<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
experience	O
that	O
combines	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
and	O
computer-generated	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
can	O
span	O
multiple	O
sensory	O
modalities	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
visual	O
,	O
auditory	O
,	O
haptic	O
,	O
somatosensory	O
and	O
olfactory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
alters	O
one	O
's	O
ongoing	O
perception	O
of	O
a	O
real-world	O
environment	O
,	O
whereas	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
completely	O
replaces	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
real-world	O
environment	O
with	O
a	O
simulated	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
largely	O
synonymous	O
with	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
value	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
manner	O
in	O
which	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
world	O
blend	O
into	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
perception	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
,	O
not	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
display	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
through	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
immersive	O
sensations	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
perceived	O
as	O
natural	O
parts	O
of	O
an	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
functional	O
AR	O
systems	O
that	O
provided	O
immersive	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
experiences	O
for	O
users	O
were	O
invented	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
Virtual	B-General_Concept
Fixtures	I-General_Concept
system	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Air	O
Force	O
's	O
Armstrong	O
Laboratory	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	B-Application
augmented	I-Application
reality	I-Application
experiences	O
were	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
entertainment	O
and	O
gaming	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
have	O
spanned	O
commercial	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
education	O
,	O
communications	O
,	O
medicine	O
,	O
and	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
education	O
,	O
content	O
may	O
be	O
accessed	O
by	O
scanning	O
or	O
viewing	O
an	O
image	O
with	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
or	O
by	O
using	O
markerless	O
AR	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
to	O
enhance	O
natural	O
environments	O
or	O
situations	O
and	O
offers	O
perceptually	O
enriched	O
experiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
adding	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
incorporating	O
AR	O
cameras	O
into	O
smartphone	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
object	O
recognition	O
)	O
the	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
surrounding	O
real	O
world	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
becomes	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
and	O
digitally	O
manipulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
any	O
experience	O
which	O
is	O
artificial	O
and	O
which	O
adds	O
to	O
the	O
already	O
existing	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
also	O
has	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
potential	O
in	O
the	O
gathering	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
tacit	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
combines	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
both	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
technology	O
and	O
heads	B-Application
up	I-Application
display	I-Application
technology	O
(	O
HUD	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
perception	O
of	O
reality	O
is	O
completely	O
based	O
on	O
virtual	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
provided	O
with	O
additional	O
computer	O
-	O
generated	O
information	O
within	O
the	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
real	O
life	O
that	O
enhances	O
their	O
perception	O
of	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
AR	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Augment	B-Application
,	O
enable	O
users	O
to	O
apply	O
digital	O
objects	O
into	O
real	O
environments	O
,	O
allowing	O
businesses	O
to	O
use	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
devices	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
preview	O
their	O
products	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
demo	O
what	O
products	O
may	O
look	O
like	O
in	O
an	O
environment	O
for	O
customers	O
,	O
as	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Mountain	O
Equipment	O
Co-op	O
or	O
Lowe	O
's	O
who	O
use	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
allow	O
customers	O
to	O
preview	O
what	O
their	O
products	O
might	O
look	O
like	O
at	O
home	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
3D	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
differs	O
from	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
in	O
AR	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
surrounding	O
environment	O
is	O
'	O
real	O
 '	O
and	O
AR	O
is	O
just	O
adding	O
layers	O
of	O
virtual	O
objects	O
to	O
the	O
real	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
demonstration	O
of	O
how	O
AR	O
layers	O
objects	O
onto	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
with	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WallaMe	B-Application
is	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	O
application	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
hide	O
messages	O
in	O
real	O
environments	O
,	O
utilizing	O
geolocation	O
technology	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
users	O
to	O
hide	O
messages	O
wherever	O
they	O
may	O
wish	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
components	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
a	O
processor	O
,	O
display	O
,	O
sensors	O
and	O
input	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
mobile	B-Application
computing	I-Application
devices	I-Application
like	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
contain	O
these	O
elements	O
,	O
which	O
often	O
include	O
a	O
camera	O
and	O
microelectromechanical	O
systems	O
(	O
MEMS	B-General_Concept
)	O
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
accelerometer	O
,	O
GPS	O
,	O
and	O
solid	O
state	O
compass	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
suitable	O
AR	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
technologies	O
used	O
in	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
:	O
diffractive	O
waveguides	O
and	O
reflective	O
waveguides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
technologies	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
rendering	O
,	O
including	O
optical	B-General_Concept
projection	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
monitors	B-Device
,	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
and	O
display	O
systems	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
worn	O
on	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
HMD	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
display	O
device	O
worn	O
on	O
the	O
forehead	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
harness	O
or	O
helmet-mounted	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
providers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
uSens	B-General_Concept
and	O
Gestigon	B-General_Concept
,	O
include	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
controls	I-General_Concept
for	O
full	O
virtual	O
immersion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
(	O
HUD	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
transparent	O
display	O
that	O
presents	O
data	O
without	O
requiring	O
users	O
to	O
look	O
away	O
from	O
their	O
usual	O
viewpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
precursor	O
technology	O
to	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
heads-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
were	O
first	O
developed	O
for	O
pilots	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
projecting	O
simple	O
flight	O
data	O
into	O
their	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
,	O
thereby	O
enabling	O
them	O
to	O
keep	O
their	O
"	O
heads	O
up	O
"	O
and	O
not	O
look	O
down	O
at	O
the	O
instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Near-eye	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
devices	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
portable	O
head-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
as	O
they	O
can	O
show	O
data	O
,	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
images	O
while	O
the	O
user	O
views	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
definitions	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
only	O
define	O
it	O
as	O
overlaying	O
the	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
basically	O
what	O
a	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
does	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
practically	O
speaking	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
expected	O
to	O
include	O
registration	O
and	O
tracking	O
between	O
the	O
superimposed	O
perceptions	O
,	O
sensations	O
,	O
information	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
images	O
and	O
some	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
futuristic	O
short	O
film	O
Sight	O
features	O
contact	O
lens-like	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
patent	O
filed	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
describes	O
an	O
AR	O
contact	O
lens	O
,	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
finished	O
,	O
will	O
include	O
a	O
built-in	O
camera	O
on	O
the	O
lens	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
linked	O
with	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
smartphone	B-Application
to	O
review	O
footage	O
,	O
and	O
control	O
it	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
retinal	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
VRD	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
personal	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
device	O
under	O
development	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
's	O
Human	O
Interface	O
Technology	O
Laboratory	O
under	O
Dr.	O
Thomas	O
A	O
.	O
Furness	O
III	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
macular	O
degeneration	O
group	O
,	O
five	O
out	O
of	O
eight	O
subjects	O
preferred	O
the	O
VRD	O
images	O
to	O
the	O
cathode-ray	B-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
or	O
paper	O
images	O
and	O
thought	O
they	O
were	O
better	O
and	O
brighter	O
and	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
equal	O
or	O
better	O
resolution	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
these	O
several	O
tests	O
,	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
retinal	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
is	O
considered	O
safe	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-General_Concept
retinal	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
creates	O
images	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
ambient	O
daylight	O
and	O
ambient	O
room	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EyeTap	B-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Generation-2	O
Glass	O
)	O
captures	O
rays	O
of	O
light	O
that	O
would	O
otherwise	O
pass	O
through	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
of	O
the	O
wearer	O
's	O
eye	O
,	O
and	O
substitutes	O
synthetic	O
computer-controlled	O
light	O
for	O
each	O
ray	O
of	O
real	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Generation-4	O
Glass	O
(	O
Laser	O
EyeTap	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
VRD	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Handheld	B-Application
display	O
employs	O
a	O
small	O
display	O
that	O
fits	O
in	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
handheld	B-Application
AR	O
solutions	O
to	O
date	O
opt	O
for	O
video	O
see-through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
handheld	B-Application
AR	O
employed	O
fiducial	B-Architecture
markers	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
later	O
GPS	O
units	O
and	O
MEMS	B-General_Concept
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
digital	O
compasses	O
and	O
six	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
accelerometer	O
–	O
gyroscope	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
simultaneous	B-Application
localization	I-Application
and	I-Application
mapping	I-Application
(	O
SLAM	O
)	O
markerless	O
trackers	O
such	O
as	O
PTAM	O
(	O
parallel	O
tracking	O
and	O
mapping	O
)	O
are	O
starting	O
to	O
come	O
into	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handheld	B-Application
display	O
AR	O
promises	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
success	O
for	O
AR	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
main	O
advantages	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
AR	O
are	O
the	O
portable	O
nature	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
the	O
ubiquitous	O
nature	O
of	O
camera	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disadvantages	O
are	O
the	O
physical	O
constraints	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
having	O
to	O
hold	O
the	O
handheld	B-Application
device	I-Application
out	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
them	O
at	O
all	O
times	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
distorting	O
effect	O
of	O
classically	O
wide-angled	O
mobile	O
phone	O
cameras	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
as	O
viewed	O
through	O
the	O
eye	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
such	O
as	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
and	O
Ingress	B-Application
utilize	O
an	O
Image	O
Linked	O
Map	O
(	O
ILM	O
)	O
interface	O
,	O
where	O
approved	O
geotagged	O
locations	O
appear	O
on	O
a	O
stylized	O
map	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
augments	B-Application
real-world	O
objects	O
and	O
scenes	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
special	O
displays	O
such	O
as	O
monitors	B-Device
,	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
or	O
hand-held	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
makes	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
projectors	O
to	O
display	O
graphical	O
information	O
onto	O
physical	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
difference	O
in	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
separated	O
from	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
displays	O
are	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
each	O
user	O
,	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
scales	O
naturally	O
up	O
to	O
groups	O
of	O
users	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
collocated	O
collaboration	O
between	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
shader	B-General_Concept
lamps	I-General_Concept
,	O
mobile	O
projectors	O
,	O
virtual	O
tables	O
,	O
and	O
smart	O
projectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shader	B-General_Concept
lamps	I-General_Concept
mimic	O
and	O
augment	B-Application
reality	O
by	O
projecting	O
imagery	O
onto	O
neutral	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
showcases	O
,	O
which	O
employ	O
beam	O
splitter	O
mirrors	O
together	O
with	O
multiple	O
graphics	O
displays	O
,	O
provide	O
an	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
means	O
of	O
simultaneously	O
engaging	O
with	O
the	O
virtual	O
and	O
the	O
real	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
more	O
implementations	O
and	O
configurations	O
make	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
augmented	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
display	O
an	O
increasingly	O
attractive	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
system	O
can	O
display	O
on	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
surfaces	O
in	O
an	O
indoor	O
setting	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
supports	O
both	O
a	O
graphical	O
visualization	B-Application
and	O
passive	O
haptic	O
sensation	O
for	O
the	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
mobile	O
augmented-reality	B-General_Concept
systems	O
use	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
motion	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
technologies	O
:	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
and/or	O
other	O
optical	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
GPS	O
,	O
gyroscopes	B-Application
,	O
solid	O
state	O
compasses	O
,	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
are	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
ARKit	O
API	B-General_Concept
by	O
Apple	O
and	O
ARCore	B-Algorithm
API	B-General_Concept
by	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
allow	O
tracking	O
for	O
their	O
respective	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
are	O
gaining	O
popularity	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
wide	O
adoption	O
of	O
mobile	O
and	O
especially	O
wearable	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
they	O
often	O
rely	O
on	O
computationally	O
intensive	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
with	O
extreme	O
latency	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Techniques	O
include	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
systems	O
that	O
translate	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
spoken	O
words	O
into	O
computer	O
instructions	O
,	O
and	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
systems	O
that	O
interpret	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
body	O
movements	O
by	O
visual	O
detection	O
or	O
from	O
sensors	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
peripheral	O
device	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
wand	O
,	O
stylus	O
,	O
pointer	O
,	O
glove	O
or	O
other	O
body	O
wear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computers	O
are	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
graphics	O
that	O
go	O
with	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
uses	O
a	O
computer-generated	O
image	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
striking	O
effect	O
on	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
is	O
shown	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
improvement	O
of	O
technology	O
and	O
computers	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
going	O
to	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
drastic	O
change	O
on	O
ones	O
perspective	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Time	O
,	O
in	O
about	O
15	O
–	O
20	O
years	O
it	O
is	O
predicted	O
that	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
are	O
going	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
primary	O
use	O
for	O
computer	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
that	O
computers	O
progress	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
will	O
become	O
more	O
flexible	O
and	O
more	O
common	O
in	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computers	O
are	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
process	O
is	O
called	O
image	B-Algorithm
registration	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
uses	O
different	O
methods	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
mostly	O
related	O
to	O
video	B-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
methods	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
are	O
inherited	O
from	O
visual	O
odometry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
stage	O
is	O
to	O
detect	O
interest	O
points	O
,	O
fiducial	B-Architecture
markers	I-Architecture
or	O
optical	O
flow	O
in	O
the	O
camera	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
step	O
can	O
use	O
feature	O
detection	O
methods	O
like	O
corner	B-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
,	O
blob	B-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
,	O
edge	B-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
or	O
thresholding	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
other	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
methods	O
assume	O
objects	O
with	O
known	O
geometry	O
(	O
or	O
fiducial	B-Architecture
markers	I-Architecture
)	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
scene	O
is	O
unknown	O
simultaneous	B-Application
localization	I-Application
and	I-Application
mapping	I-Application
(	O
SLAM	O
)	O
can	O
map	O
relative	O
positions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
no	O
information	O
about	O
scene	O
geometry	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
structure	B-Algorithm
from	I-Algorithm
motion	I-Algorithm
methods	O
like	O
bundle	B-General_Concept
adjustment	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematical	O
methods	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
stage	O
include	O
:	O
projective	O
(	O
epipolar	B-Algorithm
)	O
geometry	O
,	O
geometric	O
algebra	O
,	O
rotation	O
representation	O
with	O
exponential	O
map	O
,	O
kalman	O
and	O
particle	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
,	O
nonlinear	B-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
,	O
robust	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
distinction	O
is	O
made	O
between	O
two	O
distinct	O
modes	O
of	O
tracking	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
marker	O
and	O
markerless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
sensors	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
to	O
accurately	O
detect	O
the	O
real-world	O
environment	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
locations	O
of	O
walls	O
and	O
points	O
of	O
intersection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
Markup	I-General_Concept
Language	I-General_Concept
(	O
ARML	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
data	O
standard	O
developed	O
within	O
the	O
Open	O
Geospatial	O
Consortium	O
(	O
OGC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
Extensible	B-Protocol
Markup	I-Protocol
Language	I-Protocol
(	O
XML	B-Protocol
)	O
grammar	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
location	O
and	O
appearance	O
of	O
virtual	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
scene	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
bindings	O
to	O
allow	O
dynamic	O
access	O
to	O
properties	O
of	O
virtual	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
enable	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
,	O
some	O
software	O
development	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Lens	O
Studio	O
from	O
Snapchat	B-Application
and	O
Spark	O
AR	O
from	O
Facebook	B-Application
were	O
launched	O
including	O
Software	O
Development	O
kits	O
(	O
SDKs	O
)	O
from	O
Apple	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
have	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
consumer	O
products	O
requires	O
considering	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
applications	O
and	O
the	O
related	O
constraints	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
AR	O
systems	O
rely	O
heavily	O
on	O
the	O
immersion	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
design	O
can	O
facilitate	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
virtuality	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
systems	O
,	O
a	O
similar	O
design	O
guideline	O
can	O
be	O
followed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
lists	O
some	O
considerations	O
for	O
designing	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
UX	B-Application
designers	I-Application
will	O
have	O
to	O
define	O
user	O
journeys	O
for	O
the	O
relevant	O
physical	O
scenarios	O
and	O
define	O
how	O
the	O
interface	O
reacts	O
to	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
in	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
technology	O
centers	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
engagement	O
with	O
the	O
end	O
product	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
and	O
enjoyment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
avoid	O
alienating	O
or	O
confusing	O
the	O
user	O
by	O
organizing	O
the	O
information	O
presented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
technique	O
to	O
improve	O
usability	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
is	O
by	O
discovering	O
the	O
frequently	O
accessed	O
areas	O
in	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
touch	O
display	O
and	O
design	O
the	O
application	O
to	O
match	O
those	O
areas	O
of	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
for	O
developers	O
to	O
utilize	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
technology	O
that	O
complement	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
function	O
or	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
utilization	O
of	O
exciting	O
AR	O
filters	O
and	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
unique	O
sharing	O
platform	O
in	O
Snapchat	B-Application
enables	O
users	O
to	O
augment	B-Application
their	O
in-app	O
social	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
applications	O
that	O
require	O
users	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
focus	O
and	O
intent	O
,	O
designers	O
can	O
employ	O
a	O
reticle	O
or	O
raycast	B-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
improve	O
the	O
graphic	B-Application
interface	I-Application
elements	O
and	O
user	O
interaction	O
,	O
developers	O
may	O
use	O
visual	O
cues	O
to	O
inform	O
the	O
user	O
what	O
elements	O
of	O
UI	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
and	O
how	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
that	O
use	O
a	O
2D	O
device	O
as	O
an	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
surface	O
,	O
the	O
2D	O
control	O
environment	O
does	O
not	O
translate	O
well	O
in	O
3D	O
space	O
making	O
users	O
hesitant	O
to	O
explore	O
their	O
surroundings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
note	O
the	O
two	O
main	O
objects	O
in	O
AR	O
when	O
developing	O
VR	O
applications	O
:	O
3D	O
volumetric	O
objects	O
that	O
are	O
manipulated	O
and	O
realistically	O
interact	O
with	O
light	O
and	O
shadow	O
;	O
and	O
animated	O
media	O
imagery	O
such	O
as	O
images	O
and	O
videos	O
which	O
are	O
mostly	O
traditional	O
2D	O
media	O
rendered	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
context	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
virtual	O
objects	O
are	O
projected	O
onto	O
a	O
real	O
environment	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
challenging	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
application	O
designers	O
to	O
ensure	O
a	O
perfectly	O
seamless	O
integration	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
real-world	O
environment	O
,	O
especially	O
with	O
2D	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
explored	O
for	O
many	O
applications	O
,	O
from	O
gaming	O
and	O
entertainment	O
to	O
medicine	O
,	O
education	O
and	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
cited	O
examples	O
include	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
used	O
to	O
support	O
surgery	O
by	O
providing	O
virtual	O
overlays	O
to	O
guide	O
medical	O
practitioners	O
,	O
to	O
AR	O
content	O
for	O
astronomy	O
and	O
welding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	O
AR	O
systems	O
supply	O
multimodal	B-Application
interactions	I-Application
that	O
combine	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
with	O
virtual	O
images	O
of	O
both	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
continual	O
improvements	O
to	O
GPS	O
accuracy	O
,	O
businesses	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
visualize	O
georeferenced	O
models	O
of	O
construction	O
sites	O
,	O
underground	O
structures	O
,	O
cables	O
and	O
pipes	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
applied	O
to	O
present	O
new	O
projects	O
,	O
to	O
solve	O
on-site	O
construction	O
challenges	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
enhance	O
promotional	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
Daqri	B-Device
Smart	O
Helmet	O
,	O
an	O
Android-powered	O
hard	O
hat	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
industrial	O
worker	O
,	O
including	O
visual	O
instructions	O
,	O
real-time	O
alerts	O
,	O
and	O
3D	O
mapping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
AR	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
maps	O
,	O
buildings	O
and	O
data	O
feeds	O
projected	O
onto	O
tabletops	O
for	O
collaborative	O
viewing	O
by	O
built	O
environment	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
urban	O
developers	O
have	O
started	O
to	O
take	O
actions	O
by	O
installing	O
intelligent	O
systems	O
for	O
waste	O
collection	O
,	O
monitoring	O
public	O
security	O
through	O
AR	O
monitoring	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
improving	O
tourism	O
through	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2015	O
Virtual	O
,	O
Augmented	O
and	O
Mixed	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
:	O
7th	O
International	O
Conference	O
mentioned	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
that	O
can	O
replace	O
the	O
physical	O
classroom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
AR	O
evolves	O
,	O
students	O
can	O
participate	O
interactively	B-General_Concept
and	O
interact	O
with	O
knowledge	O
more	O
authentically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
have	O
used	O
HP	O
Reveal	O
,	O
a	O
free	O
app	B-Application
,	O
to	O
create	O
AR	O
notecards	O
for	O
studying	O
organic	O
chemistry	O
mechanisms	O
or	O
to	O
create	O
virtual	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
laboratory	O
instrumentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
difference	O
between	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
straightforward	O
image	O
recognition	O
is	O
that	O
one	O
can	O
overlay	O
multiple	O
media	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
view	O
screen	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
social	O
media	O
share	O
buttons	O
,	O
the	O
in-page	O
video	O
even	O
audio	O
and	O
3D	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
print-only	O
publications	O
are	O
using	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
connect	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
,	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
dressing	I-General_Concept
rooms	I-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
developed	O
for	O
e-commerce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
created	O
an	O
AR	O
QuickLook	O
Gallery	O
that	O
allows	O
masses	O
to	O
experience	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
on	O
their	O
own	O
Apple	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
merchants	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
upload	O
3D	O
models	O
of	O
their	O
products	O
and	O
their	O
users	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
tap	O
on	O
the	O
models	O
inside	O
the	O
Safari	O
browser	O
on	O
their	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
to	O
view	O
them	O
in	O
their	O
real-world	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
frequently	O
used	O
for	O
online	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
JC	O
Penney	O
and	O
Bloomingdale	O
's	O
use	O
"	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
dressing	I-General_Concept
rooms	I-General_Concept
"	O
that	O
allow	O
customers	O
to	O
see	O
themselves	O
in	O
clothes	O
without	O
trying	O
them	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Greg	O
Jones	O
,	O
director	O
of	O
AR	O
and	O
VR	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
going	O
to	O
"	O
reconnect	O
physical	O
and	O
digital	O
retail	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Ikea	O
announced	O
the	O
Ikea	O
Place	O
app	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
app	B-Application
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
have	O
3D	O
and	O
true-to-scale	O
models	O
of	O
furniture	O
in	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
living	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shopify	O
's	O
acquisition	O
of	O
Primer	O
,	O
an	O
AR	O
app	B-Application
aims	O
to	O
push	O
small	O
and	O
medium-sized	O
sellers	O
towards	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
AR	O
shopping	O
with	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
AR	O
integration	O
and	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
for	O
both	O
merchants	O
and	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Australian	O
new	O
media	O
artist	O
Jeffrey	O
Shaw	O
pioneered	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
three	O
artworks	O
:	O
Viewpoint	O
in	O
1975	O
,	O
Virtual	O
Sculptures	O
in	O
1987	O
and	O
The	O
Golden	O
Calf	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
can	O
aid	O
in	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
visual	O
art	O
in	O
museums	O
by	O
allowing	O
museum	O
visitors	O
to	O
view	O
artwork	O
in	O
galleries	O
in	O
a	O
multidimensional	O
way	O
through	O
their	O
phone	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Museum	O
of	O
Modern	O
Art	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
has	O
created	O
an	O
exhibit	O
in	O
their	O
art	O
museum	O
showcasing	O
AR	O
features	O
that	O
viewers	O
can	O
see	O
using	O
an	O
app	B-Application
on	O
their	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
museum	O
has	O
developed	O
their	O
personal	O
app	B-Application
,	O
called	O
MoMAR	O
Gallery	O
,	O
that	O
museum	O
guests	O
can	O
download	O
and	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
specialized	O
gallery	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
view	O
the	O
museum	O
's	O
paintings	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
individuals	O
to	O
see	O
hidden	O
aspects	O
and	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
paintings	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
technological	O
experience	O
with	O
artwork	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
technology	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
Nancy	B-General_Concept
Baker	I-General_Concept
Cahill	I-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
"	O
Margin	O
of	O
Error	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Revolutions	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
two	O
public	O
art	O
pieces	O
she	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
2019	O
Desert	O
X	O
exhibition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
technology	O
aided	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
technology	O
to	O
translate	O
a	O
disabled	O
person	O
's	O
eye	O
movements	O
into	O
drawings	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martin	O
&	O
Muñoz	O
started	O
using	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
technology	O
in	O
2020	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
place	O
virtual	O
works	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
snow	O
globes	O
,	O
in	O
their	O
exhibitions	O
and	O
in	O
user	O
's	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
fitness	O
includes	O
smart	B-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
made	O
for	O
biking	O
and	O
running	O
,	O
with	O
performance	O
analytics	O
and	O
map	O
navigation	O
projected	O
onto	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
field	O
of	O
vision	O
,	O
and	O
boxing	O
,	O
martial	O
arts	O
,	O
and	O
tennis	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
remain	O
aware	O
of	O
their	O
physical	O
environment	O
for	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fitness-related	O
games	O
and	O
software	O
include	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
and	O
Jurassic	O
World	O
Alive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
school	O
children	O
learn	O
easily	O
from	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
experiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
that	O
leverage	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
aid	O
learning	O
included	O
SkyView	O
for	O
studying	O
astronomy	O
,	O
AR	O
Circuits	O
for	O
building	O
simple	O
electric	O
circuits	O
,	O
and	O
SketchAr	O
for	O
drawing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
systems	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
public	O
safety	O
situations	O
,	O
from	O
super	O
storms	O
to	O
suspects	O
at	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
was	O
"	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
—	O
Emerging	O
Technology	O
for	O
Emergency	O
Management	O
"	O
,	O
by	O
Gerald	O
Baron	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Adam	O
Crow	O
,	O
:	O
"	O
Technologies	O
like	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
ex	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
)	O
and	O
the	O
growing	O
expectation	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
force	O
professional	O
emergency	O
managers	O
to	O
radically	O
shift	O
when	O
,	O
where	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
technology	O
is	O
deployed	O
before	O
,	O
during	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
disasters.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
systems	O
provided	O
aerial	O
camera	O
operators	O
with	O
a	O
geographic	O
awareness	O
of	O
forest	O
road	O
names	O
and	O
locations	O
blended	O
with	O
the	O
camera	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
social	O
network	O
framework	O
called	O
Talk2Me	O
enables	O
people	O
to	O
disseminate	O
information	O
and	O
view	O
others	O
 '	O
advertised	O
information	O
in	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
also	O
gives	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
practice	O
different	O
forms	O
of	O
social	O
interactions	O
with	O
other	O
people	O
in	O
a	O
safe	O
,	O
risk-free	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hannes	O
Kauffman	O
,	O
Associate	O
Professor	O
for	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
at	O
TU	O
Vienna	O
,	O
says	O
:	O
"	O
In	O
collaborative	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
multiple	O
users	O
may	O
access	O
a	O
shared	O
space	O
populated	O
by	O
virtual	O
objects	O
,	O
while	O
remaining	O
grounded	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
companies	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
technology	O
was	O
eventually	O
repackaged	O
and	O
sold	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
contribution	O
to	O
ARKit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
allowed	O
video	O
game	O
players	O
to	O
experience	O
digital	O
game	O
play	O
in	O
a	O
real-world	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Niantic	O
released	O
the	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
mobile	O
game	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disney	O
has	O
partnered	O
with	O
Lenovo	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
:	O
Jedi	O
Challenges	O
that	O
works	O
with	O
a	O
Lenovo	O
Mirage	O
AR	O
headset	O
,	O
a	O
tracking	O
sensor	O
and	O
a	O
Lightsaber	O
controller	O
,	O
scheduled	O
to	O
launch	O
in	O
December	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
gaming	O
(	O
ARG	O
)	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
market	O
film	O
and	O
television	O
entertainment	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
applications	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
was	O
in	O
healthcare	O
,	O
particularly	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
planning	O
,	O
practice	O
,	O
and	O
training	O
of	O
surgical	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
far	O
back	O
as	O
1992	O
,	O
enhancing	O
human	O
performance	O
during	O
surgery	O
was	O
a	O
formally	O
stated	O
objective	O
when	O
building	O
the	O
first	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
systems	O
at	O
U.S.	O
Air	O
Force	O
laboratories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2005	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
called	O
a	O
near-infrared	B-Algorithm
vein	I-Algorithm
finder	I-Algorithm
that	O
films	O
subcutaneous	O
veins	O
,	O
processes	O
and	O
projects	O
the	O
image	O
of	O
the	O
veins	O
onto	O
the	O
skin	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
locate	O
veins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
provides	O
surgeons	O
with	O
patient	O
monitoring	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
a	O
fighter	O
pilot	O
's	O
heads-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
,	O
and	O
allows	O
patient	O
imaging	O
records	O
,	O
including	O
functional	O
videos	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
accessed	O
and	O
overlaid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
a	O
virtual	O
X-ray	B-Library
view	O
based	O
on	O
prior	O
tomography	B-Algorithm
or	O
on	O
real-time	O
images	O
from	O
ultrasound	B-Application
and	O
confocal	O
microscopy	O
probes	O
,	O
visualizing	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
a	O
tumor	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
of	O
an	O
endoscope	O
,	O
or	O
radiation	O
exposure	O
risks	O
from	O
X-ray	B-Library
imaging	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patients	O
wearing	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
reminded	O
to	O
take	O
medications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
very	O
helpful	O
in	O
the	O
medical	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
30	O
April	O
2015	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
HoloLens	I-General_Concept
,	O
their	O
first	O
attempt	O
at	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HoloLens	B-General_Concept
has	O
advanced	O
through	O
the	O
years	O
and	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
projecting	O
holograms	O
for	O
near	O
infrared	O
fluorescence	O
based	O
image	O
guided	O
surgery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
advances	O
,	O
it	O
finds	O
increasing	O
applications	O
in	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
similar	O
computer	O
based-utilities	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
train	O
medical	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magee	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
describe	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
for	O
medical	O
training	O
in	O
simulating	O
ultrasound-guided	O
needle	O
placement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
began	O
seeing	O
adoption	O
in	O
neurosurgery	O
,	O
a	O
field	O
that	O
requires	O
heavy	O
amounts	O
of	O
imaging	O
before	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
different	O
methods	O
of	O
visualization	B-Application
for	O
processing	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
sets	O
in	O
augmented	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
Gautam	O
Siwach	O
et	O
al	O
,	O
explored	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
statistical	O
methods	O
and	O
modeling	O
techniques	O
on	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
in	O
Metaverse	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
using	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithms	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
utilized	O
as	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
headsets	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
digitize	O
human	O
presence	O
in	O
space	O
and	O
provide	O
a	O
computer	O
generated	O
model	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
where	O
they	O
can	O
interact	O
and	O
perform	O
various	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
decades	O
of	O
perceptual-motor	O
research	O
in	O
experimental	O
psychology	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Aviation	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
at	O
Urbana	O
–	O
Champaign	O
used	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
flight	O
path	O
in	O
the	O
sky	O
to	O
teach	O
flight	O
students	O
how	O
to	O
land	O
an	O
airplane	O
using	O
a	O
flight	O
simulator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2003	O
the	O
US	O
Army	O
integrated	O
the	O
SmartCam3D	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
system	O
into	O
the	O
Shadow	O
Unmanned	O
Aerial	O
System	O
to	O
aid	O
sensor	O
operators	O
using	O
telescopic	O
cameras	O
to	O
locate	O
people	O
or	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proposed	O
design	O
for	O
such	O
a	O
robot	O
includes	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
platform	I-Application
that	O
is	O
like	O
a	O
track	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
cover	O
uneven	O
distances	O
including	O
stairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
robot	O
's	O
mine	O
detection	O
sensor	O
would	O
include	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
metal	O
detectors	O
and	O
ground-penetrating	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
to	O
locate	O
mines	O
or	O
IEDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
360°	O
view	O
cameras	O
visualization	B-Application
and	O
AR	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
board	O
combat	O
vehicles	O
and	O
tanks	O
as	O
circular	B-General_Concept
review	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
can	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
tool	O
for	O
virtually	O
mapping	O
out	O
the	O
3D	O
topologies	O
of	O
munition	O
storages	O
in	O
the	O
terrain	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
the	O
munitions	O
combination	O
in	O
stacks	O
and	O
distances	O
between	O
them	O
with	O
a	O
visualization	B-Application
of	O
risk	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scope	O
of	O
AR	O
applications	O
also	O
includes	O
visualization	B-Application
of	O
data	O
from	O
embedded	O
munitions	O
monitoring	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
can	O
augment	B-Application
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
navigation	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
Swiss-based	O
company	O
WayRay	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
developing	O
holographic	O
AR	O
navigation	O
systems	O
that	O
use	O
holographic	O
optical	O
elements	O
for	O
projecting	O
all	O
route-related	O
information	O
including	O
directions	O
,	O
important	O
notifications	O
,	O
and	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
right	O
into	O
the	O
drivers	O
 '	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
and	O
far	O
ahead	O
of	O
the	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
may	O
have	O
a	O
positive	O
impact	O
on	O
work	O
collaboration	O
as	O
people	O
may	O
be	O
inclined	O
to	O
interact	O
more	O
actively	O
with	O
their	O
learning	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
tasks	O
included	O
brainstorming	O
and	O
discussion	O
meetings	O
utilizing	O
common	O
visualization	B-Application
via	O
touch	O
screen	O
tables	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
digital	O
whiteboards	O
,	O
shared	O
design	O
spaces	O
and	O
distributed	O
control	O
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
industrial	O
environments	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
proving	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
substantial	O
impact	O
with	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
use	O
cases	O
emerging	O
across	O
all	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
lifecycle	O
,	O
starting	O
from	O
product	O
design	O
and	O
new	O
product	O
introduction	O
(	O
NPI	O
)	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
to	O
service	O
and	O
maintenance	O
,	O
to	O
material	O
handling	O
and	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
permits	O
people	O
to	O
look	O
through	O
the	O
machine	O
as	O
if	O
with	O
an	O
x-ray	B-Library
,	O
pointing	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
problem	O
right	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weather	O
visualizations	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
application	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
yellow	O
"	O
first	O
down	O
"	O
line	O
seen	O
in	O
television	O
broadcasts	O
of	O
American	B-Application
football	I-Application
games	O
showing	O
the	O
line	O
the	O
offensive	O
team	O
must	O
cross	O
to	O
receive	O
a	O
first	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sections	O
of	O
rugby	O
fields	O
and	O
cricket	B-Application
pitches	O
also	O
display	O
sponsored	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
artists	O
allow	O
listeners	O
to	O
augment	B-Application
their	O
listening	O
experience	O
by	O
adding	O
their	O
performance	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
other	O
bands/groups	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Word	B-Application
Lens	I-Application
can	O
interpret	O
the	O
foreign	O
text	O
on	O
signs	O
and	O
menus	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
augmented	O
view	O
,	O
re-display	O
the	O
text	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
new	O
methods	O
of	O
music	O
production	O
,	O
mixing	O
,	O
control	O
and	O
visualization	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leeds	O
College	O
of	O
Music	O
teams	O
have	O
developed	O
an	O
AR	O
app	B-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Audient	O
desks	O
and	O
allow	O
students	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
smartphone	B-Application
or	O
tablet	B-Device
to	O
put	O
layers	O
of	O
information	O
or	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
on	O
top	O
of	O
an	O
Audient	O
mixing	O
desk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARmony	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
package	O
that	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
help	O
people	O
to	O
learn	O
an	O
instrument	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
proof-of-concept	O
project	O
Ian	O
Sterling	O
,	O
an	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
student	O
at	O
California	O
College	O
of	O
the	O
Arts	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
engineer	O
Swaroop	O
Pal	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
HoloLens	B-General_Concept
app	B-Application
whose	O
primary	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
3D	O
spatial	O
UI	O
for	O
cross-platform	O
devices	O
—	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Music	O
Player	O
app	B-Application
and	O
Arduino-controlled	O
Fan	O
and	O
Light	O
—	O
and	O
also	O
allow	O
interaction	O
using	O
gaze	O
and	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
control	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	O
Mixer	O
is	O
an	O
app	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
one	O
to	O
select	O
and	O
mix	O
between	O
songs	O
by	O
manipulating	O
objects	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
changing	O
the	O
orientation	O
of	O
a	O
bottle	O
or	O
can	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
video	O
,	O
Uriel	O
Yehezkel	O
demonstrates	O
using	O
the	O
Leap	B-General_Concept
Motion	I-General_Concept
controller	O
and	O
GECO	O
MIDI	O
to	O
control	O
Ableton	B-Language
Live	I-Language
with	O
hand	O
gestures	O
and	O
states	O
that	O
by	O
this	O
method	O
he	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
control	O
more	O
than	O
10	O
parameters	O
simultaneously	O
with	O
both	O
hands	O
and	O
take	O
full	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
song	O
,	O
emotion	O
and	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
novel	O
musical	O
instrument	O
that	O
allows	O
novices	O
to	O
play	O
electronic	O
musical	O
compositions	O
,	O
interactively	B-General_Concept
remixing	O
and	O
modulating	O
their	O
elements	O
,	O
by	O
manipulating	O
simple	O
physical	O
objects	O
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
system	O
using	O
explicit	O
gestures	O
and	O
implicit	O
dance	O
moves	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
visual	O
augmentations	O
of	O
a	O
live	O
music	O
performance	O
that	O
enable	O
more	O
dynamic	O
and	O
spontaneous	O
performances	O
and	O
—	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
indirect	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
—	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
more	O
intense	O
interaction	O
between	O
artist	O
and	O
audience	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
CRIStAL	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Lille	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
enrich	O
musical	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ControllAR	O
project	O
allows	O
musicians	O
to	O
augment	B-Application
their	O
MIDI	O
control	O
surfaces	O
with	O
the	O
remixed	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
of	O
music	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rouages	O
project	O
proposes	O
to	O
augment	B-Application
digital	O
musical	O
instruments	O
to	O
reveal	O
their	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
the	O
audience	O
and	O
thus	O
improve	O
the	O
perceived	O
liveness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflets	O
is	O
a	O
novel	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
display	O
dedicated	O
to	O
musical	O
performances	O
where	O
the	O
audience	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
3D	O
display	O
by	O
revealing	O
virtual	O
content	O
on	O
stage	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
3D	O
musical	O
interaction	O
and	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snapchat	B-Application
users	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
instant	O
messaging	O
app	B-Application
through	O
use	O
of	O
camera	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2017	O
,	O
Snapchat	B-Application
updated	O
its	O
app	B-Application
to	O
include	O
a	O
camera	O
filter	O
that	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
render	O
an	O
animated	O
,	O
cartoon	O
version	O
of	O
themselves	O
called	O
"	O
Bitmoji	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
Snapchat	B-Application
also	O
announced	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
called	O
"	O
Sky	O
Filters	O
"	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
available	O
on	O
its	O
app	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
feature	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
alter	O
the	O
look	O
of	O
a	O
picture	O
taken	O
of	O
the	O
sky	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
how	O
users	O
can	O
apply	O
the	O
app	B-Application
's	O
filters	O
to	O
other	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
paper	O
titled	O
"	B-Application
Death	I-Application
by	I-Application
Pokémon	I-Application
GO	I-Application
"	I-Application
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
Purdue	O
University	O
's	O
Krannert	O
School	O
of	O
Management	O
claim	O
the	O
game	O
caused	O
"	O
a	O
disproportionate	O
increase	O
in	O
vehicular	O
crashes	O
and	O
associated	O
vehicular	O
damage	O
,	O
personal	O
injuries	O
,	O
and	O
fatalities	O
in	O
the	O
vicinity	O
of	O
locations	O
,	O
called	O
PokéStops	B-Application
,	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
play	O
the	O
game	O
while	O
driving.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
data	O
from	O
one	O
municipality	O
,	O
the	O
paper	O
extrapolates	O
what	O
that	O
might	O
mean	O
nationwide	O
and	O
concluded	O
"	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
crashes	O
attributable	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Pokémon	B-Application
GO	I-Application
is	O
145,632	O
with	O
an	O
associated	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
injuries	O
of	O
29,370	O
and	O
an	O
associated	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
fatalities	O
of	O
256	O
over	O
the	O
period	O
of	O
6	O
July	O
2016	O
,	O
through	O
30	O
November	O
2016.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
,	O
this	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
nightmare	O
to	O
numerous	O
brands	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
manage	O
to	O
capture	O
consumer	O
imaginations	O
it	O
also	O
creates	O
the	O
risk	O
that	O
the	O
wearers	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
may	O
become	O
unaware	O
of	O
surrounding	O
dangers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumers	O
want	O
to	O
use	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
to	O
change	O
their	O
surroundings	O
into	O
something	O
that	O
reflects	O
their	O
own	O
personal	O
opinions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
modern	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
depends	O
on	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
record	O
and	O
analyze	O
the	O
environment	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Code	O
of	O
Ethics	O
on	O
Human	O
Augmentation	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
originally	O
introduced	O
by	O
Steve	O
Mann	O
in	O
2004	O
and	O
further	O
refined	O
with	O
Ray	O
Kurzweil	O
and	O
Marvin	O
Minsky	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
was	O
ultimately	O
ratified	O
at	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
Toronto	O
conference	O
on	O
25	O
June	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interaction	O
of	O
location-bound	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
with	O
property	O
law	O
is	O
largely	O
undefined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
issue	O
experienced	O
during	O
the	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
craze	O
was	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
players	O
disturbing	O
owners	O
of	O
private	O
property	O
while	O
visiting	O
nearby	O
location-bound	O
augmentations	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
on	O
the	O
properties	O
or	O
the	O
properties	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
en	O
route	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
of	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
explicitly	O
disclaim	O
responsibility	O
for	O
players	O
 '	O
actions	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
limit	O
(	O
but	O
may	O
not	O
totally	O
extinguish	O
)	O
the	O
liability	O
of	O
its	O
producer	O
,	O
Niantic	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
a	O
player	O
trespassing	O
while	O
playing	O
the	O
game	O
:	O
by	O
Niantic	O
's	O
argument	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
is	O
the	O
one	O
committing	O
the	O
trespass	O
,	O
while	O
Niantic	O
has	O
merely	O
engaged	O
in	O
permissible	O
free	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
American	O
law	O
,	O
these	O
situations	O
are	O
unlikely	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
real	O
property	O
rights	O
by	O
courts	O
without	O
an	O
expansion	O
of	O
those	O
rights	O
to	O
include	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
similarly	O
to	O
how	O
English	O
common	O
law	O
came	O
to	O
recognise	O
air	O
rights	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Milwaukee	O
County	O
,	O
Wisconsin	O
attempted	O
to	O
regulate	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
games	O
played	O
in	O
its	O
parks	O
,	O
requiring	O
prior	O
issuance	O
of	O
a	O
permit	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
was	O
criticised	O
on	O
free	O
speech	O
grounds	O
by	O
a	O
federal	O
judge	O
;	O
and	O
Illinois	O
considered	O
mandating	O
a	O
notice	O
and	O
take	O
down	O
procedure	O
for	O
location-bound	O
augmentations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
for	O
the	O
Iowa	O
Law	O
Review	O
observed	O
that	O
dealing	O
with	O
many	O
local	O
permitting	O
processes	O
would	O
be	O
arduous	O
for	O
a	O
large-scale	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
proposed	O
Illinois	O
mechanism	O
could	O
be	O
made	O
workable	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reactive	O
and	O
required	O
property	O
owners	O
to	O
potentially	O
continually	O
deal	O
with	O
new	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
services	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
a	O
national-level	O
geofencing	O
registry	O
,	O
analogous	O
to	O
a	O
do-not-call	O
list	O
,	O
was	O
proposed	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
desirable	O
form	O
of	O
regulation	O
to	O
efficiently	O
balance	O
the	O
interests	O
of	O
both	O
providers	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
services	O
and	O
real	O
property	O
owners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
in	O
the	O
Vanderbilt	O
Journal	O
of	O
Entertainment	O
and	O
Technology	O
Law	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
analyses	O
a	O
monolithic	O
do-not-locate	O
registry	O
as	O
an	O
insufficiently	O
flexible	O
tool	O
,	O
either	O
permitting	O
unwanted	O
augmentations	O
or	O
foreclosing	O
useful	O
applications	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
invented	O
the	O
first	B-Device
VR	I-Device
head-mounted	I-Device
display	I-Device
at	O
Harvard	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeri	O
Ellsworth	O
headed	O
a	O
research	O
effort	O
for	O
Valve	O
on	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
,	O
later	O
taking	O
that	O
research	O
to	O
her	O
own	O
start-up	O
CastAR	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
1957	O
–	O
62	O
:	O
Morton	O
Heilig	O
,	O
a	O
cinematographer	O
,	O
creates	O
and	O
patents	O
a	O
simulator	O
called	O
Sensorama	B-General_Concept
with	O
visuals	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
vibration	O
,	O
and	O
smell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1968	O
:	O
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
invents	O
the	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
and	O
positions	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
window	O
into	O
a	O
virtual	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1975	O
:	O
Myron	O
Krueger	O
creates	O
Videoplace	B-General_Concept
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
virtual	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1980	O
:	O
The	O
research	O
by	O
Gavan	O
Lintern	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
published	O
work	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
a	O
heads	B-Application
up	I-Application
display	I-Application
for	O
teaching	O
real-world	O
flight	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1980	O
:	O
Steve	O
Mann	O
creates	O
the	O
first	O
wearable	O
computer	O
,	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
system	O
with	O
text	O
and	O
graphical	O
overlays	O
on	O
a	O
photographically	O
mediated	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
EyeTap	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Heads	B-Application
Up	I-Application
Display	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1981	O
:	O
Dan	O
Reitan	O
geospatially	O
maps	O
multiple	O
weather	O
radar	O
images	O
and	O
space-based	O
and	O
studio	O
cameras	O
to	O
earth	O
maps	O
and	O
abstract	O
symbols	O
for	O
television	O
weather	O
broadcasts	O
,	O
bringing	O
a	O
precursor	O
concept	O
to	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
mixed	O
real/graphical	O
images	O
)	O
to	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
smartphone-based	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
)	O
,	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
flat	O
panel	O
display	O
positioned	O
and	O
oriented	O
by	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1987	O
:	O
Douglas	O
George	O
and	O
Robert	O
Morris	O
create	O
a	O
working	O
prototype	O
of	O
an	O
astronomical	O
telescope-based	O
"	O
heads-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
"	O
system	O
(	O
a	O
precursor	O
concept	O
to	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
)	O
which	O
superimposed	O
in	O
the	O
telescope	O
eyepiece	O
,	O
over	O
the	O
actual	O
sky	O
images	O
,	O
multi-intensity	O
star	O
,	O
and	O
celestial	O
body	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
relevant	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1990	O
:	O
The	O
term	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
is	O
attributed	O
to	O
Thomas	O
P	O
.	O
Caudell	O
,	O
a	O
former	O
Boeing	O
researcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1992	O
:	O
Louis	O
Rosenberg	O
developed	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
functioning	O
AR	O
systems	O
,	O
called	O
Virtual	B-General_Concept
Fixtures	I-General_Concept
,	O
at	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Air	O
Force	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
—	O
Armstrong	O
,	O
that	O
demonstrated	O
benefit	O
to	O
human	O
perception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1993	O
:	O
CMOS	B-Device
active-pixel	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
developed	O
at	O
NASA	O
's	O
Jet	O
Propulsion	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
are	O
later	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
optical	O
tracking	O
in	O
AR	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1993	O
:	O
Mike	O
Abernathy	O
,	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
report	O
the	O
first	O
use	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
identifying	O
space	O
debris	O
using	O
Rockwell	O
WorldView	O
by	O
overlaying	O
satellite	O
geographic	O
trajectories	O
on	O
live	O
telescope	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unpublished	O
paper	O
,	O
J	O
.	O
Barrilleaux	O
,	O
"	O
Experiences	O
and	O
Observations	O
in	O
Applying	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
Live	O
Training	O
"	O
,	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1994	O
:	O
Julie	O
Martin	O
creates	O
first	O
'	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
Theater	O
production	O
 '	O
,	O
Dancing	O
in	O
Cyberspace	O
,	O
funded	O
by	O
the	O
Australia	O
Council	O
for	O
the	O
Arts	O
,	O
features	O
dancers	O
and	O
acrobats	O
manipulating	O
body	O
–	O
sized	O
virtual	O
object	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
projected	O
into	O
the	O
same	O
physical	O
space	O
and	O
performance	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
at	O
University	O
of	O
Massachusetts	O
introduce	O
a	O
vision-based	O
system	O
using	O
monocular	O
cameras	O
to	O
track	O
objects	O
(	O
engine	O
blocks	O
)	O
across	O
views	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998	O
:	O
Spatial	B-General_Concept
augmented	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
introduced	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
North	O
Carolina	O
at	O
Chapel	O
Hill	O
by	O
Ramesh	O
Raskar	O
,	O
Welch	O
,	O
Henry	O
Fuchs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
:	O
The	O
US	O
Naval	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
engages	O
on	O
a	O
decade-long	O
research	O
program	O
called	O
the	O
Battlefield	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
System	O
(	O
BARS	O
)	O
to	O
prototype	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
wearable	O
systems	O
for	O
dismounted	O
soldier	O
operating	O
in	O
urban	O
environment	O
for	O
situation	O
awareness	O
and	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2000	O
:	O
Rockwell	O
International	O
Science	O
Center	O
demonstrates	O
tetherless	O
wearable	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
systems	O
receiving	O
analog	O
video	O
and	O
3-D	O
Audio	O
over	O
radio-frequency	O
wireless	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
systems	O
incorporate	O
outdoor	O
navigation	O
capabilities	O
,	O
with	O
digital	O
horizon	O
silhouettes	O
from	O
a	O
terrain	O
database	O
overlain	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
on	O
the	O
live	O
outdoor	O
scene	O
,	O
allowing	O
visualization	B-Application
of	O
terrain	O
made	O
invisible	O
by	O
clouds	O
and	O
fog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003	O
:	O
Sony	O
released	O
the	O
EyeToy	B-General_Concept
colour	O
webcam	O
,	O
their	O
first	O
foray	O
into	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
on	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
:	O
Outdoor	O
helmet-mounted	B-Application
AR	O
system	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
Trimble	O
Navigation	O
and	O
the	O
Human	O
Interface	O
Technology	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
HIT	O
lab	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008	O
:	O
Wikitude	O
AR	O
Travel	O
Guide	O
launches	O
on	O
20	O
Oct	O
2008	O
with	O
the	O
G1	B-Application
Android	I-Application
phone	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009	O
:	O
ARToolkit	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
(	O
FLARToolkit	O
)	O
by	O
Saqoosha	O
,	O
bringing	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2011	O
:	O
Ogmento	O
launches	O
Paranormal	O
Activity	O
:	O
Sanctuary	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
location-based	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	O
on	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2015	O
:	O
Microsoft	O
announces	O
Windows	B-General_Concept
Holographic	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
HoloLens	B-General_Concept
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2016	O
:	O
Niantic	O
released	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
in	O
July	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
quickly	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
smartphone	B-Application
applications	O
and	O
in	O
turn	O
spikes	O
the	O
popularity	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2017	O
:	O
Magic	B-General_Concept
Leap	I-General_Concept
announces	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Digital	O
Lightfield	O
technology	O
embedded	O
into	O
the	O
Magic	B-General_Concept
Leap	I-General_Concept
One	I-General_Concept
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2019	O
:	O
Microsoft	O
announces	O
HoloLens	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
with	O
significant	O
improvements	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
and	O
ergonomics	O
.	O
</s>
