<s>
In	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
immune	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
(	O
AIS	B-Application
)	O
are	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
computationally	O
intelligent	O
,	O
rule-based	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
systems	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
principles	O
and	O
processes	O
of	O
the	O
vertebrate	O
immune	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
immune	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
(	O
AIS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
abstracting	O
the	O
structure	O
and	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
immune	O
system	O
to	O
computational	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
investigating	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
towards	O
solving	O
computational	O
problems	O
from	O
mathematics	O
,	O
engineering	O
,	O
and	O
information	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AIS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
sub-field	O
of	O
biologically	O
inspired	O
computing	O
,	O
and	O
natural	O
computation	O
,	O
with	O
interests	O
in	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
belonging	O
to	O
the	O
broader	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
AIS	B-Application
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
computational	O
immunology	O
and	O
theoretical	O
biology	O
that	O
are	O
concerned	O
with	O
simulating	O
immunology	O
using	O
computational	O
and	O
mathematical	O
models	O
towards	O
better	O
understanding	O
the	O
immune	O
system	O
,	O
although	O
such	O
models	O
initiated	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
AIS	B-Application
and	O
continue	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
fertile	O
ground	O
for	O
inspiration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
AIS	B-Application
is	O
not	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
investigation	O
of	O
the	O
immune	O
system	O
as	O
a	O
substrate	O
for	O
computation	O
,	O
unlike	O
other	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
DNA	B-Application
computing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AIS	B-Application
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
with	O
articles	O
authored	O
by	O
Farmer	O
,	O
Packard	O
and	O
Perelson	O
(	O
1986	O
)	O
and	O
Bersini	O
and	O
Varela	O
(	O
1990	O
)	O
on	O
immune	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
that	O
AIS	B-Application
became	O
a	O
field	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
published	O
their	O
first	O
papers	O
on	O
AIS	B-Application
in	O
1994	O
,	O
and	O
Dasgupta	O
conducted	O
extensive	O
studies	O
on	O
Negative	O
Selection	O
Algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
book	O
on	O
Artificial	B-Algorithm
Immune	I-Algorithm
Systems	I-Algorithm
was	O
edited	O
by	O
Dasgupta	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
new	O
ideas	O
along	O
AIS	B-Application
lines	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
danger	O
theory	O
and	O
algorithms	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
innate	O
immune	O
system	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
being	O
explored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
some	O
believe	O
that	O
these	O
new	O
ideas	O
do	O
not	O
yet	O
offer	O
any	O
truly	O
'	O
new	O
 '	O
abstract	O
,	O
over	O
and	O
above	O
existing	O
AIS	B-Application
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
is	O
hotly	O
debated	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
debate	O
provides	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
driving	O
forces	O
for	O
AIS	B-Application
development	O
at	O
the	O
moment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
recent	O
developments	O
involve	O
the	O
exploration	O
of	O
degeneracy	O
in	O
AIS	B-Application
models	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
motivated	O
by	O
its	O
hypothesized	O
role	O
in	O
open	O
ended	O
learning	O
and	O
evolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
AIS	B-Application
set	O
out	O
to	O
find	O
efficient	O
abstractions	O
of	O
processes	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
immune	O
system	O
but	O
,	O
more	O
recently	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
becoming	O
interested	O
in	O
modelling	O
the	O
biological	O
processes	O
and	O
in	O
applying	O
immune	O
algorithms	O
to	O
bioinformatics	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clonal	B-Algorithm
selection	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
:	O
A	O
class	O
of	O
algorithms	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
clonal	O
selection	O
theory	O
of	O
acquired	O
immunity	O
that	O
explains	O
how	O
B	O
and	O
T	O
lymphocytes	O
improve	O
their	O
response	O
to	O
antigens	O
over	O
time	O
called	O
affinity	O
maturation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clonal	B-Algorithm
selection	I-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
are	O
most	O
commonly	O
applied	O
to	O
optimization	O
and	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
domains	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
resemble	O
parallel	O
hill	B-Algorithm
climbing	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
without	O
the	O
recombination	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
an	O
anomaly	B-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
domain	O
the	O
algorithm	O
prepares	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
exemplar	O
pattern	O
detectors	O
trained	O
on	O
normal	O
(	O
non-anomalous	O
)	O
patterns	O
that	O
model	O
and	O
detect	O
unseen	O
or	O
anomalous	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immune	O
network	O
algorithms	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
clustering	O
,	O
data	O
visualization	O
,	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
optimization	O
domains	O
,	O
and	O
share	O
properties	O
with	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
