<s>
Computerized	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
running	O
software	O
programs	O
called	O
jobs	O
in	O
batches	B-Device
automatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
users	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
submit	O
the	O
jobs	O
,	O
no	O
other	O
interaction	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
process	O
the	O
batch	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batches	B-Device
may	O
automatically	O
be	O
run	O
at	B-Device
scheduled	O
times	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
being	O
run	O
contingent	O
on	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
computer	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
"	O
originates	O
in	O
the	O
traditional	O
classification	O
of	O
methods	O
of	O
production	O
as	O
job	B-Operating_System
production	O
(	O
one-off	O
production	O
)	O
,	O
batch	B-Device
production	O
(	O
production	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
batch	B-Device
"	O
of	O
multiple	O
items	O
at	B-Device
once	O
,	O
one	O
stage	O
at	B-Device
a	O
time	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
flow	O
production	O
(	O
mass	O
production	O
,	O
all	O
stages	O
in	O
process	O
at	B-Device
once	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
computers	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
only	O
one	O
program	O
at	B-Device
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
would	O
arrive	O
at	B-Device
the	O
computer	O
with	O
program	O
and	O
data	O
,	O
often	O
on	O
punched	O
paper	O
cards	O
and	O
magnetic	O
or	O
paper	O
tape	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
load	O
their	O
program	O
,	O
run	O
and	O
debug	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
carry	O
off	O
their	O
output	O
when	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
called	O
monitors	O
,	O
the	O
forerunners	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
were	O
developed	O
which	O
could	O
process	O
a	O
series	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
batch	B-Device
"	O
,	O
of	O
programs	O
,	O
often	O
from	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
prepared	O
offline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
monitor	O
would	O
be	O
loaded	O
into	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
run	O
the	O
first	O
job	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
batch	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	B-Device
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
job	B-Operating_System
it	O
would	O
regain	O
control	O
and	O
load	O
and	O
run	O
the	O
next	O
until	O
the	O
batch	B-Device
was	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
batch	B-Device
would	O
be	O
written	O
to	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
and	O
printed	O
or	O
punched	O
offline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
monitors	O
were	O
IBM	O
's	O
Fortran	O
Monitor	O
System	O
,	O
SOS	O
(	O
Share	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
IBSYS	B-Operating_System
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
709x	B-Device
systems	O
in	O
1960	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
running	O
one	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
at	B-Device
a	O
time	O
,	O
these	O
systems	O
can	O
have	O
multiple	O
batch	B-General_Concept
programs	I-General_Concept
running	O
at	B-Device
the	O
same	O
time	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
system	O
as	O
busy	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
offline	O
input	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
output	I-General_Concept
,	O
programs	O
called	O
spoolers	B-Device
read	O
jobs	O
from	O
cards	O
,	O
disk	B-Device
,	O
or	O
remote	O
terminals	O
and	O
place	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
job	B-General_Concept
queue	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
deadlocks	B-Operating_System
the	O
job	B-General_Concept
scheduler	I-General_Concept
needs	O
to	O
know	O
each	O
job	B-Operating_System
's	O
resource	O
requirements	O
—	O
memory	O
,	O
magnetic	O
tapes	O
,	O
mountable	O
disks	B-Device
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
so	O
various	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
were	O
developed	O
to	O
supply	O
this	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
structured	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Probably	O
the	O
most	O
well-known	O
is	O
IBM	O
's	O
Job	B-Application
Control	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
JCL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Job	B-General_Concept
schedulers	I-General_Concept
select	O
jobs	O
to	O
run	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
criteria	O
,	O
including	O
priority	O
,	O
memory	O
size	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Protocol
batch	I-Protocol
is	O
a	O
procedure	O
for	O
submitting	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
from	O
remote	O
terminals	O
,	O
often	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
punch	B-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
and	O
a	O
line	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
asymmetric	B-Operating_System
multiprocessing	I-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
to	O
spool	B-Device
batch	B-Device
input	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
output	I-General_Concept
for	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
large	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
using	O
an	O
attached	O
smaller	O
and	O
less-expensive	O
system	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	O
System/360	O
Attached	B-Operating_System
Support	I-Operating_System
Processor	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
general	O
purpose	O
time	O
sharing	O
system	O
,	O
Compatible	B-Operating_System
Time-Sharing	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
CTSS	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
facilitated	O
transitioning	O
from	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
to	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
onwards	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
via	O
text-based	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminal	I-General_Concept
interfaces	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
Unix	B-Application
shells	I-Application
or	O
read-eval-print	B-Application
loops	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
became	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-interactive	O
computation	O
,	O
both	O
one-off	O
jobs	O
such	O
as	O
compilation	O
,	O
and	O
processing	O
of	O
multiple	O
items	O
in	O
batches	B-Device
,	O
became	O
retrospectively	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
term	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
(	O
in	O
early	O
use	O
often	O
"	O
batch	B-Device
of	O
jobs	O
"	O
)	O
became	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
use	O
is	O
particularly	O
found	O
at	B-Device
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
,	O
around	O
the	O
Michigan	B-Application
Terminal	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
MTS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-interactive	O
computation	O
remains	O
pervasive	O
in	O
computing	O
,	O
both	O
for	O
general	O
data	O
processing	O
and	O
for	O
system	O
"	O
housekeeping	O
"	O
tasks	O
(	O
using	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
high-level	O
program	O
(	O
executing	O
multiple	O
programs	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
additional	O
"	O
glue	O
"	O
logic	O
)	O
is	O
today	O
most	O
often	O
called	O
a	O
script	O
,	O
and	O
written	O
in	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
particularly	O
shell	B-Language
scripts	I-Language
for	O
system	O
tasks	O
;	O
in	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
PC	I-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
and	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
this	O
is	O
instead	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
batch	B-Device
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
includes	O
UNIX-based	O
computers	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
(	O
whose	O
foundation	O
is	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
kernel	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
running	O
script	O
,	O
particularly	O
one	O
executed	O
from	O
an	O
interactive	O
login	B-Operating_System
session	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
often	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
job	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
that	O
term	O
is	O
used	O
very	O
ambiguously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
There	O
is	O
no	O
direct	O
counterpart	O
to	O
z/OS	B-Application
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
in	O
PC	O
or	O
UNIX	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
are	O
typically	O
executed	O
at	B-Device
a	O
scheduled	O
time	O
or	O
on	O
an	O
as-needed	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
closest	O
comparison	O
is	O
with	O
processes	O
run	O
by	O
an	O
AT	B-Device
or	O
CRON	B-General_Concept
command	O
in	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
although	O
the	O
differences	O
are	O
significant.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Batch	B-Device
applications	O
are	O
still	O
critical	O
in	O
most	O
organizations	O
in	O
large	O
part	O
because	O
many	O
common	O
business	O
processes	O
are	O
amenable	O
to	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
even	O
new	O
systems	O
usually	O
contain	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
batch	B-Device
applications	O
for	O
updating	O
information	O
at	B-Device
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
day	O
,	O
generating	O
reports	O
,	O
printing	O
documents	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
non-interactive	O
tasks	O
that	O
must	O
complete	O
reliably	O
within	O
certain	O
business	O
deadlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
applications	O
are	O
amenable	O
to	O
flow	O
processing	O
,	O
namely	O
those	O
that	O
only	O
need	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
input	O
at	B-Device
once	O
(	O
not	O
totals	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
)	O
:	O
start	O
the	O
next	O
step	O
for	O
each	O
input	O
as	O
it	O
completes	O
the	O
previous	O
step	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
flow	O
processing	O
lowers	O
latency	O
for	O
individual	O
inputs	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
completed	O
without	O
waiting	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
batch	B-Device
to	O
finish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
entire	O
batch	B-Device
must	O
be	O
completed	O
before	O
one	O
has	O
a	O
usable	O
result	O
:	O
partial	O
results	O
are	O
not	O
usable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
batch	B-Device
applications	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
modern	O
batch	B-Device
frameworks	O
such	O
as	O
Jem	O
The	O
Bee	O
,	O
Spring	B-Language
Batch	I-Language
or	O
implementations	O
of	O
JSR	B-Language
352	O
written	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
other	O
frameworks	O
for	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
and	O
scalability	B-Architecture
required	O
for	O
high-volume	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
high-speed	O
processing	O
,	O
batch	B-Device
applications	O
are	O
often	O
integrated	O
with	O
grid	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
solutions	O
to	O
partition	O
a	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
over	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
processors	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
are	O
significant	O
programming	O
challenges	O
in	O
doing	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
volume	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
places	O
particularly	O
heavy	O
demands	O
on	O
system	O
and	O
application	O
architectures	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectures	O
that	O
feature	O
strong	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
performance	O
and	O
vertical	O
scalability	B-Architecture
,	O
including	O
modern	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
tend	O
to	O
provide	O
better	O
batch	B-Device
performance	O
than	O
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
became	O
popular	O
as	O
they	O
evolved	O
along	O
with	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
batch	B-Device
window	O
is	O
"	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
less-intensive	O
online	O
activity	O
"	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
computer	O
system	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
without	O
interference	O
from	O
,	O
or	O
with	O
,	O
interactive	O
online	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bank	O
's	O
end-of-day	O
(	O
EOD	O
)	O
jobs	O
require	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
cutover	O
,	O
where	O
transaction	O
and	O
data	O
are	O
cut	O
off	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
day	O
's	O
batch	B-Device
activity	O
(	O
"	O
deposits	O
after	O
3	O
PM	O
will	O
be	O
processed	O
the	O
next	O
day	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
requirements	O
for	O
online	O
systems	O
uptime	O
expanded	O
to	O
support	O
globalization	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
business	O
needs	O
,	O
the	O
batch	B-Device
window	O
shrank	O
and	O
increasing	O
emphasis	O
was	O
placed	O
on	O
techniques	O
that	O
would	O
require	O
online	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
a	O
maximum	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
batch	B-Device
size	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
work	O
units	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
within	O
one	O
batch	B-Device
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
messages	O
to	O
dequeue	O
from	O
a	O
queue	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efficient	O
bulk	O
database	O
updates	O
and	O
automated	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
contrasted	O
to	O
interactive	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
extract	O
,	O
transform	O
,	O
load	O
(	O
ETL	O
)	O
step	O
in	O
populating	O
data	O
warehouses	O
is	O
inherently	O
a	O
batch	B-Device
process	O
in	O
most	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performing	O
bulk	O
operations	O
on	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
resizing	O
,	O
conversion	O
,	O
watermarking	O
,	O
or	O
otherwise	O
editing	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
image	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
may	O
convert	O
proprietary	O
and	O
legacy	O
files	O
to	O
common	O
standard	O
formats	O
for	O
end-user	O
queries	O
and	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
e-commerce	O
website	O
might	O
want	O
to	O
process	O
customer	O
transactions	O
in	O
a	O
hourly	O
batch	B-Device
to	O
update	O
the	O
model	O
that	O
produces	O
related	O
product	O
recommendations	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
save	O
computational	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
z/OS	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
platform	O
has	O
arguably	O
the	O
most	O
highly	O
refined	O
and	O
evolved	O
set	O
of	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
facilities	O
owing	O
to	O
its	O
origins	O
,	O
long	O
history	O
,	O
and	O
continuing	O
evolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
such	O
systems	O
commonly	O
support	O
hundreds	O
or	O
even	O
thousands	O
of	O
concurrent	O
online	O
and	O
batch	B-Device
tasks	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
that	O
aid	O
concurrent	O
batch	B-Device
and	O
online	O
processing	O
include	O
Job	B-Application
Control	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
JCL	O
)	O
,	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
REXX	B-Language
,	O
Job	B-Application
Entry	I-Application
Subsystem	I-Application
(	O
JES2	B-Application
and	O
JES3	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Workload	B-Application
Manager	I-Application
(	O
WLM	O
)	O
,	O
Automatic	O
Restart	O
Manager	O
(	O
ARM	O
)	O
,	O
Resource	O
Recovery	O
Services	O
(	O
RRS	O
)	O
,	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
data	O
sharing	O
,	O
Parallel	B-Operating_System
Sysplex	I-Operating_System
,	O
unique	O
performance	O
optimizations	O
such	O
as	O
HiperDispatch	B-Application
,	O
I/O	B-Device
channel	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
,	O
and	O
several	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unix	B-Application
programs	O
cron	B-General_Concept
,	O
at	B-Device
,	O
and	O
batch	B-Device
(	O
today	O
batch	B-Device
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
at	B-Device
)	O
allow	O
for	O
complex	O
scheduling	O
of	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
has	O
a	O
job	B-General_Concept
scheduler	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
clusters	B-Architecture
use	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
to	O
maximize	O
cluster	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
