<s>
An	O
automotive	B-Application
head-up	I-Application
display	I-Application
or	O
automotive	O
heads-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
—	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
auto-HUD	O
—	O
is	O
any	O
transparent	O
display	O
that	O
presents	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
automobile	O
without	O
requiring	O
users	O
to	O
look	O
away	O
from	O
their	O
usual	O
viewpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
different	O
approaches	O
to	O
OEM	O
HUDs	B-Application
in	O
automobiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1988	O
:	O
Nissan	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
manufacturer	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
in	O
the	O
JDM	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
1988	O
Nissan	O
Silvia	O
S13	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1988	O
:	O
General	O
Motors	O
began	O
using	O
head-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
first	O
HUD	B-Application
units	O
were	O
installed	O
on	O
Oldsmobile	O
Cutlass	O
Supreme	O
Indy	O
Pace	O
Cars	O
and	O
replicas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optional	O
HUD	B-Application
units	O
were	O
subsequently	O
offered	O
on	O
the	O
Cutlass	O
Supreme	O
and	O
Pontiac	O
Grand	O
Prix	O
before	O
being	O
more	O
widely	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1989	O
–	O
1994	O
:	O
Nissan	O
offered	O
a	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
in	O
the	O
Nissan	O
240SX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1991	O
:	O
Toyota	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Japanese	O
market	O
only	O
,	O
released	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
system	O
for	O
the	O
Toyota	O
Crown	O
Majesta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999:Cadillac	O
DTS	O
with	O
night-vision	O
via	O
Head-up	B-Application
Display	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003	O
:	O
Cadillac	B-Application
introduced	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
system	O
for	O
the	O
Cadillac	B-Application
XLR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003	O
:	O
BMW	O
was	O
involved	O
in	O
large	O
developments	O
for	O
automotive	O
HUD	B-Application
systems	O
for	O
the	O
2003	O
E60	O
5	O
Series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2012	O
:	O
Pioneer	O
Corporation	O
introduced	O
a	O
navigation	O
system	O
that	O
projects	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
's	O
visor	O
that	O
presents	O
animations	O
of	O
conditions	O
ahead	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
displays	O
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
available	O
in	O
production	O
cars	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
offer	O
speedometer	O
,	O
tachometer	B-Device
,	O
and	O
navigation	O
system	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Night	O
vision	O
information	O
is	O
also	O
displayed	O
via	O
HUD	B-Application
on	O
certain	O
General	O
Motors	O
,	O
Honda	O
,	O
Toyota	O
and	O
Lexus	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
manufactures	O
such	O
as	O
Audi	O
,	O
BMW	O
,	O
Citroën	O
,	O
Nissan	O
,	O
Mazda	O
,	O
Kia	O
,	O
Mercedes	O
and	O
Volvo	O
currently	O
offer	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
HUD	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorcycle	O
helmet	O
HUDs	B-Application
are	O
also	O
commercially	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Add-on	O
HUD	B-Application
systems	O
also	O
exist	O
,	O
projecting	O
the	O
display	O
onto	O
a	O
glass	O
combiner	O
mounted	O
on	O
the	O
windshield	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit	O
(	O
ERB	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Head-Up-Display-Advantage	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
term	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
purported	O
advantages	O
provided	O
to	O
motorists	O
when	O
driving	O
using	O
a	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
(	O
HUD	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
heads-up-device	O
or	O
heads-up	O
design	O
,	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
traditional	O
dashboard	O
designs	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Head-Down-Design	B-Application
(	O
HDD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
HUD	B-Application
is	O
an	O
instrument	O
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
information	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
speed	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
vehicle	O
to	O
the	O
driver	O
or	O
pilot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HUDs	B-Application
can	O
either	O
be	O
built	O
into	O
a	O
vehicle	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
bought	O
aftermarket	O
and	O
installed	O
to	O
a	O
vehicle	O
's	O
dashboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
into	O
the	O
ERB	O
primarily	O
utilizes	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
driving	O
simulators	O
to	O
mimic	O
real	O
life	O
driving	O
scenarios	O
while	O
eliminating	O
situational	O
variability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
examine	O
HUDs	B-Application
and	O
HDDs	O
,	O
studies	O
often	O
compare	O
hazard	O
reaction	O
time	O
,	O
situational	O
awareness	O
,	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
driving	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
speed	O
consistency	O
)	O
using	O
both	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
superimposing	O
vital	O
driving	O
information	O
onto	O
the	O
horizon	O
in	O
a	O
driver	O
's	O
direct	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
,	O
HUDS	B-Application
allow	O
important	O
exogenous	O
cues	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
movements	O
of	O
other	O
vehicles	O
to	O
draw	O
the	O
gaze	O
of	O
a	O
driver	O
whilst	O
they	O
monitor	O
vital	O
vehicle	O
feedback	O
such	O
as	O
speed	O
or	O
revolution	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
including	O
feedback	O
instruments	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
field	O
of	O
vision	O
,	O
HUDs	B-Application
allow	O
for	O
the	O
horizon	O
and	O
all	O
associated	O
stimuli	O
to	O
stay	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
field	O
vision	O
where	O
the	O
information	O
may	O
still	O
be	O
processed	O
and	O
acknowledged	O
by	O
a	O
motorist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feedback	O
offered	O
by	O
an	O
HUD	B-Application
is	O
projected	O
onto	O
the	O
windshield	O
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
integrating	O
outside	O
stimuli	O
and	O
the	O
instrumental	O
feedback	O
;	O
thus	O
removing	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
remove	O
a	O
driver	O
's	O
eyes	O
from	O
the	O
road	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
of	O
reaction	O
time	O
to	O
hazards	O
in	O
HUD	B-Application
vs	O
HDD	O
designs	O
have	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
average	O
reaction	O
times	O
for	O
HUD	B-Application
are	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
HUDs	B-Application
appears	O
to	O
produce	O
better	O
speed	O
maintenance	O
in	O
drivers	O
under	O
experimental	O
conditions	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
HDDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HUD	B-Application
use	O
also	O
appears	O
to	O
increase	O
general	O
driving	O
quality	O
,	O
including	O
staying	O
within	O
road	O
markings	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
smoothness	O
of	O
driving	O
and	O
navigation	O
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
evidence	O
that	O
as	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
driving	O
tasks	O
increases	O
,	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
are	O
decreased	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
circumstances	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
statistically	O
significant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
a	O
driver	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
process	O
HUD	B-Application
feedback	O
requires	O
diversion	O
of	O
attention	O
,	O
much	O
akin	O
to	O
that	O
which	O
occurs	O
whilst	O
using	O
a	O
HDD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
limitations	O
for	O
where	O
a	O
HUD	B-Application
can	O
be	O
placed	O
or	O
projected	O
in	O
a	O
vehicle	O
before	O
it	O
begins	O
to	O
diminish	O
the	O
ERB	O
and	O
becomes	O
more	O
of	O
a	O
distraction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HUDs	B-Application
can	O
be	O
constructed	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
instrumental	O
feedback	O
appears	O
to	O
be	O
projected	O
out	O
into	O
the	O
horizon	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
displayed	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
windshield	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
test	O
situations	O
,	O
a	O
projected	O
HUD	B-Application
which	O
appears	O
near	O
the	O
nose	O
of	O
the	O
vehicle	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
result	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
rapid	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
best	O
situational	O
awareness	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
facilitating	O
better	O
driving	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
in-glass	O
laminated	O
HUD	B-Application
,	O
the	O
display	O
glass	O
part	O
is	O
integrated	O
in	O
the	O
windshield	O
while	O
the	O
electronics	O
shall	O
be	O
placed	O
and	O
hidden	O
inside	O
the	O
vehicle	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
