<s>
Mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
are	O
computers	O
used	O
primarily	O
by	O
businesses	O
and	O
academic	O
institutions	O
for	O
large-scale	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
first	O
termed	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
became	O
widely	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
computing	O
industry	O
was	O
composed	O
of	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
and	O
the	O
relatively	O
smaller	O
and	O
cheaper	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
variant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
mid	O
to	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
many	O
early	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
programmed	O
on	O
these	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
,	O
these	O
early	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
were	O
generally	O
written	O
by	O
students	O
or	O
employees	O
at	O
large	O
corporations	O
in	O
a	O
machine	B-Language
or	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
understood	O
by	O
the	O
specific	O
machine	B-Language
or	O
computer	O
type	O
they	O
were	O
developed	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
games	O
were	O
lost	O
as	O
older	O
computers	O
were	O
discontinued	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
were	O
ported	O
to	O
high-level	O
computer	O
languages	O
like	O
BASIC	O
,	O
had	O
expanded	O
versions	O
later	O
released	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
or	O
were	O
recreated	O
for	O
bulletin	B-Application
board	I-Application
systems	I-Application
years	O
later	O
,	O
thus	O
influencing	O
future	O
games	O
and	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
computer	O
games	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
steady	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
and	O
abilities	O
of	O
computers	O
over	O
time	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
gradual	O
loosening	O
of	O
restrictions	O
on	O
access	O
to	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
at	O
academic	O
and	O
corporate	O
institutions	O
beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
in	O
turn	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
modest	O
proliferation	O
of	O
generally	O
small	O
,	O
text-based	O
games	O
on	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
with	O
increasing	O
complexity	O
towards	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
games	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
on	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
and	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
through	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
high-level	O
programming	O
languages	O
meant	O
that	O
later	O
games	O
were	O
generally	O
intended	O
to	O
or	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
being	O
run	O
on	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
even	O
when	O
developed	O
on	O
a	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
early	O
games	O
include	O
Hamurabi	B-Application
,	O
an	O
antecedent	O
of	O
the	O
strategy	B-Application
and	O
city-building	B-Application
genres	O
;	O
Lunar	B-Application
Lander	I-Application
,	O
which	O
inspired	O
numerous	O
recreations	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
;	O
Civil	O
War	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
war	O
simulation	O
game	O
;	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
widely	O
ported	O
,	O
expanded	O
,	O
and	O
spread	O
for	O
decades	O
after	O
;	O
Space	B-Application
Travel	I-Application
,	O
which	O
played	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
;	O
and	O
Baseball	B-Application
,	O
an	O
early	O
sports	O
game	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
baseball	B-Application
game	O
to	O
allow	O
player	O
control	O
during	O
a	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
are	O
powerful	O
computers	O
used	O
primarily	O
by	O
large	O
organizations	O
for	O
computational	O
work	O
,	O
especially	O
large-scale	O
,	O
multi-user	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
originally	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
large	O
cabinets	O
called	O
"	O
main	B-Architecture
frames	I-Architecture
"	O
that	O
housed	O
the	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
and	O
main	O
memory	B-General_Concept
of	O
early	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
first	O
termed	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
the	O
primary	O
type	O
of	O
computer	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
1960s	O
they	O
were	O
the	O
only	O
type	O
of	O
computer	O
available	O
for	O
public	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minicomputers	B-Architecture
were	O
relatively	O
smaller	O
and	O
cheaper	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
prevalent	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
,	O
though	O
they	O
were	O
still	O
not	O
intended	O
for	O
personal	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
definition	O
from	O
1970	O
required	O
a	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
to	O
cost	O
less	O
than	O
US$	O
25,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
regular	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
could	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
US$	O
1,000,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
and	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
were	O
present	O
in	O
many	O
academic	O
research	O
institutions	O
and	O
large	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
commercial	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
did	O
not	O
yet	O
exist	O
at	O
that	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
early	B-Application
history	I-Application
of	I-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
and	O
would	O
not	O
until	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
,	O
programmers	O
at	O
these	O
companies	O
created	O
several	O
small	O
games	O
to	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
their	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
early	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
were	O
largely	O
created	O
between	O
1968	O
and	O
1971	O
;	O
while	O
earlier	O
games	O
were	O
created	O
they	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
small	O
,	O
academic	O
audiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
also	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
through	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
arcade	O
video	O
games	O
and	O
home	B-Device
video	I-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
later	O
in	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
meant	O
that	O
beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
the	O
audience	O
and	O
developers	O
of	O
video	O
games	O
began	O
to	O
shift	O
away	O
from	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
or	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
general-purpose	O
programming	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
BASIC	O
programming	O
language	O
meant	O
that	O
later	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
could	O
generally	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
with	O
minimal	O
changes	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
initially	O
developed	O
on	O
a	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
very	O
first	B-Application
computer	I-Application
games	I-Application
began	O
to	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Bertie	B-Application
the	I-Application
Brain	I-Application
,	O
a	O
computer-based	O
game	O
of	O
tic-tac-toe	O
built	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Josef	O
Kates	O
for	O
the	O
1950	O
Canadian	O
National	O
Exhibition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
these	O
games	O
as	O
video	O
games	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
definition	O
used	O
,	O
the	O
games	O
developed	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
period	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
large	O
antecedents	O
of	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
and	O
were	O
primarily	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
academic	O
research	O
or	O
to	O
showcase	O
the	O
technological	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
computers	O
on	O
which	O
they	O
ran	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
improvements	O
in	O
computing	O
technology	O
and	O
the	O
early	O
development	O
of	O
relatively	O
cheaper	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
termed	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
loosening	O
of	O
restrictions	O
regarding	O
programming	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
MIT	O
)	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
experimental	O
computer	O
was	O
opened	O
to	O
students	O
and	O
employees	O
of	O
the	O
university	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
games	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
by	O
the	O
small	O
programming	O
community	O
at	O
MIT	O
included	O
Tic-Tac-Toe	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
light	B-Device
pen	I-Device
to	O
play	O
a	O
simple	O
game	O
of	O
noughts	O
and	O
crosses	O
against	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
Mouse	O
in	O
the	O
Maze	O
,	O
which	O
let	O
players	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
maze	O
for	O
a	O
mouse	O
to	O
run	O
through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
PDP-1	B-Device
computer	O
was	O
installed	O
at	O
MIT	O
in	O
1961	O
,	O
the	O
community	O
built	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
to	O
showcase	O
its	O
abilities	O
,	O
Spacewar	O
!,	O
which	O
then	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
known	O
video	O
game	O
to	O
spread	O
beyond	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
installation	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
copied	O
and	O
recreated	O
on	O
other	O
PDP-1	B-Device
systems	O
and	O
later	O
on	O
other	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
different	O
computers	O
could	O
generally	O
not	O
run	O
the	O
same	O
programs	O
without	O
significant	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
programs	O
 '	O
code	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
hardware	B-Architecture
or	O
machine	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
the	O
computing	O
industry	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
catalogs	O
and	O
user	O
groups	O
to	O
share	O
programs	O
between	O
different	O
installations	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
series	O
of	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
DEC	O
's	O
PDP	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
catalogs	O
and	O
groups	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
IBM	O
program	O
catalog	O
and	O
the	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Computer	O
Users	O
 '	O
Society	O
(	O
DECUS	O
)	O
,	O
shared	O
small	O
games	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
programs	O
,	O
including	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
"	O
BBC	O
Vik	O
The	O
Baseball	B-Application
Demonstrator	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Three	O
Dimensional	O
Tic-Tack-Toe	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
April	O
1962	O
IBM	O
catalog	O
,	O
and	O
dice	O
games	O
and	O
question	O
and	O
answer	O
games	O
in	O
the	O
DECUS	O
newsletter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Sumerian	I-Application
Game	I-Application
(	O
1964	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
,	O
a	O
strategy	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
of	O
land	O
and	O
resource	O
management	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
educational	O
game	O
for	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
were	O
developed	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	O
and	O
DEC	O
communities	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
1962	O
Polish	O
Marienbad	B-Application
for	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
games	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
text-based	O
designs	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
visual	O
graphics	O
like	O
Spacewar	B-Application
,	O
these	O
games	O
became	O
more	O
complicated	O
as	O
they	O
reached	O
more	O
players	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
baseball	B-Application
and	O
basketball	O
simulation	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
the	O
computers	O
themselves	O
was	O
also	O
extended	O
to	O
more	O
people	O
by	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Dartmouth	B-Operating_System
Time	I-Operating_System
Sharing	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
DTSS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
connected	O
several	O
thousand	O
users	O
through	O
many	O
remote	O
terminals	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1971	O
,	O
DEC	O
employee	O
David	O
H	O
.	O
Ahl	O
converted	O
two	O
games	O
,	O
Hamurabi	B-Application
and	O
Lunar	B-Application
Lander	I-Application
,	O
from	O
the	O
FOCAL	B-Language
language	O
to	O
BASIC	O
,	O
partially	O
as	O
a	O
demonstration	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
on	O
the	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-8	I-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
,	O
he	O
published	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
,	O
containing	O
descriptions	O
and	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
video	O
games	O
written	O
in	O
BASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
games	O
included	O
were	O
written	O
by	O
both	O
Ahl	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
both	O
games	O
original	O
to	O
the	O
language	O
and	O
ported	O
from	O
other	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
FOCAL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
ports	O
were	O
originally	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
was	O
a	O
best	O
seller	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
10,000	O
copies	O
sold	O
,	O
more	O
sales	O
than	O
computers	O
in	O
existence	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
second	O
edition	O
in	O
1978	O
,	O
BASIC	B-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
million-selling	O
computer	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
BASIC	O
ports	O
of	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
games	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
were	O
often	O
more	O
long-lived	O
than	O
their	O
original	O
versions	O
or	O
other	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hamurabi	B-Application
in	O
particular	O
is	O
mostly	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
appearance	O
in	O
Ahl	O
's	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
hearing	O
of	O
The	B-Application
Sumerian	I-Application
Game	I-Application
,	O
Doug	O
Dyment	O
at	O
DEC	O
created	O
his	O
own	O
The	B-Application
Sumer	I-Application
Game	I-Application
for	O
fellow	O
employee	O
Richard	O
Merrill	O
's	O
newly	O
invented	O
FOCAL	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
were	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
FOCAL	B-Language
and	O
FOCAL-69	B-Language
languages	O
,	O
but	O
an	O
expanded	O
,	O
uncredited	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
as	O
Hamurabi	B-Application
,	O
and	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
even	O
in	O
FOCAL	B-Language
,	O
referenced	O
the	O
new	O
title	O
over	O
the	O
old	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hamurabi	B-Application
influenced	O
many	O
later	O
strategy	B-Application
and	O
simulation	O
games	O
and	O
is	O
an	O
antecedent	O
to	O
the	O
city-building	B-Application
genre	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
game	O
Ahl	O
originally	O
ported	O
to	O
BASIC	O
,	O
Lunar	B-Application
Lander	I-Application
,	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
in	O
three	O
different	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
was	O
called	O
Lunar	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
originally	O
written	O
in	O
FOCAL	B-Language
for	O
the	O
PDP-8	B-Device
by	O
Jim	O
Storer	O
while	O
a	O
high	O
school	O
student	O
in	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ahl	O
converted	O
Jim	O
Storer	O
's	O
FOCAL	B-Language
version	O
to	O
BASIC	O
,	O
changed	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
text	O
,	O
and	O
published	O
it	O
in	O
his	O
newsletter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
or	O
so	O
later	O
,	O
all	O
three	O
BASIC	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
appeared	O
in	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
,	O
under	O
the	O
names	O
ROCKET	O
(	O
Storer	O
version	O
)	O
,	O
ROCKT1	O
(	O
Peters	O
version	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
ROCKT2	O
(	O
Labaree	O
version	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ahl	O
and	O
Steve	O
North	O
converted	O
all	O
three	O
versions	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
changed	O
the	O
collective	O
name	O
to	O
Lunar	B-Application
Lander	I-Application
,	O
and	O
published	O
them	O
in	O
Creative	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
magazine	O
in	O
1976	O
;	O
that	O
name	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
1978	O
edition	O
of	O
BASIC	B-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Civil	O
War	O
originated	O
on	O
multi-user	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
in	O
1968	O
,	O
and	O
simulates	O
fourteen	O
major	O
battles	O
of	O
the	O
conflict	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
human	O
player	O
as	O
the	O
South	O
and	O
the	O
computer	O
as	O
the	O
North	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ahl	O
credited	O
the	O
game	O
in	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
to	O
L	O
.	O
Cram	O
,	O
L	O
.	O
Goodie	O
,	O
and	O
D	O
.	O
Hibbard	O
,	O
students	O
at	O
Lexington	O
High	O
School	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
G	O
.	O
Paul	O
and	O
R	O
.	O
Hess	O
of	O
"	O
TIES	O
"	O
for	O
converting	O
the	O
game	O
into	O
a	O
two-player	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possibly	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
of	O
the	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
that	O
appeared	O
in	O
Ahl	O
's	O
book	O
was	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
by	O
Mike	B-Application
Mayfield	I-Application
in	O
1971	O
on	O
an	O
SDS	B-Device
Sigma	I-Device
7	I-Device
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
was	O
also	O
unlike	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
originally	O
written	O
in	O
BASIC	O
;	O
by	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
book	O
was	O
published	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
widely	O
copied	O
among	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
and	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
systems	O
and	O
modified	O
into	O
several	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
these	O
,	O
renamed	O
by	O
Ahl	O
as	O
Space	O
War	O
,	O
that	O
appeared	O
in	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1978	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
contained	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
port	O
of	O
Super	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
,	O
an	O
expanded	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
first	O
written	O
in	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
version	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
numerous	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
;	O
Ahl	O
stated	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
difficult	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
computer	O
installation	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
contain	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1980	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
was	O
described	O
by	O
The	O
Dragon	O
magazine	O
as	O
"	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
(	O
if	O
not	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
)	O
computer	O
games	O
around	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
"	O
literally	O
scores	O
of	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
this	O
game	O
floating	O
around	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
games	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
appear	O
in	O
101	B-Application
BASIC	I-Application
Computer	I-Application
Games	I-Application
have	O
still	O
had	O
a	O
lasting	O
impact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
game	O
was	O
Space	B-Application
Travel	I-Application
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Ken	O
Thompson	O
in	O
1969	O
,	O
which	O
simulates	O
travel	O
in	O
the	O
Solar	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
was	O
developed	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
ported	O
during	O
1969	O
from	O
the	O
Multics	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
the	O
GECOS	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
GE	B-Device
635	I-Device
computer	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
the	O
PDP-7	B-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
porting	O
the	O
game	O
to	O
the	O
PDP-7	B-Device
,	O
Thompson	O
developed	O
ideas	O
for	O
his	O
own	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
later	O
formed	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Space	B-Application
Travel	I-Application
never	O
spread	O
beyond	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
or	O
had	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
future	O
games	O
,	O
leaving	O
its	O
primary	O
legacy	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
push	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
influential	O
early	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
game	O
was	O
Baseball	B-Application
,	O
a	O
sports	O
game	O
that	O
was	O
created	O
on	O
a	O
PDP-10	B-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
at	O
Pomona	O
College	O
in	O
1971	O
by	O
English	O
major	O
Don	O
Daglow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Baseball	B-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
baseball	B-Application
video	O
game	O
that	O
allowed	O
players	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
game	O
as	O
it	O
unfolded	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
picking	O
players	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
a	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
is	O
documented	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Baseball	B-Application
Hall	O
of	O
Fame	O
and	O
Museum	O
in	O
Cooperstown	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Baseball	B-Application
was	O
continually	O
updated	O
through	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
distributed	O
to	O
other	O
PDP-10	B-Device
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daglow	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
develop	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
baseball	B-Application
games	O
in	O
1983	O
with	O
Intellivision	B-Application
World	I-Application
Series	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
,	O
and	O
1987	O
with	O
Earl	B-Application
Weaver	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
numerous	O
other	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
