<s>
Artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
embryogeny	I-Algorithm
or	O
machine	O
intelligence	O
or	O
computational	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
and	O
engineering	O
concerned	O
with	O
computational	O
models	O
motivated	O
by	O
genotype	O
–	O
phenotype	O
mappings	O
in	O
biological	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
is	O
often	O
considered	O
a	O
sub-field	O
of	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
principles	O
of	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
have	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
within	O
stand-alone	O
computational	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
,	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
was	O
motivated	O
by	O
the	O
perceived	O
lack	O
of	O
scalability	O
and	O
evolvability	O
of	O
direct	O
solution	O
encodings	O
(	O
Tufte	O
,	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
entails	O
indirect	O
solution	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guo	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2009	O
)	O
,	O
degeneracy	O
(	O
Whitacre	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2010	O
)	O
,	O
grammatical	B-Algorithm
evolution	I-Algorithm
(	O
de	O
Salabert	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
analogous	O
computational	O
processes	O
such	O
as	O
re-writing	O
,	O
iteration	O
,	O
and	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Algorithm
development	I-Algorithm
approaches	O
have	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
computational	O
and	O
design	O
problems	O
,	O
including	O
electronic	O
circuit	O
design	O
(	O
Miller	O
and	O
Banzhaf	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
robotic	O
controllers	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
