<s>
BORO	B-Architecture
(	O
Business	O
Objects	O
Reference	O
Ontology	B-Language
)	O
is	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
developing	O
ontological	O
or	O
semantic	O
models	O
for	O
large	O
complex	O
operational	O
applications	O
that	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
top	O
ontology	B-Language
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
process	O
for	O
constructing	O
the	O
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
mining	O
ontologies	B-Language
from	O
multiple	O
legacy	O
systems	O
–	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
stage	O
in	O
an	O
architectural	O
transformation	O
or	O
software	O
modernization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prime	O
challenge	O
of	O
the	O
re-engineering	O
work	O
was	O
to	O
clarify	O
the	O
underlying	O
ontology	B-Language
of	O
the	O
systems	O
and	O
the	O
work	O
focussed	O
on	O
developing	O
a	O
process	O
for	O
mining	O
ontologies	B-Language
and	O
a	O
top	O
ontology	B-Language
that	O
formed	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
the	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
ontology	B-Language
was	O
tailored	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
re-engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
choice	O
was	O
for	O
an	O
extensional	O
(	O
and	O
hence	O
,	O
four-dimensional	B-Protocol
)	O
ontology	B-Language
which	O
provided	O
neat	O
Criterion	O
of	O
identity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
top	O
ontology	B-Language
as	O
a	O
basis	O
,	O
a	O
systematic	O
process	O
for	O
re-engineering	O
legacy	O
systems	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IDEAS	B-Architecture
(	O
International	O
Defence	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
Specification	O
for	O
exchange	O
)	O
standard	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
BORO	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
DODAF	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2003	O
to	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
start-up	O
company	O
42	O
Objects	O
,	O
funded	O
by	O
private	O
equity	O
company	O
3i	O
worked	O
on	O
developing	O
systems	O
based	O
upon	O
BORO	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BORO	B-Architecture
approach	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
repeatable	O
process	O
for	O
developing	O
formal	O
ontologies	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
takes	O
an	O
extensional	O
approach	O
to	O
ontology	B-Language
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
aims	O
to	O
be	O
grounded	O
in	O
physical	O
reality	O
so	O
that	O
if	O
followed	O
to	O
the	O
letter	O
the	O
method	O
should	O
consistently	O
produce	O
the	O
same	O
ontology	B-Language
given	O
the	O
same	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BORO	B-Architecture
's	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
information	O
models	O
,	O
to	O
integrate	O
multiple	O
information	O
sources	O
and	O
extract	O
hidden	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
using	O
resources	O
from	O
higher	B-Algorithm
order	I-Algorithm
logic	I-Algorithm
,	O
mathematics	O
and	O
philosophy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
the	O
analyst	O
can	O
add	O
one	O
or	O
both	O
of	O
the	O
bridges	O
to	O
the	O
ontology	B-Language
,	O
then	O
apply	O
the	O
appropriate	O
names	O
to	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
identify	O
the	O
things	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
tuple	O
then	O
add	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
BORO	B-Architecture
produces	O
an	O
ontology	B-Language
(	O
information	O
science	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
very	O
strictest	O
sense	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
ontology	B-Language
(	O
information	O
science	O
)	O
that	O
computer	O
scientists	O
would	O
use	O
for	O
reasoning	O
and	O
inference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BORO	B-Architecture
is	O
different	O
to	O
many	O
other	O
data	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
in	O
that	O
treats	O
the	O
names	O
of	O
things	O
as	O
a	O
secondary	O
concern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
BORO	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
analyst	O
is	O
forced	O
to	O
identify	O
individual	O
concepts	O
by	O
their	O
extent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BORO	B-Architecture
methodology	O
is	O
best	O
summarised	O
as	O
a	O
flowchart	O
:	O
</s>
