<s>
Industrial	B-General_Concept
artificial	I-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
,	O
usually	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
general	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
which	O
is	O
a	O
frontier	O
research	O
discipline	O
to	O
build	O
computerized	O
systems	O
that	O
perform	O
tasks	O
requiring	O
human	O
intelligence	O
,	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
is	O
more	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
such	O
technologies	O
to	O
address	O
industrial	O
pain-points	O
for	O
customer	O
value	O
creation	O
,	O
productivity	O
improvement	O
,	O
cost	O
reduction	O
,	O
site	O
optimization	O
,	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
insight	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
in	O
a	O
dystopian	O
vision	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
intelligent	B-Application
machines	I-Application
may	O
take	O
away	O
jobs	O
of	O
humans	O
and	O
cause	O
social	O
and	O
ethical	O
issues	O
,	O
industry	O
in	O
general	O
holds	O
a	O
more	O
positive	O
view	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
sees	O
this	O
transformation	O
of	O
economy	O
unstoppable	O
and	O
expects	O
huge	O
business	O
opportunities	O
in	O
this	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
was	O
initially	O
proposed	O
in	O
the	O
1940s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
improving	O
productivity	O
and	O
gaining	O
insights	O
through	O
smart	O
analytics	O
and	O
modelling	O
is	O
not	O
new	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
and	O
Knowledge-Based	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
an	O
active	O
research	O
branch	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
for	O
the	O
entire	O
product	O
life	O
cycle	O
for	O
product	O
design	O
,	O
production	O
planning	O
,	O
distribution	O
,	O
and	O
field	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-manufacturing	O
systems	O
and	O
e-factories	O
did	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
“	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
”	O
but	O
they	O
scale	O
up	O
modeling	O
of	O
engineering	O
systems	O
to	O
enable	O
complete	O
integration	O
of	O
elements	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
eco-system	O
for	O
smart	O
operation	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
to	O
accelerate	O
leadership	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
initiative	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
government	O
launched	O
an	O
official	O
website	O
AI.gov	O
to	O
highlight	O
its	O
priorities	O
in	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
reasons	O
for	O
the	O
recent	O
popularity	O
of	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
:	O
More	O
affordable	O
sensors	O
and	O
the	O
automated	O
process	O
of	O
data	O
acquisition	O
;	O
More	O
powerful	O
computation	O
capability	O
of	O
computers	O
to	O
perform	O
more	O
complex	O
tasks	O
at	O
a	O
faster	O
speed	O
with	O
lower	O
cost	O
;	O
Faster	O
connectivity	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
more	O
accessible	O
cloud	O
services	O
for	O
data	O
management	O
and	O
computing	O
power	O
outsourcing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
categories	O
which	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
may	O
contribute	O
to	O
include	O
;	O
product	O
and	O
service	O
innovation	O
,	O
process	O
improvement	O
,	O
and	O
insight	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-General_Concept
Foundry	I-General_Concept
service	O
platforms	O
widely	O
embed	O
the	O
artificial	O
intelligent	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cybermanufacturing	B-General_Concept
systems	O
also	O
apply	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
and	O
cyber-physical	O
modeling	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
production	O
and	O
machine	O
health	O
for	O
optimized	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
to	O
existing	O
products	O
or	O
services	O
to	O
make	O
them	O
more	O
effective	O
,	O
reliable	O
,	O
safer	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
enhance	O
their	O
longevity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automation	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
aspects	O
in	O
process	O
applications	O
of	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
the	O
scope	O
and	O
pace	O
of	O
automation	O
have	O
been	O
fundamentally	O
changed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
technologies	O
boost	O
the	O
performance	O
and	O
expand	O
the	O
capability	O
of	O
conventional	O
AI	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
also	O
automates	O
the	O
process	O
that	O
used	O
to	O
require	O
human	O
participation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
subway	O
,	O
where	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
program	O
decides	O
the	O
distribution	O
and	O
job	O
scheduling	O
of	O
engineers	O
with	O
more	O
efficiency	O
and	O
reliability	O
than	O
human	O
counterparts	O
do	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cybermanufacturing	B-General_Concept
systems	O
are	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
manufacturing	O
service	O
system	O
that	O
is	O
networked	O
and	O
resilient	O
to	O
faults	O
by	O
evidence-based	O
modeling	O
and	O
data-driven	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
knowledge	O
discovery	O
by	O
identifying	O
insights	O
in	O
engineering	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
aviation	O
and	O
aeronautics	O
,	O
AI	B-Application
has	O
been	O
playing	O
a	O
vital	O
role	O
in	O
many	O
critical	O
areas	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
safety	O
assurance	O
and	O
root	O
cause	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
challenges	O
of	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
to	O
unlock	O
the	O
value	O
lies	O
in	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
raw	O
data	O
to	O
intelligent	O
predictions	O
for	O
rapid	O
decision-making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
four	O
major	O
challenges	O
in	O
realizing	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
:	O
data	O
,	O
speed	O
,	O
fidelity	O
,	O
and	O
interpretability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engineering	O
systems	O
now	O
generate	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
modern	O
industry	O
is	O
indeed	O
a	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Production	O
process	O
happens	O
fast	O
and	O
the	O
equipment	O
and	O
work	O
piece	O
can	O
be	O
expensive	O
,	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
applications	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
in	O
real-time	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
detect	O
anomalies	O
immediately	O
to	O
avoid	O
waste	O
and	O
other	O
consequences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
consumer-faced	O
AI	B-Application
recommendations	O
systems	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
high	O
tolerance	O
for	O
false	O
positives	O
and	O
negatives	O
,	O
even	O
a	O
very	O
low	O
rate	O
of	O
false	O
positives	O
or	O
negatives	O
rate	O
may	O
cost	O
the	O
total	O
credibility	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
applications	O
are	O
usually	O
dealing	O
with	O
critical	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
safety	O
,	O
reliability	O
,	O
and	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
failure	O
in	O
predictions	O
could	O
incur	O
a	O
negative	O
economic	O
and/or	O
safety	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
users	O
and	O
discourage	O
them	O
to	O
rely	O
on	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
prediction	O
accuracy	O
and	O
performance	O
fidelity	O
,	O
the	O
industrial	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
systems	O
must	O
also	O
go	O
beyond	O
prediction	O
results	O
and	O
give	O
root	O
cause	O
analysis	O
for	O
anomalies	O
.	O
</s>
