<s>
The	B-Application
artificial	I-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
industry	O
in	O
China	O
is	O
a	O
rapidly	O
developing	O
multi-billion	O
dollar	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
the	B-Application
artificial	I-Application
intelligence	I-Application
market	O
is	O
worth	O
about	O
RMB	O
150	O
billion	O
(	O
US	O
$23.196	O
billion	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
projected	O
to	O
reach	O
RMB	O
400	O
billion	O
(	O
US	O
$61.855	O
billion	O
)	O
by	O
2025	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
roots	O
of	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
following	O
economic	O
reforms	O
emphasizing	O
science	O
and	O
technology	O
as	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
primary	O
productive	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
stages	O
of	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
were	O
slow	O
and	O
faced	O
serious	O
challenges	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
resources	O
and	O
talent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
beginning	O
China	O
was	O
behind	O
most	O
Western	O
countries	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2006	O
,	O
China	O
has	O
steadily	O
developed	O
a	O
national	O
agenda	O
for	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
development	O
and	O
emerged	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
leading	O
nations	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
research	I-Application
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
2010s	O
,	O
China	O
announced	O
in	O
its	O
thirteenth	O
Five-Year	O
Plan	O
its	O
aim	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
global	O
AI	B-Application
leader	O
by	O
2030	O
and	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
worth	O
of	O
its	O
AI	B-Application
industry	O
to	O
over	O
1	O
trillion	O
RMB	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
set	O
this	O
goal	O
in	O
three	O
stages	O
,	O
setting	O
benchmarks	O
for	O
2020	O
,	O
2025	O
,	O
and	O
2030	O
respectively	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
releasing	O
a	O
handful	O
of	O
policies	O
,	O
including	O
'	O
Internet	O
+	O
AI	B-Application
 '	O
and	O
'	O
New	O
Generation	O
AI	B-Application
Development	O
Plan	O
 '	O
to	O
incentivize	O
industry	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysts	O
estimated	O
that	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
would	O
contribute	O
an	O
annual	O
growth	O
rate	O
of	O
approximately	O
0.8	O
%	O
to	O
1.4	O
%	O
to	O
China	O
's	O
economy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
central	O
government	O
has	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
"	O
national	O
AI	B-Application
teams	O
"	O
including	O
fifteen	O
China-based	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
Baidu	B-Application
,	O
Tencent	O
,	O
Alibaba	O
,	O
SenseTime	O
,	O
and	O
iFlytek	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
company	O
should	O
lead	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
designated	O
specialized	O
AI	B-Application
sector	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
facial	O
recognition	O
,	O
software/hardware	O
,	O
and	O
voice	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
rapid	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
has	O
significantly	O
impacted	O
Chinese	O
society	O
in	O
many	O
areas	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
socio-economic	O
,	O
military	O
,	O
and	O
political	O
spheres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Agriculture	O
,	O
transportation	O
,	O
accommodation	O
and	O
food	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
manufacturing	O
are	O
the	O
top	O
industries	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
most	O
impacted	O
by	O
further	O
AI	B-Application
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
China	O
continues	O
expanding	O
its	O
AI	B-Application
industry	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
ethical	O
and	O
regulatory	O
concerns	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
addressed	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
data	O
control	O
and	O
user	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
China	O
published	O
the	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
Law	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China	O
,	O
its	O
first	O
national	O
law	O
addressing	O
AI-related	O
ethical	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
federal	O
government	O
announced	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
export	O
controls	O
and	O
trade	O
restrictions	O
intended	O
to	O
restrict	O
China	O
's	O
access	O
to	O
advanced	O
computer	O
chips	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
Cyberspace	O
Administration	O
of	O
China	O
proposed	O
rules	O
that	O
content	O
produced	O
by	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
"	O
must	O
reflect	O
the	O
core	O
values	O
of	O
socialism.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
research	I-Application
and	O
development	O
did	O
not	O
start	O
until	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
after	O
economic	O
reforms	O
when	O
Deng	O
Xiaoping	O
announced	O
his	O
famous	O
phrase	O
,	O
"	O
science	O
and	O
technology	O
are	O
primary	O
productive	O
forces	O
"	O
( 科技是第一生产力	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
AI-related	O
research	O
between	O
the	O
1950s	O
and	O
1960s	O
,	O
some	O
scholars	O
believe	O
this	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
cybernetics	O
from	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
despite	O
the	O
Sino-Soviet	O
split	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
1950s	O
and	O
early	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Chinese	O
scientists	O
launched	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
led	O
by	O
Qian	O
Xuesen	O
and	O
Wu	O
Wenjun	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
society	O
still	O
had	O
a	O
generally	O
conservative	O
view	O
towards	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
in	O
China	O
was	O
difficult	O
so	O
China	O
's	O
government	O
approached	O
these	O
challenges	O
by	O
sending	O
Chinese	O
scholars	O
overseas	O
to	O
study	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
further	O
providing	O
government	O
funds	O
for	O
research	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
Association	O
for	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
(	O
CAAI	O
)	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
September	O
1981	O
and	O
was	O
authorized	O
by	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Civil	O
Affairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
first	O
research	O
publication	O
on	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
was	O
published	O
by	O
Tsinghua	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
China	O
has	O
further	O
expanded	O
its	O
R&D	O
funds	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
government-sponsored	O
research	O
projects	O
has	O
dramatically	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
China	O
announced	O
a	O
policy	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
National	O
Medium	O
and	O
Long	O
Term	O
Plan	O
for	O
the	O
Development	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
2006	O
–	O
2020	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
by	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
State	O
Council	O
of	O
China	O
issued	O
"	O
A	O
Next	O
Generation	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Development	O
Plan	O
"	O
(	O
State	O
Council	O
Document	O
 [ 2017 ] 	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
document	O
,	O
the	O
CCP	O
Central	O
Committee	O
and	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
urged	O
governing	O
bodies	O
in	O
China	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
the	O
plan	O
described	O
AI	B-Application
as	O
a	O
strategic	O
technology	O
that	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
"	O
focus	O
of	O
international	O
competition	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:2	O
The	O
document	O
urged	O
significant	O
investment	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
strategic	O
areas	O
related	O
to	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
called	O
for	O
close	O
cooperation	O
between	O
the	O
state	O
and	O
private	O
sectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
budgeted	O
$2.1	O
billion	O
for	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
industrial	O
park	O
in	O
Mentougou	O
district	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
researchers	O
and	O
scholars	O
argued	O
China	O
's	O
commitment	O
to	O
global	O
AI	B-Application
leadership	O
and	O
technological	O
competition	O
was	O
driven	O
by	O
its	O
previous	O
underperformance	O
in	O
innovation	O
which	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
century	O
of	O
humiliation	O
"	O
since	O
the	O
Qing	O
dynasty	O
by	O
the	O
central	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
government	O
desires	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
technological	O
revolution	O
in	O
today	O
's	O
world	O
led	O
by	O
digital	O
technology	O
including	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
resume	O
China	O
's	O
"	O
rightful	O
"	O
place	O
and	O
to	O
pursue	O
the	O
national	O
rejuvenation	O
proposed	O
by	O
Xi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
stated	O
motivations	O
that	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
gave	O
for	O
pursuing	O
its	O
AI	B-Application
strategy	O
include	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
for	O
industrial	O
transformation	O
,	O
better	O
social	O
governance	O
and	O
maintaining	O
social	O
stability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
State	O
Council	O
predicted	O
that	O
China	O
would	O
have	O
contributed	O
globally	O
to	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
methods	O
pertinent	O
to	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
projected	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
core	O
AI	B-Application
industries	O
in	O
China	O
to	O
rise	O
to	O
150	O
billion	O
RMB	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
over	O
1	O
trillion	O
RMB	O
when	O
accounting	O
for	O
related	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2025	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
aims	O
for	O
China	O
to	O
make	O
fundamental	O
contributions	O
to	O
basic	O
AI	B-Application
theory	O
and	O
to	O
solidify	O
its	O
place	O
as	O
a	O
global	O
leader	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
aims	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
become	O
"	O
the	O
main	O
driving	O
force	O
for	O
China	O
's	O
industrial	O
upgrading	O
and	O
economic	O
transformation	O
"	O
by	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
State	O
Council	O
projects	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
AI	B-Application
industry	O
in	O
China	O
to	O
be	O
worth	O
400	O
billion	O
RMB	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
over	O
5	O
trillion	O
RMB	O
when	O
accounting	O
for	O
related	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2030	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
aims	O
to	O
have	O
China	O
be	O
the	O
global	O
leader	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
theory	O
and	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
State	O
Council	O
claims	O
that	O
China	O
will	O
have	O
developed	O
a	O
"	O
mature	O
new-generation	O
AI	B-Application
theory	O
and	O
technology	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
projects	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
core	O
AI	B-Application
industries	O
to	O
be	O
worth	O
1	O
trillion	O
RMB	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
over	O
10	O
trillion	O
RMB	O
when	O
accounting	O
for	O
related	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+YearPolicy	O
DocumentIssued	O
by2015Made	O
in	O
China	O
2025	O
( 中国制造2025	O
)	O
Premier	O
Li	O
Keqiang	O
and	O
his	O
cabinet2015	O
"	O
Guiding	O
Opinions	O
of	O
the	O
State	O
Council	O
on	O
Actively	O
Promoting	O
the	O
"	O
Internet	O
Plus	O
"	O
Action	O
"	O
(国务院关于积极推进"互联网+"	O
行动的指导意见	O
)	O
State	O
Council	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China2016Thirteenth	O
Five-Year	O
Plan	O
of	O
China	O
( 中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要	O
)	O
State	O
Council	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China2016	O
"	O
Internet	O
+	O
 '	O
AI	B-Application
Three-Year	O
Implementation	O
Plan	O
"	O
( 新一代AI产业发展三年行动计划）	O
)	O
National	O
Development	O
and	O
Reform	O
Commission	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Central	O
Leading	O
Group	O
for	O
Cyberspace	O
Affairs2017	O
"	O
New	O
Generation	O
AI	B-Application
Development	O
Plan	O
"	O
( 新一代人工智能发展规划	O
)	O
State	O
Council	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China2019Guidelines	O
for	O
the	O
Construction	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
New	O
Generation	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Open	O
Innovation	O
Platform	O
"	O
（国家新一代人工智能开放创新平台建设工作指引）	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology2020	O
"	O
National	O
New	O
Generation	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
Standardization	O
Guidance	O
"	O
( 国家新一代人工智能标准体系建设指南	O
)	O
National	O
Standardization	O
Administration	O
;	O
Central	O
Cyberspace	O
Administration	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
February	O
2019	O
publication	O
by	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
a	O
New	O
American	O
Security	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
leadership	O
–	O
including	O
Chinese	O
leader	O
Xi	O
Jinping	O
–	O
believes	O
that	O
being	O
at	O
the	O
forefront	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
will	O
be	O
critical	O
to	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
global	O
military	O
and	O
economic	O
power	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
is	O
by	O
far	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
 '	O
most	O
ambitious	O
competitor	O
in	O
the	O
international	O
AI	B-Application
market	O
,	O
and	O
China	O
's	O
2017	O
"	O
Next	O
Generation	O
AI	B-Application
Development	O
Plan	O
"	O
describes	O
AI	B-Application
as	O
a	O
"	O
strategic	O
technology	O
"	O
that	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
"	O
focus	O
of	O
international	O
competition	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
AI	B-Application
Readiness	O
Index	O
2020	O
published	O
by	O
Oxford	O
Insights	O
,	O
China	O
is	O
ranked	O
No.19	O
globally	O
with	O
an	O
index	O
score	O
of	O
69.08/100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
highlighted	O
China	O
's	O
score	O
might	O
be	O
higher	O
in	O
reality	O
since	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
index	O
did	O
not	O
measure	O
actual	O
AI	B-Application
implementation	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AIDP	O
has	O
divided	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
into	O
three	O
stages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
benchmark	O
:	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
industry	O
could	O
match	O
most	O
AI-advanced	O
nations	O
with	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
150	O
billion	O
RMB	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
2025	O
as	O
the	O
second	O
benchmark	O
:	O
become	O
a	O
world	O
leader	O
in	O
certain	O
AI	B-Application
fields	O
with	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
400	O
billion	O
RMB	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Statista	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
market	O
reached	O
over	O
128	O
billion	O
RMB	O
by	O
2020	O
and	O
yet	O
the	O
market	O
continues	O
to	O
grow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
today	O
's	O
global	O
AI	B-Application
race	O
,	O
China	O
shared	O
19%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
global	O
AI	B-Application
funding	O
deals	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
ranked	O
No.2	O
behind	O
the	O
U.S.	O
(	O
41%	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
facial	O
recognition	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
AI	B-Application
applications	I-Application
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collecting	O
these	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
its	O
residents	O
helps	O
further	O
train	O
and	O
expand	O
AI	B-Application
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
market	O
is	O
not	O
only	O
conducive	O
and	O
valuable	O
for	O
corporations	O
to	O
further	O
AI	B-Application
R&D	O
but	O
also	O
offers	O
tremendous	O
economic	O
potential	O
attracting	O
both	O
international	O
and	O
domestic	O
firms	O
to	O
join	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
drastic	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
information	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
communication	I-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
ICT	O
)	O
industry	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
chipsets	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
are	O
two	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
and	O
development	O
crosses	O
different	O
sectors	O
and	O
organizations	O
including	O
private-public	O
collaborations	O
,	O
academia-private	O
collaborations	O
,	O
government-led	O
projects	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
scholars	O
believe	O
China	O
has	O
adopted	O
a	O
'	O
catch-up	O
'	O
approach	O
for	O
its	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
apparent	O
through	O
policy	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
public	O
AI	B-Application
R&D	O
spending	O
,	O
China	O
has	O
outspent	O
the	O
U.S.	O
government	O
over	O
the	O
past	O
few	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
public	O
AI	B-Application
funding	O
mainly	O
focused	O
on	O
advanced	O
and	O
applied	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
funding	O
also	O
supported	O
multiple	O
AI	B-Application
R&D	O
in	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
through	O
venture	O
capitals	O
that	O
are	O
backed	O
by	O
the	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
analytic	O
agency	O
research	O
showed	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
China	O
is	O
massively	O
investing	O
in	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
,	O
facial	O
recognition	O
,	O
biotechnology	O
,	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
medical	O
intelligence	O
,	O
and	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
are	O
AI	B-Application
sectors	O
with	O
the	O
most	O
attention	O
and	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zhejiang	O
and	O
Guangdong	O
provinces	O
have	O
the	O
most	O
AI	B-Application
innovation	O
in	O
experimental	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
R&D	O
varied	O
depending	O
on	O
cities	O
and	O
local	O
industrial	O
development	O
and	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Suzhou	O
,	O
a	O
city	O
with	O
a	O
longstanding	O
strong	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
,	O
heavily	O
focuses	O
on	O
automation	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
infrastructure	O
while	O
Wuhan	O
focuses	O
more	O
on	O
AI	B-Application
implementations	O
and	O
the	O
education	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
Chinese	O
achievements	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
demonstrate	O
China	O
's	O
potential	O
to	O
realize	O
its	O
goals	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
leading	O
AI	B-Application
company	O
,	O
Baidu	B-Application
,	O
created	O
AI	B-Application
software	I-Application
capable	O
of	O
surpassing	O
human	O
levels	O
of	O
language	O
recognition	O
,	O
almost	O
a	O
year	O
in	O
advance	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
the	O
nearest	O
U.S.	O
competitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
and	O
2017	O
,	O
Chinese	O
teams	O
won	O
the	O
top	O
prize	O
at	O
the	O
Large	O
Scale	O
Visual	O
Recognition	O
Challenge	O
,	O
an	O
international	O
competition	O
for	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
are	O
now	O
being	O
integrated	O
into	O
China	O
's	O
domestic	O
surveillance	O
network	O
and	O
Social	B-Application
Credit	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
monitor	O
,	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
social	O
behavior	O
,	O
"	O
grade	O
"	O
every	O
Chinese	O
citizen	O
by	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
China	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
peer-reviewed	O
AI	B-Application
publications	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
academia	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
up	O
approximately	O
95.4	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
in	O
2019	O
which	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interdisciplinary	O
collaborations	O
play	O
an	O
essential	O
role	O
in	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
R&D	O
,	O
including	O
academic-corporate	O
collaboration	O
,	O
public-private	O
collaborations	O
,	O
and	O
international	O
collaborations	O
and	O
projects	O
with	O
corporate-government	O
partnerships	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
history	O
section	O
mentioned	O
showed	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
central	O
government	O
released	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
policy	O
frameworks	O
and	O
guidance	O
with	O
the	O
embedded	O
goal	O
of	O
being	O
the	O
global	O
AI	B-Application
leader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
publications	O
,	O
China	O
is	O
ranked	O
Top	O
three	O
worldwide	O
following	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
for	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
peer-reviewed	O
AI	B-Application
publications	O
that	O
are	O
produced	O
under	O
a	O
corporate-academic	O
partnership	O
between	O
2015	O
and	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
index	O
report	O
,	O
China	O
surpassed	O
the	O
U.S.	O
in	O
2020	O
in	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
global	O
AI-related	O
journal	B-Library
citations	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
AI-related	O
R&D	O
,	O
China-based	O
peer-reviewed	O
AI	B-Application
paper	O
is	O
mainly	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
Beijing	O
Academy	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
released	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
pre-trained	O
language	O
model	O
(	O
WuDao	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
McKinsey	O
's	O
2017	O
report	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
economic	O
growth	O
would	O
have	O
approximately	O
0.8	O
%	O
-	O
1.4	O
%	O
annual	O
growth	O
rate	O
from	O
AI-led	O
automation	O
and	O
increases	O
in	O
domestic	O
productivity	O
benefiting	O
food	O
services	O
,	O
agriculture	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
and	O
accommodation	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
sources	O
report	O
slightly	O
varied	O
figures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Accenture	O
whom	O
estimated	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
would	O
add	O
1.6	O
%	O
economic	O
growth	O
to	O
China	O
by	O
2035	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
World	O
Economic	O
Forum	O
stated	O
that	O
,	O
by	O
2017	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
two-thirds	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
AI	B-Application
investments	O
worldwide	O
rushing	O
into	O
China	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
67%	O
annual	O
growth	O
rate	O
for	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
agencies	O
hold	O
optimistic	O
views	O
about	O
AI	B-Application
's	O
economic	O
impact	O
on	O
China	O
's	O
long-term	O
economic	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
operational	O
costs	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
reduce	O
while	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
efficiency	O
generates	O
revenue	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
highlight	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
a	O
clear	O
policy	O
and	O
governmental	O
support	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
overcome	O
adoption	O
barriers	O
including	O
costs	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
properly	O
trained	O
technical	O
talents	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
awareness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low	O
-	O
and	O
medium-income	O
workers	O
might	O
be	O
the	O
most	O
negatively	O
impacted	O
by	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
because	O
of	O
rising	O
demands	O
for	O
laborers	O
with	O
advanced	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
economic	O
growth	O
might	O
be	O
disproportionately	O
divided	O
as	O
a	O
majority	O
of	O
AI-related	O
industrial	O
development	O
is	O
concentrated	O
in	O
coastal	O
regions	O
rather	O
than	O
inland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
spring	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
a	O
civilian	O
Chinese	O
university	O
with	O
ties	O
to	O
the	O
military	O
demonstrated	O
an	O
AI-enabled	O
swarm	O
of	O
1,000	O
uninhabited	O
aerial	O
vehicles	O
at	O
an	O
airshow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
media	O
report	O
released	O
afterwards	O
showed	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
of	O
a	O
similar	O
swarm	O
formation	O
finding	O
and	O
destroying	O
a	O
missile	O
launcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:23	O
Open-source	O
publications	O
indicated	O
that	O
China	O
is	O
also	O
developing	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
tools	O
for	O
cyber	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:27	O
Chinese	O
development	O
of	O
military	O
AI	B-Application
is	O
largely	O
influenced	O
by	O
China	O
's	O
observation	O
of	O
U.S.	O
plans	O
for	O
defense	O
innovation	O
and	O
fears	O
of	O
a	O
widening	O
"	O
generational	O
gap	O
"	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
military	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
U.S.	O
military	O
concepts	O
,	O
China	O
aims	O
to	O
use	O
AI	B-Application
for	O
exploiting	O
large	O
troves	O
of	O
intelligence	O
,	O
generating	O
a	O
common	O
operating	O
picture	O
,	O
and	O
accelerating	O
battlefield	B-Application
decision-making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
management	O
of	O
its	O
AI	B-Application
ecosystem	O
contrasts	O
with	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
has	O
a	O
direct	O
means	O
of	O
guiding	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
priorities	O
and	O
accessing	O
technology	O
that	O
was	O
ostensibly	O
developed	O
for	O
civilian	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
further	O
strengthen	O
these	O
ties	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
created	O
a	O
Military-Civil	O
Fusion	O
Development	O
Commission	O
which	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
speed	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
from	O
commercial	O
companies	O
and	O
research	O
institutions	O
to	O
the	O
military	O
in	O
January	O
2017.:19	O
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
is	O
leveraging	O
both	O
lower	O
barriers	O
to	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
lower	O
costs	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
labeling	I-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
the	O
large	O
databases	O
on	O
which	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
train	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
centrally	O
directed	O
effort	O
is	O
investing	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
AI	B-Application
market	O
,	O
in	O
companies	O
working	O
on	O
militarily	O
relevant	O
AI	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
potentially	O
granting	O
it	O
lawful	O
access	O
to	O
U.S.	O
technology	O
and	O
intellectual	O
property	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chinese	O
venture	O
capital	O
investment	O
in	O
U.S.	O
AI	B-Application
companies	O
between	O
2010	O
and	O
2017	O
totaled	O
an	O
estimated	O
$1.3	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
Peking	O
University	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
academic	O
course	O
on	O
AI	B-Application
which	O
led	O
other	O
Chinese	O
universities	O
to	O
adopt	O
AI	B-Application
as	O
a	O
discipline	O
,	O
especially	O
since	O
China	O
faces	O
challenges	O
in	O
recruiting	O
and	O
retaining	O
AI	B-Application
engineers	O
and	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
fewer	O
than	O
30	O
Chinese	O
Universities	O
produce	O
AI-focused	O
experts	O
and	O
research	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
especially	O
want	O
to	O
address	O
military	O
applications	O
and	O
so	O
the	O
Beijing	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
China	O
's	O
premier	O
institutes	O
for	O
weapons	O
research	O
,	O
recently	O
established	O
the	O
first	O
children	O
's	O
educational	O
program	O
in	O
military	O
AI	B-Application
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
past	O
years	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
discussions	O
about	O
AI	B-Application
safety	O
and	O
ethical	O
concerns	O
in	O
both	O
private	O
and	O
public	O
sectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
national	O
ethical	O
guideline	O
,	O
'	O
the	O
New	O
Generation	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Ethics	O
Code'''	O
on	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
with	O
specific	O
emphasis	O
on	O
user	O
protection	O
,	O
data	O
privacy	O
,	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
document	O
acknowledges	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
quick	O
technology	O
adaptation	O
by	O
the	O
big	O
corporations	O
for	O
user	O
engagements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
Beijing	O
Academy	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
has	O
published	O
the	O
Beijing	O
AI	B-Application
principles''	O
calling	O
for	O
essential	O
needs	O
in	O
long-term	O
research	O
and	O
planning	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
ethical	O
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
topic	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
ethical	O
discussion	O
worldwide	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
national	O
governments	O
have	O
established	O
legislation	O
addressing	O
data	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cybersecurity	O
Law	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China	O
was	O
enacted	O
in	O
2017	O
aiming	O
to	O
address	O
new	O
challenges	O
raised	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
new	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
Law	O
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
was	O
passed	O
by	O
the	O
PRC	O
congress	O
,	O
setting	O
up	O
a	O
regulatory	O
framework	O
classifying	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
storage	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leading	O
AI-centric	O
companies	O
and	O
start-ups	O
include	O
Baidu	B-Application
,	O
Tencent	O
,	O
Alibaba	O
,	O
SenseTime	O
and	O
Yitu	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chinese	O
AI	B-Application
companies	O
iFlytek	O
,	O
SenseTime	O
,	O
Cloudwalk	O
and	O
DJI	B-Device
have	O
received	O
attention	O
for	O
facial	O
recognition	O
,	O
sound	O
recognition	O
and	O
drone	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
World	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Conference	O
2019	O
hosted	O
in	O
Shanghai	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
announced	O
the	O
latest	O
list	O
of	O
Chinese	O
firms	O
that	O
were	O
selected	O
for	O
China	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
national	O
team	O
"	O
with	O
assigned	O
specialized	O
AI	B-Application
sectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
has	O
expanded	O
its	O
national	O
AI	B-Application
team	O
three	O
times	O
since	O
its	O
initial	O
announcement	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
a	O
New	O
American	O
Security	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
Chinese	O
government	O
officials	O
demonstrated	O
remarkably	O
keen	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
issues	O
surrounding	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
international	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
AI	B-Application
policy	O
discussions	O
,	O
"	O
and	O
recommended	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
U.S.	O
policymaking	O
community	O
to	O
similarly	O
prioritize	O
cultivating	O
expertise	O
and	O
understanding	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
developments	O
in	O
China	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
funding	O
,	O
focus	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
willingness	O
among	O
U.S.	O
policymakers	O
to	O
drive	O
large-scale	O
necessary	O
change.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
experts	O
believe	O
that	O
China	O
's	O
intent	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
develop	O
military	O
AI	B-Application
applications	I-Application
may	O
result	O
in	O
comparatively	O
less	O
safe	O
applications	O
,	O
as	O
China	O
will	O
likely	O
be	O
more	O
risk-acceptant	O
throughout	O
the	O
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
experts	O
stated	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
unethical	O
for	O
the	O
U.S.	O
military	O
to	O
sacrifice	O
safety	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
sake	O
of	O
external	O
time	O
pressures	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
 '	O
more	O
conservative	O
approach	O
to	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
may	O
result	O
in	O
more	O
capable	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
long	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
