<s>
Auction	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
that	O
can	O
either	O
be	O
deployed	O
on	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
,	O
on	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
or	O
as	O
a	O
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
on	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
virtual	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
software	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
auctioneers	O
and	O
participants	O
of	O
online	O
auctions	O
such	O
as	O
eBay	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
replace	O
an	O
auctioneer	O
's	O
server	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
auctioneer	O
is	O
not	O
trusted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
API	O
interfaces	O
were	O
developed	O
using	O
XML	B-Protocol
which	O
enable	O
third	O
party	O
developers	O
to	O
build	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
back-end	O
of	O
the	O
online	O
auction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
eBay	B-Application
website	I-Application
serves	O
all	O
three	O
business	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ariba	O
patented	O
its	O
auction	B-Application
software	I-Application
technology	O
and	O
won	O
a	O
case	O
worth	O
over	O
$6M	O
against	O
Emptoris	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blockchains	B-Application
with	O
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
like	O
Ethereum	B-Application
functionality	O
allow	O
definition	O
,	O
execution	O
and	O
enforcement	O
of	O
auctions	O
between	O
untrusted	O
parties	O
without	O
the	O
involvement	O
of	O
a	O
trusted	O
third	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
is	O
code	O
that	O
is	O
executed	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
blockchain	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blockchain	B-Application
auction	O
ensure	O
transparency	O
and	O
prevent	O
cheating	O
by	O
auctioneers	O
and	O
collusion	B-Operating_System
by	O
bidders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
eBay	B-Application
Germany	O
banned	O
automated	O
sniping	O
services	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
ban	O
was	O
declared	O
illegal	O
by	O
Berlin	O
's	O
County	O
Court	O
,	O
and	O
revoked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
General	B-Algorithm
game	I-Algorithm
playing	I-Algorithm
was	O
also	O
proposed	O
for	O
trading	O
agents	O
in	O
supply	O
chain	O
management	O
thereunder	O
price	O
negotiation	O
in	O
online	O
auctions	O
from	O
2003	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hereby	O
,	O
an	O
auction	O
can	O
be	O
described	O
in	O
a	O
game	B-Language
description	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
