<s>
Autostereoscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
any	O
method	O
of	O
displaying	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
(	O
adding	O
binocular	B-Algorithm
perception	O
of	O
3D	O
depth	O
)	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
special	O
headgear	O
,	O
glasses	O
,	O
something	O
that	O
affects	O
vision	O
,	O
or	O
anything	O
for	O
eyes	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
viewer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
headgear	O
is	O
not	O
required	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
glasses-free	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
"	O
or	O
"	O
glassesless	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
broad	O
approaches	O
currently	O
used	O
to	O
accommodate	O
motion	O
parallax	O
and	O
wider	O
viewing	O
angles	O
:	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
multiple	O
views	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
display	O
does	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
sense	O
where	O
the	O
viewer	O
's	O
eyes	O
are	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
technology	O
include	O
lenticular	O
lens	O
,	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
may	O
include	O
Integral	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
notably	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
volumetric	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
or	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
organizations	O
have	O
developed	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
experimental	O
displays	O
in	O
university	O
departments	O
to	O
commercial	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
different	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
of	O
creating	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
flat	O
panel	O
video	O
displays	O
using	O
lenses	O
was	O
mainly	O
developed	O
in	O
1985	O
by	O
Reinhard	O
Boerner	O
at	O
the	O
Heinrich	O
Hertz	O
Institute	O
(	O
HHI	O
)	O
in	O
Berlin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
best-known	O
3D	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
developed	O
by	O
HHI	O
was	O
the	O
Free2C	O
,	O
a	O
display	O
with	O
very	O
high	O
resolution	O
and	O
very	O
good	O
comfort	O
achieved	O
by	O
an	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
system	O
and	O
a	O
seamless	O
mechanical	O
adjustment	O
of	O
the	O
lenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
systems	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
displayed	O
views	O
to	O
just	O
two	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
enlarge	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
sweet	O
spot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
most	O
flat-panel	O
displays	O
employ	O
lenticular	O
lenses	O
or	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barriers	I-Algorithm
that	O
redirect	O
imagery	O
to	O
several	O
viewing	O
regions	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
this	O
manipulation	O
requires	O
reduced	O
image	O
resolutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
displays	O
can	O
have	O
multiple	O
viewing	O
zones	O
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
the	O
image	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
though	O
they	O
may	O
also	O
exhibit	O
dead	O
zones	O
where	O
only	O
a	O
non-stereoscopic	O
or	O
pseudoscopic	O
image	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
,	O
if	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
device	O
placed	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
source	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
liquid	O
crystal	O
display	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
it	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
or	O
multiscopic	B-General_Concept
image	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
the	O
viewer	O
to	O
wear	O
3D	O
glasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
principle	O
of	O
the	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
was	O
independently	O
invented	O
by	O
Auguste	O
Berthier	O
,	O
who	O
published	O
first	O
but	O
produced	O
no	O
practical	O
results	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
Frederic	O
E	O
.	O
Ives	O
,	O
who	O
made	O
and	O
exhibited	O
the	O
first	O
known	O
functional	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
image	O
in	O
1901	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Fujifilm	O
released	O
the	O
FinePix	B-Algorithm
Real	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
W1	I-Algorithm
digital	O
camera	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
a	O
built-in	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
LCD	O
measuring	O
diagonal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
family	O
uses	O
a	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
for	O
3D	O
imagery	O
;	O
on	O
a	O
newer	O
revision	O
,	O
the	O
New	B-Device
Nintendo	I-Device
3DS	I-Device
,	O
this	O
is	O
combined	O
with	O
an	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
principle	O
of	O
integral	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
(	O
X	O
–	O
Y	O
)	O
array	O
of	O
many	O
small	O
lenses	O
to	O
capture	O
a	O
3-D	O
scene	O
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Gabriel	O
Lippmann	O
in	O
1908	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integral	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
is	O
capable	O
of	O
creating	O
window-like	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
that	O
reproduce	O
objects	O
and	O
scenes	O
life-size	O
,	O
with	O
full	O
parallax	O
and	O
perspective	O
shift	O
and	O
even	O
the	O
depth	O
cue	O
of	O
accommodation	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
full	O
realization	O
of	O
this	O
potential	O
requires	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
very	O
small	O
high-quality	O
optical	O
systems	O
and	O
very	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
replacing	O
the	O
line	O
and	O
space	O
pairs	O
in	O
a	O
simple	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
with	O
tiny	O
cylindrical	O
lenses	O
,	O
Hess	O
avoided	O
the	O
light	O
loss	O
that	O
dimmed	O
images	O
viewed	O
by	O
transmitted	O
light	O
and	O
that	O
made	O
prints	O
on	O
paper	O
unacceptably	O
dark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philips	O
solved	O
a	O
significant	O
problem	O
with	O
electronic	B-Device
displays	I-Device
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
by	O
slanting	O
the	O
cylindrical	O
lenses	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
underlying	O
pixel	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
this	O
idea	O
,	O
Philips	O
produced	O
its	O
WOWvx	B-Algorithm
line	O
until	O
2009	O
,	O
running	O
up	O
to	O
2160p	O
(	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
3840×2160	O
pixels	O
)	O
with	O
46	O
viewing	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lenny	O
Lipton	O
's	O
company	O
,	O
StereoGraphics	B-Algorithm
,	O
produced	O
displays	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
idea	O
,	O
citing	O
a	O
much	O
earlier	O
patent	O
for	O
the	O
slanted	O
lenticulars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
rapid	O
advances	O
in	O
optical	O
fabrication	O
,	O
digital	O
processing	O
power	O
,	O
and	O
computational	O
models	O
for	O
human	O
perception	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
display	B-Device
technology	I-Device
is	O
emerging	O
:	O
compressive	O
light	B-Algorithm
field	I-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compressive	O
display	O
designs	O
include	O
dual	O
and	O
multilayer	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
driven	O
by	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
computed	O
tomography	O
and	O
Non-negative	O
matrix	O
factorization	O
and	O
non-negative	O
tensor	B-Device
factorization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
for	O
the	O
instant	O
conversion	O
of	O
existing	O
3D	O
movies	O
to	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
were	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
Dolby	O
,	O
Stereolabs	O
and	O
Viva3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dimension	O
Technologies	O
released	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
commercially	O
available	O
2D/3D	O
switchable	O
LCDs	O
in	O
2002	O
using	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barriers	I-Algorithm
and	O
lenticular	O
lenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SeeReal	B-Algorithm
Technologies	I-Algorithm
has	O
developed	O
a	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
display	O
based	O
on	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
CubicVue	O
exhibited	O
a	O
color	O
filter	O
pattern	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
at	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Association	O
's	O
i-Stage	O
competition	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
autostereo	O
systems	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
volumetric	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
reconstructed	O
light	O
field	O
occupies	O
a	O
true	O
volume	O
of	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
integral	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
fly's-eye	O
lens	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
automultiscopic	B-General_Concept
display	O
has	O
recently	O
been	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
shorter	O
synonym	O
for	O
the	O
lengthy	O
"	O
multi-view	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
the	O
earlier	O
,	O
more	O
specific	O
"	O
parallax	O
panoramagram	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sunny	O
Ocean	O
Studios	O
,	O
located	O
in	O
Singapore	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
credited	O
with	O
developing	O
an	O
automultiscopic	B-General_Concept
screen	O
that	O
can	O
display	O
autostereo	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
from	O
64	O
different	O
reference	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fundamentally	O
new	O
approach	O
to	O
autostereoscopy	B-Algorithm
called	O
HR3D	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
researchers	O
from	O
MIT	O
's	O
Media	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
would	O
consume	O
half	O
as	O
much	O
power	O
,	O
doubling	O
the	O
battery	O
life	O
if	O
used	O
with	O
devices	O
like	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
,	O
without	O
compromising	O
screen	O
brightness	O
or	O
resolution	O
;	O
other	O
advantages	O
include	O
a	O
larger	O
viewing	O
angle	O
and	O
maintaining	O
the	O
3D	O
effect	O
when	O
the	O
screen	O
is	O
rotated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
are	O
single-view	O
displays	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
reproducing	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
movement	O
parallax	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
viewer	O
in	O
systems	O
capable	O
of	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
,	O
however	O
,	O
are	O
multi-view	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
capable	O
of	O
providing	O
the	O
perception	O
of	O
left	O
–	O
right	O
movement	O
parallax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
display	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
content	O
without	O
matching	O
focal	O
depth	O
,	O
thereby	O
exhibiting	O
vergence-accommodation	O
conflict	O
.	O
</s>
