	O
C-rate	O
of	O
10C	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
such	O
a	O
current	O
can	B-Protocol
discharge	O
10	O
such	O
batteries	O
in	O
one	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
battery	O
a	O
charge	O
current	O
of	O
250mA	O
corresponds	O
to	O
a	O
C-rate	O
of	O
C/2	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
this	O
current	O
will	O
increase	O
the	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
of	O
this	O
battery	O
by	O
50%	O
in	O
one	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
charging	O
and	O
discharging	O
of	O
batteries	O
generates	O
internal	O
heat	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
heat	O
generated	O
is	O
roughly	O
proportional	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
involved	O
(	O
a	O
battery	O
's	O
current	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
,	O
condition	O
/	O
history	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
high	O
C-ratings	O
are	O
attractive	O
to	O
end	O
users	O
because	O
such	O
batteries	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
charged	O
more	O
quickly	O
,	O
and	O
produce	O
higher	O
current	O
output	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
automobile	O
SLI	O
(	O
starting	O
,	O
lighting	O
,	O
ignition	O
)	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
carries	O
several	O
risks	O
of	O
explosion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
chargers	O
also	O
vary	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
can	B-Protocol
supply	O
either	O
a	O
constant	O
voltage	O
or	O
a	O
constant	O
current	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
AC-powered	O
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
usually	O
have	O
much	O
higher	O
ripple	O
current	O
and	O
ripple	O
voltage	O
than	O
other	O
kinds	O
of	O
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
because	O
they	O
are	O
inexpensively	O
designed	O
and	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
control	O
circuitry	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
battery	O
(	O
generally	O
for	O
each	O
cell	O
)	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
external	O
charging	O
unit	O
,	O
or	O
split	O
between	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
fast	O
chargers	O
are	O
also	O
capable	O
of	O
acting	O
as	O
standard	O
overnight	O
chargers	O
if	O
used	O
with	O
standard	O
NiMH	B-Device
cells	I-Device
that	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
special	O
control	O
circuitry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
accelerate	O
the	O
charging	O
time	O
and	O
provide	O
continuous	O
charging	O
,	O
an	O
intelligent	O
charger	O
attempts	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
and	O
condition	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
and	O
applies	O
a	O
3-stage	O
charging	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
description	O
assumes	O
a	O
sealed	O
lead	B-Device
acid	I-Device
traction	O
battery	O
at	O
25°C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
third	O
stage	O
,	O
the	O
charging	O
current	O
is	O
very	O
small	O
0.005C	O
and	O
at	O
this	O
voltage	O
the	O
battery	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
maintained	O
at	O
full	O
charge	O
and	O
compensate	O
for	O
self-discharge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	O
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
use	O
electromagnetic	O
induction	O
to	O
charge	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	O
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
electric	O
toothbrushes	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
used	O
in	O
bathrooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	O
charger	O
can	B-Protocol
respond	O
to	O
the	O
condition	O
of	O
a	O
battery	O
and	O
modify	O
its	O
charging	O
parameters	O
accordingly	O
,	O
whereas	O
"	O
dumb	O
"	O
chargers	O
apply	O
a	O
steady	O
voltage	O
,	O
possibly	O
through	O
a	O
fixed	O
resistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
a	O
smart	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
that	O
contains	O
a	O
computer	O
chip	O
and	O
communicates	O
digitally	O
with	O
a	O
smart	O
charger	O
about	O
battery	O
condition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
requires	O
a	O
smart	O
charger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smart	O
chargers	O
can	B-Protocol
also	O
charge	O
"	O
dumb	O
"	O
batteries	O
,	O
which	O
lack	O
any	O
internal	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Ni-Cd	O
and	O
NiMH	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
,	O
the	O
voltage	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
increases	O
slowly	O
during	O
the	O
charging	O
process	O
,	O
until	O
the	O
battery	O
is	O
fully	O
charged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	B-Protocol
cause	O
even	O
an	O
intelligent	O
charger	O
not	O
to	O
sense	O
that	O
the	O
batteries	O
are	O
already	O
fully	O
charged	O
,	O
and	O
continue	O
charging	O
,	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
overcharging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
smart	O
charger	O
fast-charges	O
a	O
battery	O
up	O
to	O
about	O
85%	O
of	O
its	O
maximum	O
capacity	O
in	O
less	O
than	O
an	O
hour	O
,	O
then	O
switches	O
to	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
takes	O
several	O
hours	O
to	O
top	O
off	O
the	O
battery	O
to	O
its	O
full	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
,	O
made	O
by	O
Tremont	O
Electric	O
,	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
magnet	O
held	O
between	O
two	O
springs	O
that	O
can	B-Protocol
charge	O
a	O
battery	O
as	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
moved	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
chargers	O
use	O
pulse	B-Application
technology	I-Application
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
electrical	O
pulses	O
is	O
fed	O
to	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DC	O
pulses	O
have	O
a	O
strictly	O
controlled	O
rise	O
time	O
,	O
pulse	O
width	O
,	O
pulse	O
repetition	O
rate	O
(	O
frequency	O
)	O
and	O
amplitude	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
,	O
this	O
breaks	O
down	O
lead-sulfate	O
crystals	O
,	O
thus	O
greatly	O
extending	O
the	O
battery	O
service	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
chargers	O
use	O
pulses	O
to	O
check	O
the	O
current	O
battery	O
state	O
when	O
the	O
charger	O
is	O
first	O
connected	O
,	O
then	O
use	O
constant	O
current	O
charging	O
during	O
fast	O
charge	O
,	O
then	O
use	O
pulse	O
mode	O
to	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
generally	O
portable	O
,	O
but	O
can	B-Protocol
also	O
be	O
fixed	O
mounted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
portable	O
solar	O
chargers	O
obtain	O
energy	O
only	O
from	O
the	O
sun	O
,	O
they	O
can	B-Protocol
charge	O
in	O
low	O
light	O
like	O
at	O
sunset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portable	O
solar	O
chargers	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
for	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
,	O
though	O
some	O
can	B-Protocol
completely	O
recharge	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charger	I-Algorithm
is	O
typically	O
low-current	O
(	O
usually	O
between	O
5	O
–	O
1,500	O
mA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
larger	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
current	O
of	O
the	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
is	O
only	O
sufficient	O
to	O
provide	O
trickle	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
technology	O
of	O
the	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charger	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
left	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
battery	O
indefinitely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
battery	O
types	O
are	O
not	O
suitable	O
for	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
most	O
Li-ion	O
batteries	O
cannot	O
be	O
safely	O
trickle	O
charged	O
and	O
can	B-Protocol
cause	O
a	O
fire	O
or	O
explosion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
heavy-duty	O
automatic	O
"	O
intelligent	O
charging	O
"	O
systems	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
programmed	O
with	O
complex	O
charging	O
cycles	O
specified	O
by	O
the	O
battery	O
manufacturer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
can	B-Protocol
charge	O
all	O
battery	O
types	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
include	O
automatic	O
capacity	O
testing	O
and	O
analyzing	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Serial	I-Protocol
Bus	I-Protocol
specification	O
provides	O
five-volt	O
power	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
cable	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
device	O
to	O
a	O
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Products	O
based	O
on	O
this	O
approach	O
include	O
chargers	O
for	O
cellular	O
phones	O
,	O
portable	O
digital	O
audio	O
players	O
,	O
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
be	O
fully	O
compliant	O
USB	B-Protocol
peripheral	O
devices	O
or	O
uncontrolled	O
,	O
simple	O
chargers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
power	O
or	O
battery	O
bank	O
is	O
a	O
portable	O
device	O
that	O
can	B-Protocol
supply	O
energy	O
and	O
power	O
from	O
its	O
built-in	O
battery	O
,	O
typically	O
through	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
power	O
bank	O
is	O
a	O
lithium	O
battery	O
polymer	O
storage	O
device	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
IC	O
chip	O
for	O
voltage	O
regulation	O
and	O
then	O
by	O
connecting	O
the	O
power	O
line	O
charging	O
or	O
storage	O
and	O
then	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
stored	O
electricity	O
released	O
;	O
power	O
bank	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
is	O
still	O
relatively	O
rare	O
more	O
is	O
the	O
standby	O
battery	O
mix	O
called	O
charge	O
bank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
banks	O
are	O
popular	O
for	O
charging	O
smaller	O
battery-powered	O
devices	O
with	O
USB	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
power	O
supply	O
for	O
various	O
USB-powered	O
accessories	O
such	O
as	O
lights	O
,	O
small	O
fans	O
and	O
external	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
usually	O
recharge	O
with	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
power	O
banks	O
use	O
USB-C	O
and	O
may	O
feature	O
an	O
additional	O
USB-B	O
micro	O
port	O
for	O
backwards	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
power	O
bank	O
includes	O
a	O
control	O
circuit	O
that	O
both	O
regulates	O
charging	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
and	O
converts	O
the	O
battery	O
voltage	O
to	O
5.0	O
volts	O
for	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
power	O
banks	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
deliver	O
power	O
wirelessly	B-Application
,	O
some	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
LED	O
flashlight	O
for	O
casual	O
near-distance	O
illumination	O
when	O
necessary	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
have	O
a	O
pass-through	O
charging	O
feature	O
which	O
allows	O
providing	O
power	O
through	O
their	O
USB	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
while	O
being	O
charged	O
themselves	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
larger	O
power	O
banks	O
have	O
DC	O
connectors	O
(	O
or	O
barrel	O
connectors	O
)	O
for	O
higher	O
power	O
demands	O
such	O
as	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
may	O
be	O
delivered	O
through	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
charging	O
ports	O
,	O
or	O
wirelessly	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	O
cases	O
also	O
exist	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
camera	O
grip	O
accessory	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
for	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Device
Lumia	I-Device
1020	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
a	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
battery	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
voltage	O
regulation	O
or	O
filtering	O
of	O
the	O
DC	O
voltage	O
output	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
cheaper	O
to	O
make	O
them	O
that	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
equipped	O
with	O
both	O
voltage	O
regulation	O
and	O
filtering	O
are	O
sometimes	O
termed	O
battery	O
eliminators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
recharge	O
a	O
fuel	O
vehicle	O
's	O
starter	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
where	O
a	O
modular	O
charger	O
is	O
used	O
;	O
typically	O
an	O
3-stage	B-Algorithm
charger	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chargers	O
for	O
car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
come	O
in	O
varying	O
ratings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chargers	O
that	O
are	O
rated	O
up	O
to	O
two	O
amperes	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
maintain	O
charge	O
on	O
parked	O
vehicle	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
or	O
for	O
small	O
batteries	O
on	O
garden	O
tractors	O
or	O
similar	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
motorist	O
may	O
keep	O
a	O
charger	O
rated	O
a	O
few	O
amperes	O
to	O
ten	O
or	O
fifteen	O
amperes	O
for	O
maintenance	O
of	O
automobile	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
or	O
to	O
recharge	O
a	O
vehicle	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
that	O
has	O
accidentally	O
discharged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Service	O
stations	O
and	O
commercial	O
garages	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
large	O
charger	O
to	O
fully	O
charge	O
a	O
battery	O
in	O
an	O
hour	O
or	O
two	O
;	O
often	O
these	O
chargers	O
can	B-Protocol
briefly	O
source	O
the	O
hundreds	O
of	O
amperes	O
required	O
to	O
crank	O
an	O
internal	O
combustion	O
engine	O
starter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	O
vehicle	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
chargers	O
(	O
ECS	O
)	O
come	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
brands	O
and	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
programmable	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
through	O
a	O
CAN	B-Protocol
port	O
,	O
some	O
have	O
dials	O
for	O
maximum	O
voltage	O
and	O
amperage	O
,	O
some	O
are	O
preset	O
to	O
specified	O
battery	O
pack	O
voltage	O
,	O
amp-hour	O
and	O
chemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Onboard	O
EV	O
chargers	O
(	O
change	O
AC	O
power	O
to	O
DC	O
power	O
to	O
recharge	O
the	O
EV	O
's	O
pack	O
)	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Non-isolated	O
:	O
the	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
has	O
a	O
direct	O
electrical	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
A/C	O
outlet	O
's	O
wiring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power-factor	O
correction	O
(	O
PFC	O
)	O
chargers	O
can	B-Protocol
more	O
closely	O
approach	O
the	O
maximum	O
current	O
the	O
plug	O
can	B-Protocol
deliver	O
,	O
shortening	O
charging	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Project	O
Better	O
Place	O
was	O
deploying	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
charging	O
stations	O
and	O
subsidizing	O
vehicle	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
costs	O
through	O
leases	O
and	O
credits	O
until	O
filing	O
for	O
bankruptcy	O
in	O
May	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Korea	O
Advanced	O
Institute	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
KAIST	O
)	O
have	O
developed	O
an	O
electric	O
transport	O
system	O
,	O
called	O
Online	O
Electric	O
Vehicle	O
(	O
OLEV	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
vehicles	O
get	O
their	O
power	O
needs	O
from	O
cables	O
underneath	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
road	O
via	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
a	O
power	O
source	O
is	O
placed	O
underneath	O
the	O
road	O
surface	O
and	O
power	O
is	O
wirelessly	B-Application
picked	O
up	O
on	O
the	O
vehicle	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
countries	O
are	O
making	O
a	O
national	O
standard	O
on	O
mobile	O
phone	O
chargers	O
using	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
properly	O
designed	O
charger	O
can	B-Protocol
allow	O
batteries	O
to	O
reach	O
their	O
full	O
cycle	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
cell	O
phones	O
,	O
laptop	B-Device
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
most	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
use	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
batteries	O
last	O
longest	O
if	O
the	O
battery	O
is	O
frequently	O
charged	O
;	O
fully	O
discharging	O
the	O
cells	O
will	O
degrade	O
their	O
capacity	O
relatively	O
quickly	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
such	O
batteries	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
equipment	O
which	O
can	B-Protocol
sense	O
the	O
approach	O
of	O
full	O
discharge	O
and	O
discontinue	O
equipment	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electronic	O
fuse	O
circuitry	O
draws	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
current	O
from	O
the	O
battery	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
battery	O
is	O
left	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
without	O
charging	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
a	O
very	O
low	O
initial	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
battery	O
may	O
be	O
permanently	O
destroyed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
have	O
used	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
batteries	O
employ	O
a	O
sulfuric	O
acid	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
can	B-Protocol
generally	O
be	O
charged	O
and	O
discharged	O
without	O
exhibiting	O
memory	O
effect	O
,	O
though	O
sulfation	O
(	O
a	O
chemical	O
reaction	O
in	O
the	O
battery	O
which	O
deposits	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
sulfates	O
on	O
the	O
lead	O
)	O
will	O
occur	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
will	O
experience	O
substantially	O
longer	O
life	O
when	O
a	O
maintenance	O
charger	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
"	O
float	O
charge	O
"	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proper	O
temperature	O
compensated	O
float	B-Algorithm
voltage	I-Algorithm
should	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
best	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
