<s>
Aaron	O
Hillel	O
Swartz	O
(	O
November	O
8	O
,	O
1986January	O
11	O
,	O
2013	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
American	O
computer	B-Application
programmer	I-Application
,	O
entrepreneur	O
,	O
writer	O
,	O
political	O
organizer	O
,	O
and	O
Internet	O
hacktivist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
,	O
Swartz	O
helped	O
develop	O
the	O
web	B-General_Concept
feed	I-General_Concept
format	O
RSS	O
;	O
the	O
technical	O
architecture	O
for	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
,	O
an	O
organization	O
dedicated	O
to	O
creating	O
copyright	O
licenses	O
;	O
the	O
website	O
framework	O
web.py	O
;	O
and	O
Markdown	O
,	O
a	O
lightweight	B-Protocol
markup	I-Protocol
language	I-Protocol
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swartz	O
was	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
social	O
news	O
aggregation	O
website	O
Reddit	B-Application
until	O
he	O
departed	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Reddit	B-Application
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Condé	O
Nast	O
Publications	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
Swartz	O
became	O
more	O
involved	O
in	O
activism	O
,	O
helping	O
launch	O
the	O
Progressive	O
Change	O
Campaign	O
Committee	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
founded	O
the	O
online	O
group	O
Demand	B-Application
Progress	I-Application
,	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
campaign	O
against	O
the	O
Stop	B-Application
Online	I-Application
Piracy	I-Application
Act	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
age	O
14	O
,	O
he	O
became	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
working	O
group	O
that	O
authored	O
the	O
RSS	O
1.0	O
web	O
syndication	O
specification	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
Swartz	O
's	O
first	O
year	O
at	O
Stanford	O
,	O
he	O
applied	O
to	O
Y	O
Combinator	O
's	O
first	O
Summer	O
Founders	O
Program	O
,	O
proposing	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
startup	O
called	O
Infogami	O
,	O
a	O
flexible	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
designed	O
to	O
create	O
rich	O
and	O
visually	O
interesting	O
websites	O
or	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
wiki	O
for	O
structured	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
Infogami	O
,	O
Swartz	O
created	O
the	O
web.py	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
framework	I-Application
because	O
he	O
was	O
unhappy	O
with	O
other	O
available	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
fall	O
of	O
2005	O
,	O
he	O
worked	O
with	O
his	O
fellow	O
co-founders	O
of	O
another	O
nascent	O
Y-Combinator	O
firm	O
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
to	O
rewrite	O
its	O
Lisp	B-Language
codebase	O
using	O
Python	B-Language
and	O
web.py	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Infogami	O
's	O
platform	O
was	O
abandoned	O
after	O
Not	O
a	O
Bug	O
was	O
acquired	O
,	O
Infogami	O
's	O
software	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
's	O
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
project	O
and	O
the	O
web.py	O
web	B-Application
framework	I-Application
was	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
projects	O
by	O
Swartz	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Infogami	O
failed	O
to	O
find	O
further	O
funding	O
,	O
Y-Combinator	O
organizers	O
suggested	O
Infogami	O
merge	O
with	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
which	O
it	O
did	O
in	O
November	O
2005	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
firm	O
,	O
Not	O
a	O
Bug	O
,	O
devoted	O
to	O
promoting	O
both	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Swartz	O
was	O
given	O
the	O
title	O
of	O
co-founder	O
of	O
Reddit	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
both	O
projects	O
initially	O
struggled	O
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
made	O
large	O
gains	O
in	O
popularity	O
in	O
20052006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
based	O
largely	O
on	O
Reddit	B-Application
's	O
success	O
,	O
Not	O
a	O
Bug	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Condé	O
Nast	O
Publications	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
Wired	O
magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swartz	O
moved	O
with	O
his	O
company	O
to	O
San	O
Francisco	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
Reddit	B-Application
for	O
Wired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
he	O
joined	O
Infogami	O
co-founder	O
Simon	O
Carstensen	O
to	O
launch	O
a	O
new	O
firm	O
,	O
Jottit	O
,	O
in	O
another	O
attempt	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
markdown-driven	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
reading	O
Malamud	O
's	O
call	O
for	O
action	O
,	O
Swartz	O
used	O
a	O
Perl	O
computer	O
script	O
running	O
on	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
servers	I-General_Concept
to	O
download	O
the	O
documents	O
,	O
using	O
credentials	O
belonging	O
to	O
a	O
Sacramento	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
September	O
4	O
to	O
20	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
it	O
accessed	O
documents	O
and	O
uploaded	O
them	O
to	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PACER	O
still	O
charges	O
per	O
page	O
,	O
but	O
customers	O
using	O
Firefox	B-Application
,	O
Chrome	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Safari	B-Application
have	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
saving	O
the	O
documents	O
for	O
free	O
public	O
access	O
with	O
a	O
plug-in	O
called	O
RECAP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Swartz	O
co-founded	O
Demand	B-Application
Progress	I-Application
,	O
a	O
political	O
advocacy	O
group	O
that	O
organizes	O
people	O
online	O
to	O
"	O
take	O
action	O
by	O
contacting	O
Congress	O
and	O
other	O
leaders	O
,	O
funding	O
pressure	O
tactics	O
,	O
and	O
spreading	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
about	O
civil	O
liberties	O
,	O
government	O
reform	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swartz	O
was	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
campaign	O
to	O
prevent	O
passage	O
of	O
the	O
Stop	B-Application
Online	I-Application
Piracy	I-Application
Act	I-Application
(	O
SOPA	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
sought	O
to	O
combat	O
Internet	O
copyright	O
violations	O
but	O
was	O
criticized	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
make	O
it	O
easier	O
for	O
the	O
U.S.	O
government	O
to	O
shut	O
down	O
web	O
sites	O
accused	O
of	O
violating	O
copyright	O
and	O
would	O
place	O
intolerable	O
burdens	O
on	O
Internet	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
speech	O
,	O
"	O
How	O
We	O
Stopped	O
SOPA	B-Application
"	O
,	O
he	O
said	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Swartz	O
also	O
spoke	O
on	O
the	O
topic	O
at	O
an	O
event	O
organized	O
by	O
ThoughtWorks	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
25	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
18.55.6.215	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
MIT	O
network	O
,	O
began	O
sending	O
hundreds	O
of	O
PDF	B-Application
download	O
requests	O
per	O
minute	O
to	O
the	O
JSTOR	O
website	O
,	O
enough	O
to	O
slow	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
prompted	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
morning	O
,	O
another	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
,	O
also	O
from	O
within	O
the	O
MIT	O
network	O
,	O
began	O
sending	O
more	O
PDF	B-Application
download	O
requests	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
temporary	O
block	O
on	O
the	O
firewall	B-Application
level	O
of	O
all	O
MIT	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
entire	O
18.0.0.0/8	B-Protocol
range	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
The	O
following	O
images	O
are	O
all	O
excerpts	O
from	O
the	O
3,461	O
-page	O
PDF	B-Application
document	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Swartz	O
's	O
family	O
and	O
his	O
partner	O
created	O
a	O
memorial	O
website	O
on	O
which	O
they	O
issued	O
a	O
statement	O
,	O
saying	O
:	O
"	O
He	O
used	O
his	O
prodigious	O
skills	O
as	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
and	O
technologist	O
not	O
to	O
enrich	O
himself	O
but	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
the	O
world	O
a	O
fairer	O
,	O
better	O
place.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
hundreds	O
attended	O
a	O
memorial	O
at	O
the	O
Cooper	O
Union	O
,	O
speakers	O
at	O
which	O
included	O
Taren	O
Stinebrickner-Kauffman	O
,	O
open	O
source	O
advocate	O
Doc	O
Searls	O
,	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
 '	O
Glenn	O
Otis	O
Brown	O
,	O
journalist	O
Quinn	O
Norton	O
,	O
Roy	O
Singham	O
of	O
ThoughtWorks	B-Application
,	O
and	O
David	O
Segal	O
of	O
Demand	B-Application
Progress	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
4	O
,	O
a	O
memorial	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
the	O
Cannon	O
House	O
Office	O
Building	O
on	O
Capitol	B-Application
Hill	I-Application
;	O
speakers	O
at	O
this	O
memorial	O
included	O
Senator	O
Ron	O
Wyden	O
and	O
Representatives	O
Darrell	O
Issa	O
,	O
Alan	O
Grayson	O
,	O
and	O
Jared	O
Polis	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
lawmakers	O
in	O
attendance	O
included	O
Senator	O
Elizabeth	O
Warren	O
and	O
Representatives	O
Zoe	O
Lofgren	O
and	O
Jan	O
Schakowsky	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
He	O
was	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
the	O
'	O
Reddit	B-Application
guy	O
 '	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
home	O
page	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
an	O
embedded	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
,	O
Anonymous	O
Operation	O
Last	O
Resort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brian	O
Knappenberger	O
alleges	O
this	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
's	O
financial	O
interest	O
in	O
maintaining	O
the	O
status	O
quo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
11	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
marking	O
the	O
first	O
anniversary	O
of	O
his	O
death	O
,	O
a	O
preview	O
was	O
released	O
of	O
The	O
Internet	O
's	O
Own	O
Boy	O
:	O
The	O
Story	O
of	O
Aaron	O
Swartz	O
,	O
a	O
documentary	O
about	O
Swartz	O
,	O
the	O
NSA	O
and	O
SOPA	B-Application
.	O
</s>
