<s>
The	O
RCA	O
474L	O
Ballistic	B-Architecture
Missile	I-Architecture
Early	I-Architecture
Warning	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
(	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
,	O
"	O
474L	O
System	O
"	O
,	O
Project	O
474L	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
United	O
States	O
Air	O
Force	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
early	B-Algorithm
warning	I-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
,	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
communications	O
system	O
,	O
for	O
ballistic	O
missile	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ballistic	B-Architecture
Missile	I-Architecture
Early	I-Architecture
Warning	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
(	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
)	O
was	O
a	O
radar	O
system	O
built	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
cooperation	O
of	O
Canada	O
and	O
Denmark	O
on	O
whose	O
territory	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
radars	O
were	O
sited	O
)	O
during	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
to	O
give	O
early	O
warning	O
of	O
a	O
Soviet	O
intercontinental	O
ballistic	O
missile	O
(	O
ICBM	O
)	O
nuclear	O
strike	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
time	O
for	O
US	O
bombers	O
to	O
get	O
off	O
the	O
ground	O
and	O
land-based	O
US	O
ICBMs	O
to	O
be	O
launched	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
chances	O
that	O
a	O
preemptive	O
strike	O
could	O
destroy	O
US	O
strategic	O
nuclear	O
forces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shortest	O
(	O
great	O
circle	O
)	O
route	O
for	O
a	O
Soviet	O
ICBM	O
attack	O
on	O
North	O
America	O
is	O
across	O
the	O
North	O
Pole	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
facilities	O
were	O
built	O
in	O
the	O
Arctic	O
at	O
Clear	O
Air	O
Force	O
Station	O
in	O
central	O
Alaska	O
,	O
and	O
Site	O
J	O
near	O
Thule	O
Air	O
Force	O
Base	O
,	O
Thule	O
,	O
Greenland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
became	O
clear	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
that	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
was	O
developing	O
ICBMs	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
was	O
already	O
building	O
an	O
early-warning	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
system	O
in	O
the	O
Arctic	O
,	O
the	O
DEW	O
line	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
detect	O
bombers	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
capability	O
of	O
tracking	O
ICBMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BMEWS	B-Architecture
consisted	O
of	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
radars	O
and	O
various	O
computer	O
and	O
reporting	O
systems	O
to	O
support	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
wide-front	O
coverage	O
of	O
missiles	O
rising	O
into	O
their	O
radar	B-Algorithm
horizon	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
by	O
tracking	O
them	O
at	O
two	O
points	O
as	O
they	O
climbed	O
,	O
enough	O
information	O
to	O
determine	O
their	O
rough	O
trajectory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BMEWS	B-Architecture
equipment	O
included	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Sylvania	O
AN/FSQ	O
-28	O
Missile	O
Impact	O
Predictor	O
Set	O
,	O
with	O
duplex	O
IBM-7090	B-Device
TX	I-Device
solid-state	I-Device
computers	I-Device
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
Building	O
2	O
at	O
Thule	O
and	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
AN/FPA	O
-21	O
Radar	O
Central	O
Computer	O
at	O
Site	O
III	O
—	O
Satellite	O
Information	O
Processor	O
(	O
SIP	O
)	O
software	O
was	O
later	O
added	O
at	O
Site	O
III	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
the	O
backup	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Western	O
Electric	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
Rearward	O
Communications	O
System	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
network	O
to	O
link	O
the	O
separate	O
elements	O
"	O
and	O
1	O
of	O
6	O
ADC	O
comm	O
systems	O
:	O
"	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
Rearward	O
Long-Lines	O
System	O
"	O
at	O
CFS	O
Resolution	O
Island	O
&	O
CFS	O
Saglek	O
,	O
(	O
cf	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
predict	O
when	O
parts	O
"	O
might	O
break	O
down	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
contractor	O
also	O
installed	O
RCA	B-Device
501	I-Device
computers	O
with	O
32k	O
"	O
high	O
speed	O
memory	O
"	O
,	O
5-76KC	O
556	O
bpi	O
3/4	O
"	O
tape	O
drives	O
,	O
&	O
200	O
track	O
random	O
access	O
LFE	O
drums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initially-replaced	O
portions	O
of	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
included	O
the	O
Ent	O
CC&DF	O
by	O
the	O
Burroughs	O
425L	O
Missile	O
Warning	O
System	O
at	O
the	O
Cheyenne	O
Mountain	O
Complex	O
(	O
FOC	O
July	O
1	O
,	O
1966	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Missile	O
Impact	O
Predictors	O
were	O
replaced	O
(	O
IOC	O
on	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
1984	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
systems	O
were	O
entirely	O
replaced	O
by	O
2001	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
radars	O
were	O
replaced	O
with	O
AN/FPS	O
-120	O
SSPARS	O
)	O
after	O
Satellite	O
Early	O
Warning	O
Systems	O
had	O
been	O
deployed	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
1961	O
MIDAS	O
,	O
1968	O
Project	O
949	O
,	O
and	O
1970	O
DSP	O
satellites	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BMEWS	B-Architecture
 '	O
General	O
Operational	O
Requirement	O
156	O
was	O
issued	O
on	O
November	O
7	O
,	O
1957	O
(	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
was	O
"	O
designed	O
to	O
go	O
with	O
the	O
active	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
WIZARD	O
system	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
on	O
February	O
4	O
,	O
1958	O
;	O
the	O
USAF	O
informed	O
Air	O
Defense	O
Command	O
(	O
ADC	O
)	O
that	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
was	O
an	O
"	O
all-out	O
program	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
system	O
has	O
been	O
directed	O
by	O
the	O
President	O
,	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
national	O
priority	O
as	O
the	O
ballistic	O
missile	O
and	O
satellite	O
programs	O
and	O
is	O
being	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
master	O
urgency	O
list.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
1958	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
announced	O
its	O
"	O
decision	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
Ballistic	B-Architecture
Missile	I-Architecture
Early	I-Architecture
Warning	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
"	O
with	O
Thule	O
to	O
be	O
operational	O
in	O
1959	O
—	O
total	O
Thule/Clear	O
costs	O
in	O
a	O
May	O
1958	O
estimate	O
were	O
~	O
$800	O
million	O
(	O
an	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
1958	O
,	O
plan	O
for	O
both	O
estimated	O
completion	O
in	O
September	O
1960	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lincoln	O
Laboratory	O
's	O
radar	O
at	O
Millstone	O
Hill	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
,	O
was	O
built	O
and	O
provided	O
data	O
to	O
a	O
1958	O
for	O
"	O
trajectory	O
estimates	O
"	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Cape	O
Canaveral	O
missiles	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
"	O
adjunct	O
high-power	O
UHF	O
test	O
facility	O
employed	O
the	O
Millstone	O
transmitter	O
to	O
stress-test	O
the	O
components	O
that	O
were	O
candidates	O
for	O
the	O
operational	O
BMEWS.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
prototype	O
AN/FPS	O
-43	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
radar	O
completed	O
at	O
Trinidad	O
in	O
1958	O
went	O
operational	O
on	O
February	O
4	O
,	O
1959	O
,	O
the	O
date	O
of	O
an	O
Atlas	O
II	O
B	O
firing	O
from	O
Cape	O
Canaveral	O
Launch	O
Complex	O
11	O
(	O
lunar	O
reflection	O
was	O
tested	O
January	O
–	O
June	O
1960	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
30	O
,	O
1958	O
,	O
"	O
NORAD	O
emphasized	O
that	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
could	O
not	O
be	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
self-contained	O
entity	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
Nike	O
Zeus	O
,	O
or	O
vice	O
versa.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
18	O
,	O
1959	O
,	O
the	O
USAF	O
told	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
Project	O
Office	O
to	O
proceed	O
with	O
an	O
interim	O
facility	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
AICBM	O
control	O
center	O
"	O
with	O
an	O
anti-ICBM	O
C3	O
computer	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
when	O
the	O
USAF	O
Wizard	O
and/or	O
Army	O
Nike	O
Zeus	O
ABMs	O
became	O
operational	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
basement	O
of	O
the	O
1954	O
ADC	O
blockhouse	O
was	O
considered	O
for	O
the	O
interim	O
center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1959	O
for	O
use	O
at	O
Ent	O
in	O
September	O
1960	O
,	O
a	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
display	O
facility	O
with	O
"	O
austere	O
and	O
economical	O
construction	O
with	O
minimum	O
equipment	O
"	O
was	O
planned	O
in	O
an	O
"	O
annex	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
COC	O
building	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
1959	O
,	O
ARPA	O
opened	O
the	O
474L	O
System	O
Program	O
Office	O
,	O
and	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
 '	O
"	O
12th	O
Missile	O
Warning	O
Squadron	O
at	O
Thule	O
...	O
began	O
operating	O
in	O
January	O
1960.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Thule	O
testing	O
began	O
on	O
May	O
16	O
,	O
1960	O
,	O
IOC	O
was	O
completed	O
on	O
September	O
30	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
initial	O
operational	O
radar	O
transmission	O
was	O
in	O
October	O
1960	O
(	O
initially	O
duplex	O
vacuum	O
tube	O
IBM	B-Device
709s	I-Device
occupied	O
two	O
floors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
5	O
,	O
1960	O
,	O
when	O
Khrushchev	O
was	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
,	O
radar	O
returns	O
during	O
moonrise	O
at	O
Thule	O
produced	O
a	O
false	B-Error_Name
alarm	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
24	O
,	O
1961	O
,	O
an	O
AT&T	O
operator	O
failure	O
at	O
their	O
Black	O
Forest	O
microwave	O
station	O
northeast	O
of	O
Colorado	O
Springs	O
caused	O
a	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
communications	O
outage	O
to	O
Ent	O
and	O
Offutta	O
B-52	O
near	O
Thule	O
confirmed	O
the	O
site	O
still	O
remained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
May	O
16	O
,	O
1961	O
,	O
Ent	O
's	O
"	O
War	O
Room	O
at	O
NORAD	O
"	O
had	O
a	O
glass	O
map	O
for	O
plotting	O
aircraft	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
"	O
map	O
 [ that ] 	O
lights	O
up	O
"	O
to	O
show	O
multiple	O
impact	O
ellipses	O
and	O
times	O
"	O
before	O
the	O
huge	O
missile[s]	O
would	O
burst	O
"	O
(	O
separate	O
from	O
Ent	O
's	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
CC&DF	O
building	O
,	O
the	O
2	O
story	O
blockhouse	O
had	O
a	O
war	O
room	O
with	O
,	O
left	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
NORAD	O
region	O
display	O
,	O
a	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
display	O
map	O
and	O
"	O
threat	O
summary	O
display	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
count	O
of	O
incoming	O
missiles	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BRCS	O
undersea	O
cable	O
was	O
cut	O
"	O
presumably	O
by	O
fishing	O
trawlers	O
"	O
in	O
September	O
,	O
October	O
,	O
and	O
November	O
1961	O
(	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
teletype	O
and	O
backup	O
SSB	B-Device
substituted	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
in	O
December	O
1961	O
,	O
Capt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joseph	O
P	O
.	O
Kaufman	O
was	O
charged	O
"	O
with	O
giving	O
 [ BMEWS ] 	O
defense	O
data	O
to	O
...	O
East	O
German	O
Communists.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
71st	O
Surveillance	O
Wing	O
,	O
Ballistic	B-Architecture
Missile	I-Architecture
Early	I-Architecture
Warning	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
,	O
was	O
activated	O
on	O
December	O
6	O
,	O
1961	O
at	O
Ent	O
AFB	O
(	O
renamed	O
71st	O
Missile	O
Warning	O
Wing	O
on	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
1967	O
,	O
at	O
McGuire	O
AFB	O
July	O
21	O
,	O
1969	O
–	O
April	O
30	O
,	O
1971	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syracuse	O
's	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
Test	O
Facility	O
at	O
GE	O
's	O
High-Power	O
Radar	O
Laboratory	O
became	O
the	O
responsibility	O
of	O
Rome	O
Air	O
Development	O
Center	O
on	O
April	O
11	O
,	O
1962	O
(	O
Syracuse	O
's	O
Eagle	O
Hill	O
Test	O
Annex	O
closed	O
in	O
1970	O
)	O
and	O
on	O
July	O
31	O
,	O
1962	O
,	O
NORAD	O
recommended	O
a	O
tracking	O
radar	O
station	O
at	O
Cape	O
Clear	O
to	O
close	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
gap	O
with	O
Thule	O
for	O
low-angle	O
missiles	O
(	O
vice	O
those	O
with	O
the	O
15-65	O
degree	O
angle	O
for	O
which	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
was	O
designed	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
mid-1962	O
,	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
"	O
quick	O
fixes	O
"	O
for	O
ECCM	O
had	O
been	O
installed	O
at	O
Fylingdales	O
Moor	O
,	O
Thule	O
and	O
Cape	O
Clear	O
AK	O
and	O
by	O
June	O
30	O
,	O
integration	O
of	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
and	O
SPADATS	O
at	O
Ent	O
AFB	O
was	O
completed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Cuban	O
Missile	O
Crisis	O
,	O
the	O
Moorestown	O
AN/FPS	B-Architecture
-49	I-Architecture
radar	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
was	O
"	O
withdrawn	O
from	O
SPADATS	O
and	O
realigned	O
to	O
provide	O
missile	O
surveillance	O
over	O
Cuba.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
1962	O
"	O
strikes	O
and	O
walkouts	O
"	O
delayed	O
Fylingdales	O
 '	O
planned	O
completion	O
from	O
March	O
until	O
September	O
1963	O
and	O
on	O
November	O
7	O
,	O
the	O
Pentagon	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
display	O
subsytem	O
installation	O
was	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1962	O
,	O
NORAD	O
was	O
"	O
concerned	O
over	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
 '	O
virtual	O
inability	O
to	O
detect	O
objects	O
beyond	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
1500	O
nautical	O
miles.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Moorestown	O
FPS-49	O
completed	O
a	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
"	O
signature	O
analysis	O
program	O
"	O
on	O
scale	O
models	O
by	O
January	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remaining	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
development	O
responsibilities	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Space	O
Track	O
SPO	O
(	O
496L	O
)	O
"	O
when	O
the	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
SPO	O
closed	O
on	O
February	O
14	O
,	O
1964	O
—	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
AN/FPS	O
-92	O
with	O
"	O
66-inch	O
panels	O
"	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
Clear	O
in	O
1966	O
(	O
last	O
of	O
the	O
5	O
tracking	O
radars	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1967	O
,	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
modification	O
testing	O
was	O
complete	O
on	O
May	O
15	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
system	O
cost	O
totaled	O
$1.259	O
billion	O
,	O
equivalent	O
to	O
$	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Ent	O
's	O
9th	O
Division	O
HQ	O
had	O
a	O
Spacetrack/BMEWS	O
Maintenance	O
Section	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1976	O
,	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
included	O
IBM	B-Device
7094	I-Device
,	O
CDC	B-Device
6000	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Honeywell	B-Device
800	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1981	O
Cheyenne	O
Mountain	O
had	O
been	O
averaging	O
6,700	O
messages	O
per	O
hour	O
compiled	O
via	O
sensor	O
inputs	O
from	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
JSS	O
,	O
the	O
416N	O
SLBM	O
"	O
Detection	O
and	O
Warning	O
System	O
,	O
COBRA	O
DANE	O
,	O
and	O
PARCS	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
SEWS	O
and	O
PAVE	O
PAWS	O
"	O
for	O
transmission	O
to	O
the	O
NCA	O
.	O
</s>
