<s>
An	O
automotive	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
or	O
car	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
start	O
a	O
motor	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
engine	O
is	O
running	O
,	O
power	O
for	O
the	O
car	O
's	O
electrical	O
systems	O
is	O
still	O
supplied	O
by	O
the	O
battery	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
alternator	B-Algorithm
charging	O
the	O
battery	O
as	O
demands	O
increase	O
or	O
decrease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
automotive	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
designed	O
to	O
deliver	O
maximum	O
current	O
for	O
a	O
short	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
SLI	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
"	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
for	O
starting	O
,	O
lighting	O
and	O
ignition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SLI	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
not	O
designed	O
for	O
deep	O
discharging	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
full	O
discharge	O
can	O
reduce	O
the	O
battery	O
's	O
lifespan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
starting	O
the	O
engine	O
,	O
an	O
SLI	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
supplies	O
the	O
extra	O
power	O
necessary	O
when	O
the	O
vehicle	O
's	O
electrical	O
requirements	O
exceed	O
the	O
supply	O
from	O
the	O
charging	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
engine	O
is	O
running	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
alternator	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
includes	O
a	O
voltage	O
regulator	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
output	O
between	O
13.5	O
and	O
14.5V	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
SLI	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
lead-acid	B-Device
type	O
,	O
using	O
six	O
series-connected	O
cells	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
nominal	O
12-volt	O
system	O
(	O
in	O
most	O
passenger	O
vehicles	O
and	O
light	O
trucks	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
twelve	O
cells	O
for	O
a	O
24-volt	O
system	O
in	O
heavy	O
trucks	O
or	O
earth-moving	O
equipment	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1993	O
study	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
National	O
Highway	O
Traffic	O
Safety	O
Administration	O
said	O
that	O
31%	O
of	O
vehicle	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
explosion	O
injuries	O
occurred	O
while	O
charging	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	O
vehicles	O
(	O
EVs	O
)	O
are	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
high-voltage	O
electric	B-Architecture
vehicle	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
they	O
usually	O
have	O
an	O
automotive	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
as	O
well	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
use	O
standard	O
automotive	O
accessories	O
which	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
12V	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
conventional	O
,	O
internal	O
combustion	O
engined	O
vehicles	O
,	O
EVs	O
do	O
n't	O
charge	O
the	O
auxiliary	O
battery	O
with	O
an	O
alternator	B-Algorithm
—	O
instead	O
,	O
they	O
use	O
a	O
DC-to-DC	O
converter	O
to	O
step	O
down	O
the	O
high	O
voltage	O
to	O
the	O
required	O
float-charge	O
voltage	O
(	O
typically	O
around	O
14	O
V	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
became	O
widely	O
used	O
around	O
1920	O
as	O
cars	O
became	O
equipped	O
with	O
electric	O
starter	O
motors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
starting	O
and	O
charging	O
systems	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
6-volt	O
and	O
positive-ground	O
systems	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
vehicle	O
's	O
chassis	O
directly	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
positive	O
battery	B-Algorithm
terminal	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
negative	O
battery	B-Algorithm
terminal	I-Algorithm
is	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
car	O
's	O
chassis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
cell	O
of	O
a	O
lead	B-Device
storage	I-Device
battery	I-Device
consists	O
of	O
alternate	O
plates	O
made	O
of	O
a	O
lead	O
alloy	O
grid	O
filled	O
with	O
sponge	O
lead	O
(	O
cathode	O
plates	O
)	O
or	O
coated	O
with	O
lead	O
dioxide	O
(	O
anode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
weakness	O
of	O
these	O
batteries	O
is	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
very	O
intolerant	O
of	O
deep	O
discharge	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
the	O
car	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
completely	O
drained	O
by	O
leaving	O
the	O
lights	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
vehicles	O
use	O
other	O
starter	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rating	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
current	O
a	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
at	O
that	O
temperature	O
can	O
deliver	O
for	O
30	O
seconds	O
and	O
maintain	O
at	O
least	O
1.2volts	O
per	O
cell	O
(	O
7.2volts	O
for	O
a	O
12-volt	O
battery	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
battery	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
sustain	O
a	O
minimum	O
stated	O
electrical	O
load	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
time	O
(	O
in	O
minutes	O
)	O
that	O
a	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
at	O
will	O
continuously	O
deliver	O
25amperes	O
before	O
its	O
voltage	O
drops	O
below	O
10.5volts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
running	O
,	O
the	O
engine	O
can	O
recharge	B-Architecture
the	O
battery	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
alternator	B-Algorithm
and	O
charging	O
system	O
are	O
undamaged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corrosion	O
at	O
the	O
battery	B-Algorithm
terminals	I-Algorithm
can	O
prevent	O
a	O
car	O
from	O
starting	O
due	O
to	O
electrical	O
resistance	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
prevented	O
by	O
the	O
proper	O
application	O
of	O
dielectric	O
grease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SLI	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
(	O
starting	O
,	O
lighting	O
,	O
and	O
ignition	O
)	O
are	O
not	O
designed	O
for	O
deep	O
discharge	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
life	O
is	O
reduced	O
when	O
subjected	O
to	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
batteries	O
have	O
plates	O
designed	O
for	O
increased	O
surface	O
area	O
and	O
thus	O
high	O
instant	O
current	O
capability	O
,	O
whereas	O
marine	O
(	O
hybrid	O
)	O
and	O
deep	B-Algorithm
cycle	I-Algorithm
types	O
will	O
have	O
thicker	O
plates	O
and	O
more	O
room	O
at	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
plates	O
for	O
spent	O
plate	O
material	O
to	O
gather	O
before	O
shorting	O
the	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
using	O
lead-antimony	O
plates	O
require	O
regular	O
topping-up	O
with	O
pure	O
water	O
to	O
replace	O
water	O
lost	O
due	O
to	O
electrolysis	O
and	O
evaporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
car	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
have	O
reduced	O
maintenance	O
requirements	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
not	O
provide	O
caps	O
for	O
addition	O
of	O
water	O
to	O
the	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
recycling	I-Algorithm
of	O
automotive	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
reduces	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
resources	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
manufacture	O
of	O
new	O
batteries	O
,	O
diverts	O
toxic	O
lead	O
from	O
landfills	O
,	O
and	O
prevents	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
improper	O
disposal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
a	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
ceases	O
to	O
hold	O
a	O
charge	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
deemed	O
a	O
used	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
(	O
ULAB	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
classified	O
as	O
hazardous	O
waste	O
under	O
the	O
Basel	O
Convention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
12-volt	O
car	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
most	O
recycled	O
product	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Environmental	O
Protection	O
Agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pure	O
Earth	O
estimates	O
that	O
over	O
12	O
million	O
Third-World	B-Application
people	O
are	O
affected	O
by	O
lead	O
contamination	O
from	O
ULAB	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
